| 1. |
- Attarzadeh-Niaki, S. -H, et al.
(författare)
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An automated parallel simulation flow for cyber-physical system design
- 2021
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Ingår i: Integration. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-9260 .- 1872-7522. ; 77, s. 48-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parallel and distributed simulation (PDS) is often employed to tackle the computational intensity of system-level simulation of real-world complex embedded and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). However, CPS models comprise heterogeneous components with diverge semantics for which incompatible PDS approaches are developed. We propose an automated PDS flow based on a formal modeling framework—with necessary extensions—targeting heterogeneous embedded and CPS design. The proposed flow characterizes the sequential executable specification of a heterogeneous model and generates a PDS cluster. State-of-the-art graph partitioning methods are adopted and a new extensible constraint-base formulation of the model partitioning problem is developed. The applicability, effectiveness, and scalability of the proposed flow is demonstrated using case studies.
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| 2. |
- Attarzadeh-Niaki, S. -H, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous co-simulation for embedded and cyber-physical systems design
- 2020
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Ingår i: Simulation (San Diego, Calif.). - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 0037-5497 .- 1741-3133. ; 96:9, s. 753-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing complexity of embedded and cyber-physical systems makes the design of all system components from scratch increasingly impractical. Consequently, already from early stages of a design flow, designers rely on prior experience, which comes in the form of legacy code or third-party intellectual property (IP) blocks. Current approaches partly address the co-simulation problem for specific scenarios in an ad hoc style. This work suggests a general method for co-simulation of heterogeneous IPs with a system modeling and simulation framework. The external IPs can be integrated as high-level models running in an external simulator or as software- and hardware-in-the-loop simulation with minimal effort. Examples of co-simulation scenarios for wrapping models with different semantics are presented together with their practical usage in two case studies. The presented method is also used to formulate a refinement-by-replacement workflow for IP-based system design.
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| 3. |
- Jordao, Rodolfo, et al.
(författare)
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A multi-view and programming language agnostic framework for model-driven engineering
- 2022
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2022 FORUM ON SPECIFICATION & DESIGN LANGUAGES (FDL). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model-driven engineering (MDE) addresses the complexity of modern-day embedded system design. Multiple MDE frameworks are often integrated into a design process to use each MDE framework's state-of-the-art tools for increased productivity. However, this integration requires substantial development effort. In this paper, we propose an MDE, framework based on a formalism of system graphs and trait hierarchies for programming-language-agnostic integration between tools within our framework and with tools of other MDE frameworks. Implementing our framework for each programming language is a one-time development effort. We evaluate our proposal in an MDE design process by developing a Java supporting library and an AMALTHEA connector. Then we perform an MDE, industrial avionics case study with both. The evaluation shows that our framework facilitates the integration of different tools and the independent development of different system parts. Therefore, our framework is a reliable MDE, framework that lowers the effort of integrating tools to benefit from their combined state-of-the-art.
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| 4. |
- Jordao, Rodolfo, et al.
(författare)
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Design space exploration for safe and optimal mapping of avionics functionality on IMA platforms
- 2023
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Ingår i: AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future avionic systems will be increasingly automated. The size and complexity of the avionics functions in these systems will increase likewise. The degree of attainable automation directly depends on the avionics system's computing power and the efficiency of available tools that map the overall functionality onto the target heterogeneous platform architecture. In safety-critical scenarios, these automation tools must also provide safety guarantees that aid or drive the certification processes. In line with this automation goal, We propose a novel design space exploration technique for the mapping functionality on IMA platforms. The design space exploration technique returns mappings of the functionality onto the platform that are safe and increasingly resource-efficient. A safe mapping is one where the functional and extra-functional requirements are met. A resource-efficient mapping is one where fewer processing elements are used to achieve a safe mapping. More importantly, the proposed technique can return computational proof that no safe mapping is likely possible. This proof is key for safety-critical contexts. To demonstrate the suitability of our technique for avionics systems design scenarios, we investigate its use with an industrial avionics case based on the ones from the PANORAMA ITEA3 project. The case study includes two avionics functionalities, one control functionality, and one streaming-like functionality. The platform is hierarchical and heterogeneous, with elements oriented for higher safety and elements oriented for higher performance. The avionics case-study evaluation shows that our novel design space exploration technique's abstractions and assumptions adequately represent avionics design scenarios directly or through a systematic overestimation. The technique is openly available within the design space exploration tool IDeSyDe. Therefore, designers can immediately benefit from the optimality and safety guarantees given by our novel design space exploration technique in their avionics design process.
