| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Fenstermacher, M.E., et al.
(författare)
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DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 62:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.
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| 3. |
- Delios, A., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability-for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples.
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| 5. |
- Shi, K. W., et al.
(författare)
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Observation of magnetic droplets in magnetic tunnel junctions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1674-7348 .- 1869-1927. ; 65:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic droplets, a class of highly nonlinear magnetodynamic solitons, can be nucleated and stabilized in nanocontact spin-torque nano-oscillators. Here we experimentally demonstrate magnetic droplets in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). The droplet nucleation is accompanied by power enhancement compared with its ferromagnetic resonance modes. The nucleation and stabilization of droplets are ascribed to the double-CoFeB free-layer structure in the all-perpendicular MTJ, which provides a low Zhang-Li torque and a high pinning field. Our results enable better electrical sensitivity in fundamental studies of droplets and show that the droplets can be utilized in MTJ-based applications and materials science.
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| 6. |
- Ackley, K., et al.
(författare)
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Observational constraints on the optical and near-infrared emission from the neutron star-black hole binary merger candidate S190814bv
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 643
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Gravitational wave (GW) astronomy has rapidly reached maturity, becoming a fundamental observing window for modern astrophysics. The coalescences of a few tens of black hole (BH) binaries have been detected, while the number of events possibly including a neutron star (NS) is still limited to a few. On 2019 August 14, the LIGO and Virgo interferometers detected a high-significance event labelled S190814bv. A preliminary analysis of the GW data suggests that the event was likely due to the merger of a compact binary system formed by a BH and a NS.Aims. In this paper, we present our extensive search campaign aimed at uncovering the potential optical and near infrared electromagnetic counterpart of S190814bv. We found no convincing electromagnetic counterpart in our data. We therefore use our non-detection to place limits on the properties of the putative outflows that could have been produced by the binary during and after the merger.Methods. Thanks to the three-detector observation of S190814bv, and given the characteristics of the signal, the LIGO and Virgo Collaborations delivered a relatively narrow localisation in low latency - a 50% (90%) credible area of 5 deg(2) (23 deg(2)) - despite the relatively large distance of 26752 Mpc. ElectromagNetic counterparts of GRAvitational wave sources at the VEry Large Telescope collaboration members carried out an intensive multi-epoch, multi-instrument observational campaign to identify the possible optical and near infrared counterpart of the event. In addition, the ATLAS, GOTO, GRAWITA-VST, Pan-STARRS, and VINROUGE projects also carried out a search on this event. In this paper, we describe the combined observational campaign of these groups.Results. Our observations allow us to place limits on the presence of any counterpart and discuss the implications for the kilonova (KN), which was possibly generated by this NS-BH merger, and for the strategy of future searches. The typical depth of our wide-field observations, which cover most of the projected sky localisation probability (up to 99.8%, depending on the night and filter considered), is r similar to 22 (resp. K similar to 21) in the optical (resp. near infrared). We reach deeper limits in a subset of our galaxy-targeted observations, which cover a total similar to 50% of the galaxy-mass-weighted localisation probability. Altogether, our observations allow us to exclude a KN with large ejecta mass M greater than or similar to 0.1 M-circle dot to a high (> 90%) confidence, and we can exclude much smaller masses in a sub-sample of our observations. This disfavours the tidal disruption of the neutron star during the merger.Conclusions. Despite the sensitive instruments involved in the campaign, given the distance of S190814bv, we could not reach sufficiently deep limits to constrain a KN comparable in luminosity to AT 2017gfo on a large fraction of the localisation probability. This suggests that future (likely common) events at a few hundred megaparsecs will be detected only by large facilities with both a high sensitivity and large field of view. Galaxy-targeted observations can reach the needed depth over a relevant portion of the localisation probability with a smaller investment of resources, but the number of galaxies to be targeted in order to get a fairly complete coverage is large, even in the case of a localisation as good as that of this event.
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| 7. |
- Axfors, Cathrine, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substantial COVID-19 research investment has been allocated to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, which currently face recruitment challenges or early discontinuation. We aim to estimate the effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on survival in COVID-19 from all currently available RCT evidence, published and unpublished. We present a rapid meta-analysis of ongoing, completed, or discontinued RCTs on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine treatment for any COVID-19 patients (protocol: https://osf.io/QESV4/). We systematically identified unpublished RCTs (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Cochrane COVID-registry up to June 11, 2020), and published RCTs (PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv up to October 16, 2020). All-cause mortality has been extracted (publications/preprints) or requested from investigators and combined in random-effects meta-analyses, calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), separately for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. Prespecified subgroup analyses include patient setting, diagnostic confirmation, control type, and publication status. Sixty-three trials were potentially eligible. We included 14 unpublished trials (1308 patients) and 14 publications/preprints (9011 patients). Results for hydroxychloroquine are dominated by RECOVERY and WHO SOLIDARITY, two highly pragmatic trials, which employed relatively high doses and included 4716 and 1853 patients, respectively (67% of the total sample size). The combined OR on all-cause mortality for hydroxychloroquine is 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.20; I-2=0%; 26 trials; 10,012 patients) and for chloroquine 1.77 (95%CI: 0.15, 21.13, I-2=0%; 4 trials; 307 patients). We identified no subgroup effects. We found that treatment with hydroxychloroquine is associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients, and there is no benefit of chloroquine. Findings have unclear generalizability to outpatients, children, pregnant women, and people with comorbidities. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been investigated as a potential treatment for Covid-19 in several clinical trials. Here the authors report a meta-analysis of published and unpublished trials, and show that treatment with hydroxychloroquine for patients with Covid-19 was associated with increased mortality, and there was no benefit from chloroquine.