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| 5. |
- Jordao, Rodolfo, et al.
(författare)
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Formulation of Design Space Exploration Problems by Composable Design Space Identification
- 2021
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2021 DESIGN, AUTOMATION & TEST IN EUROPE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION (DATE 2021). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 1204-1207
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design space exploration (DSE) is a key activity in embedded system design methodologies and can be supported by well-defined models of computation (MoCs) and predictable platform architectures. The original design model, covering the application models, platform models and design constraints needs to be converted into a form analyzable by computer-aided decision procedures such as mathematical programming or genetic algorithms. This conversion is the process of design space identification (DSI), which becomes very challenging if the design domain comprises several MoCs and platforms. For a systematic solution to this problem, separation of concerns between the design domain and decision domain is of key importance. We propose in this paper a systematic DSI scheme that is (a) composable, as it enables the stepwise and simultaneous extension of both design and decision domain, and (b) tuneable, because it also enables different DSE solving techniques given the same design model. We exemplify this DSI scheme by an illustrative example that demonstrates the mechanisms for composition and tuning. Additionally, we show how different compositions can lead to the same decision model as an important property of this DSI scheme.
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| 6. |
- Loubach, Denis S., et al.
(författare)
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Classification and Mapping of Model Elements for Designing Runtime Reconfigurable Systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2169-3536. ; 9, s. 156337-156360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded systems are ubiquitous and control many critical functions in society. A fairly new type of embedded system has emerged with the advent of partial reconfiguration, i.e. runtime reconfigurable systems. They are attracting interest in many different applications. Such a system is capable of reconfiguring itself at the hardware level and without the need to halt the application's execution. While modeling and implementing these systems is far from a trivial task, there is currently a lack of systematic approaches to tackle this issue. In other words, there is no unanimously agreed upon modeling paradigm that can capture adaptive behaviors at the highest level of abstraction, especially when regarding the design entry, namely, the initial high-level application and platform models. Given this, our paper proposes two domain ontologies for application and virtual platform models used to derive a classification system and to provide a set of rules on how the different model elements are allowed to be composed together. The application behavior is captured through a formal model of computation which dictates the semantics of execution, concurrency, and synchronization. The main contribution of this paper is to combine suitable formal models of computation, a functional modeling language, and two domain ontologies to create a systematic design flow from an abstract executable application model into a virtual implementation model based on a runtime reconfigurable architecture (virtual platform model) using well-defined mapping rules. We demonstrate the applicability, generality, and potential of the proposed model element classification system and mapping rules by applying them to representative and complete examples: an encoder/decoder system and an avionics attitude estimation system. Both cases yield a virtual implementation model from an abstract application model.
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| 7. |
- Ngo, Kalle
(författare)
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Side-Channel Analysis of Post-Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Public key cryptographic schemes used today rely on the intractability of certain mathematical problems that are known to be efficiently solvable with a large-scale quantum computer. To address the need for long-term security, in 2016 NIST started a project for standardizing post-quantum cryptography (PQC) primitives that rely on problems not known to be targets for a quantum computer, such as lattice problems. However, algorithms that are secure from the point of view of traditional cryptanalysis can be susceptible to side-channel attacks. Therefore, NIST put a major emphasis on evaluating the resistance of candidate algorithms to side-channel attacks.This thesis focuses on investigating the susceptibility of two NIST PQC candidates, Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs), to side-channel attacks. We present a collection of nine papers, of which eight focus on side-channel analysis of Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber, and one demonstrates a passive side-channel attack on a hardware random number generator (RNG) integrated in STM32 MCUs.In the first three papers, we demonstrate attacks on higher-order masked software implementations of Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber. One of the main contributions is a single-step deep learning message recovery method capable of recovering secrets from a masked implementation directly, without explicitly extracting the random masks. Another main contribution is a new neural network training method called recursive learning, which enables the training of neural networks capable of recovering a message bit with a probability higher than 99% from higher-order masked implementations.In the next two papers, we show that even software implementations of Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber protected by both first-order masking and shuffling can be compromised. We present two methods for message recovery: Hamming weight-based and Fisher-Yates (FY) index-based. Both approaches are successful in recovering secret keys, with the latter using considerably fewer traces. In addition, we extend the ECC-based secret key recovery method presented in the prior chapter to ECCs with larger code distances.In the last two papers, we consider a different type of side channel amplitude-modulated electromagnetic (EM) emanations. We show that information leaked from implementations of Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber through amplitude-modulated EM side channels can be used to recover the session and secret keys. The main contribution is a multi-bit error-injection method that allows us to exploit byte-level leakage. We demonstrate the success of our method on an nRF52832 system-on-chip supporting Bluetooth 5 and a hardware implementation of CRYSTALS-Kyber in a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA.Finally, we present a passive side-channel attack on a hardware TRNG in a commercial integrated circuit in our last paper. We demonstrate that it is possible to train a neural network capable of recovering the Hamming weight of random numbers generated by the RNG from power traces with a higher than 60% probability. We also present a new method for mitigating device inter-variability based on iterative re-training.Overall, our research highlights the importance of evaluating the resistance of candidate PQC algorithm implementations to side-channel attacks and demonstrates the susceptibility of current implementations to various types of side channel analysis. Our findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the design of future PQC algorithms that are resistant to side-channel analysis.
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| 8. |
- Sander, Ingo, Professor, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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TOWARDS CORRECT-BY-CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF SAFETY-CRITICAL EMBEDDED AVIONICS SYSTEMS
- 2022
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Ingår i: 33rd Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS 2022. - : International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences. ; , s. 1637-1658
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- New methodologies are needed for the development of avionics systems to meet today’s software explosion in complexity and related cost due to the increased functionality in the aircraft. Current design flows for software-intensive systems do not have a clear path from the functional specification to the final implementation and cannot provide real-time guarantees. The situation will become even more difficult because, in the future, more and more applications will share the same computation nodes and the network in a distributed hierarchical network-based system. In order to overcome the present situation, a novel methodology for a correct-by-construction design of safety-critical embedded avionics systems has been created and formulated within the Vinnova NFFP7 project CORRECT. Correct-by-construction design is a radical departure from current design practice, with the potential to decrease the verification costs for future systems significantly. The paper presents the underlying foundation of the methodology, its carefully selected ingredients, and discuss available results and existing tool support. The methodology is based on a disciplined system modelling environment grounded on a sound formal foundation, a design space exploration technique, and a clear path to hardware and software synthesis. An industrial case study investigates the potential of the methodology.
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| 9. |
- Schwartz, Christofer, et al.
(författare)
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On-board Satellite Data Processing to Achieve Smart Information Collection
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 9781510651524
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, it is a reality to launch, operate, and utilize small satellites at an affordable cost. However, bandwidth constraint is still an important challenge. For instance, multispectral and hyperspectral sensors generate a significant amount of data subjected to communication channel impairments, which is addressed mainly by source and channel coding aiming at an effective transmission. This paper targets a significant further bandwidth reduction by proposing an on-the-fly analysis technique on the satellite to decide which information is effectively useful for specific target applications, before coding and transmitting. The challenge would be detecting clouds and vessels having the measurements of red-band, green-band, blue-band, and near infrared band, aiming at sufficient probability of detection, avoiding false alarms. Furthermore, the embedded platform constraints must be satisfied. Experiments for typical scenarios of summer and winter days in Stockholm, Sweden, are conducted using data from the Mimir’s Well, the Saab AI-based data fusion system. Results show that non-relevant content can be identified and discarded, pointing out that for the cloudy scenarios evaluated, up to 73.1% percent of image content can be suppressed without compromising the useful information into the image. For the water regions in the scenarios containing vessels, results indicate that a stringent amount of data can be discarded (up to 98.5%) when transmitting only the regions of interest (ROI).
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| 10. |
- Schwartz, Christofer, et al.
(författare)
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Satellite Image Compression Guided by Regions of Interest
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 23:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small satellites empower different applications for an affordable price. By dealing with a limited capacity for using instruments with high power consumption or high data-rate requirements, small satellite missions usually focus on specific monitoring and observation tasks. Considering that multispectral and hyperspectral sensors generate a significant amount of data subjected to communication channel impairments, bandwidth constraint is an important challenge in data transmission. That issue is addressed mainly by source and channel coding techniques aiming at an effective transmission. This paper targets a significant further bandwidth reduction by proposing an on-the-fly analysis on the satellite to decide which information is effectively useful before coding and transmitting. The images are tiled and classified using a set of detection algorithms after defining the least relevant content for general remote sensing applications. The methodology makes use of the red-band, green-band, blue-band, and near-infrared-band measurements to perform the classification of the content by managing a cloud detection algorithm, a change detection algorithm, and a vessel detection algorithm. Experiments for a set of typical scenarios of summer and winter days in Stockholm, Sweden, were conducted, and the results show that non-important content can be identified and discarded without compromising the predefined useful information for water and dry-land regions. For the evaluated images, only 22.3% of the information would need to be transmitted to the ground station to ensure the acquisition of all the important content, which illustrates the merits of the proposed method. Furthermore, the embedded platform’s constraints regarding processing time were analyzed by running the detection algorithms on Unibap’s iX10-100 space cloud platform.
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| 11. |
- Ungureanu, George, et al.
(författare)
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Exploiting Dataflow Models for Parallel Simulation of Discrete Timed Systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2020 Forum for Specification & Design Languages (FDL). - Kiel, Germany : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shift towards parallel computing witnessed since the turn of this century has forced us to rethink traditional software design paradigms to better utilize resources. Yet, the simulation of time-aware systems remains a challenging topic due to the inherent semantics of time and causality whose consistency needs to be controlled, traditionally in form of a global event queue, limiting the potential for parallel exploitation. We propose a rehash of this problem by tackling it from a different modeling perspective, one which is able to express concurrency more naturally, i.e. dataflow (DF) models of computation (MoCs). By abstracting time aspects as an algebra hosted on a pure DF MoC, we are able to apply recent results from MoC theory not only for the purpose of describing deterministic behaviors for distributed timed systems, but also to overcome the existing limitations of timed execution in order to increase a simulation model's performance. We use a well-known example of a deadlock-prone distributed discrete event system as a driver to introduce the modeling concepts and show their potential for parallelism.
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| 12. |
- Ungureanu, George, et al.
(författare)
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ForSyDe-Atom : Taming Complexity in Cyber Physical System Design with Layers
- 2021
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1539-9087 .- 1558-3465. ; 20:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present ForSyDe-Atom, a formal framework intended as an entry point for disciplined design of complex cyber-physical systems. This framework provides a set of rules for combining several domain-specific languages as structured, enclosing layers to orthogonalize the many aspects of system behavior, yet study their interaction in tandem. We define four layers: one for capturing timed interactions in heterogeneous systems, one for structured parallelism, one for modeling uncertainty, and one for describing component properties. This framework enables a systematic exploitation of design properties in a design flow by facilitating the stepwise projection of certain layers of interest, the isolated analysis and refinement on projections, and the seamless reconstruction of a system model by virtue of orthogonalization. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach by providing a compact yet expressive model of an active electronically scanned array antenna and signal processing chain, simulate it, validate its conformity with the design specifications, refine it, synthesize a sub-system to VHDL and sequential code, and co-simulate the generated artifacts.
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| 13. |
- Ungureanu, George
(författare)
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ForSyDe-Atom: Design of Heterogeneous Embedded Systems : Taming Complexity with Layers, Atoms and Patterns
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The design of embedded systems is inherently complex for two main reasons. Firstly, it entails the combined knowledge and results from a vast set of mature, well-established, yet separate disciplines, such as electrical engineering, computer science, mechanical engineering, etc. Secondly, it needs to account for the collective behavior of computing elements, infrastructure and physical environment. This behavior cannot be derived from the sum of its constituent components, rather it emerges from the manifold feedback interactions between them. One of the main tools that have enabled engineers to guide the development of systems with unprecedented complexity is abstraction, that is, capturing essential properties of phenomena into mathematical, well-behaved analyzable models. Yet combining models from different disciplines is largely limited due to the fact that these models, although well-acknowledged, are most often incompatible. In a system design process, this leads to the discovery and understanding of unwanted or hazardous behaviors during later stages such as prototyping or deployment phases, when design reiterations are extremely costly.This thesis introduces ForSyDe-Atom, a formal framework intended as an entry point for the disciplined design of embedded systems. This framework provides a set of rules for combining several domain specific languages as structured, enclosing layers in order to orthogonalize the many aspects of system behavior, yet study their interaction in tandem. It enables systematic exploitation of design properties in a system design flow by facilitating the step-wise projection of certain layers of interest, the isolated analysis and refinement on projections and the seamless reconstruction of a system model from (possibly refined) projections. As examples of languages hosted by this framework, five layers are presented: one for capturing timed interactions in heterogeneous systems, one for extending behaviors with controlled effects, one for structured parallelism, one for modeling uncertainty and one for describing component properties. The modeling capabilities are demonstrated through numerous didactic examples and four large case studies from the application domains of digital signal processing and avionics. A set of strategies for parallelizing timed simulation models, together with a preliminary component-based synthesis flow towards embedded platforms further highlight the potential of this framework as an entry point to system design.
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