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| 9. |
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| 11. |
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| 14. |
- Jiao, Wenna, et al.
(författare)
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Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. - Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore. - 2524-5392 .- 2524-5384. ; , s. 53-90
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs), as a subclass of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), exhibit various excellent mechanical, physical, and anti-corrosion properties as well as excellent castability, which are becoming one of the research frontiers in the metal alloy field. EHEAs combine nicely the unique advantages of eutectic alloys and HEAs, with in-situ formed composite structure containing multi-principal components during the solidification process. Since the first report of EHEAs in 2014, plenty of investigations have been made on the topic, resulting in dozens of promising candidate EHEAs for future applications. In this chapter, the recent research advances in EHEAs were summarized, to comprehensively present the historical development, current situation, and future aspects of EHEAs. The concept of EHEAs was firstly introduced, which was proposed based on the special solidification microstructure of eutectic alloys. The excellent mechanical performance in directly cast EHEAs inspired rapid developments on this topic. Then, several alloy design methods were introduced, for the efficient prediction of new EHEA systems. Meanwhile, the deformation behavior and mechanisms have been thoroughly investigated for a mechanistic understanding of the superior mechanical properties of EHEAs, and they were summarized here. Finally, the potential applications and future developments of EHEAs were suggested as a concluding remark.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Li, Xiaolong, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Solid solution softening at room temperature and hardening at elevated temperatures: a case by minor Mn addition in a (HfNbTi) 85 Mo 15 refractory high entropy alloy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Research Express. - 2053-1591. ; 10:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To address the conflict between room-temperature (RT) ductility and high-temperature (HT) strength in single phase bcc-structured refractory high entropy alloys, here we propose to use minor alloying to achieve solid solution softening at RT and simultaneously, solid solution hardening at HT. Our strategy was manifested by minor Mn additions in a RT brittle (HfNbTi)85Mo15 refractory high entropy alloy, where nominal Mn additions ranging from 2 at. % down to 0.03 at. % were seen to soften the base (HfNbTi)85Mo15 alloy at RT, while to harden the base alloy at the temperature range from 400 to 800 °C. The yield stress in all studied alloys showed a three-stage pattern, characterized by a temperature dependent stage at temperatures below 400 °C, followed by a temperature independent stage at intermediate temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C, and finally another temperature dependent stage at temperatures higher than 800 °C. The mechanisms for solid solution softening and solid solution hardening in single phase bcc-structured refractory high entropy alloys were discussed, together with their temperature dependence.
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| 17. |
- Lu, Yiping, et al.
(författare)
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Promising properties and future trend of eutectic high entropy alloys
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6462. ; 187, s. 202-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs), as a sub-group of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), are becoming a new research hotspot in the metallic materials community because of their excellent castability, fine and uniform microstructures even in the as-cast state, high strength, and good ductility. Some of the EHEAs have shown promising potentials for industrial applications. Here, the history, interesting solidification microstructure and mechanical properties, and the design strategy of EHEAs are reviewed, and their future prospects are outlined.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Ouyang, D. L., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of casting temperature on the castability and glass-forming ability of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3093. ; 603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both castability and glass-forming ability (GFA) are crucial for die-casting of Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) components. In this work, a simple method is used to quantify the castability required for casting two SIM card slots with different designs, and to quantify the castability at different casting temperatures. It is found that the Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 (Zr55) BMG has a wider optimal casting temperature region (in which glassy rods with a diameter of at least 5 mm can be formed) than that of Zr52.5Cu25Ni9.5Al7Ti6 (Zr52.5), which is consistent of the better GFA of the Zr55. In the optimal casting temperature region, however, the castability of Zr52.5 is significantly better than that of Zr55, because Zr52.5 has a lower melting point, a poorer wettability to the copper mold, and a higher optimal casting temperature. These results are helpful to guide the production of Zr-based BMG components.
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| 20. |
- Ren, Yaojia, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study on microstructure, nanomechanical and corrosion behaviors of AlCoCuFeNi high entropy alloys fabricated by selective laser melting and laser metal deposition
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1005-0302. ; 131, s. 221-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated the microstructure, nanomechanics, and corrosion behavior of AlCoCuFeNi high entropy alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal deposition (LMD). The microstructure of SLM-processed specimens was mainly composed of columnar-grained BCC matrix (∼90 µm in width) and Cu-rich twinned FCC phase. The columnar grains grew epitaxially along the building direction and exhibited a strong {001} texture. In comparison, a coarse columnar-grained BCC matrix (∼150 µm in width) with a stronger 〈001〉 texture, rod-like B2 precipitates, and large core-shell structured FCC phases were formed in the LMD-processed specimens due to the higher heat accumulation effect. Consequently, the LMD-processed specimens showed a lower hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, but higher creep resistance and reduced Young's modulus than the SLM-processed specimens. Hot cracks occurred in both types of specimens, which could not be completely suppressed due to Cu segregation.
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| 21. |
- Ren, Yaojia, et al.
(författare)
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A novel L12-strengthened AlCoCuFeNi high-entropy alloy with both high hardness and good corrosion resistance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4979 .- 0167-577X. ; 331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a high hardness, crack-free AlCoCuFeNi high-entropy alloy with good corrosion resistance was successfully produced by spark plasma sintering at 1000℃ and 30 MPa for 10 min, followed by hot rolling to a thickness reduction of 10 % after holding at 600℃ for 30 min. The microstructure of the alloy was composed of fine equiaxed grains of (Fe, Co, Ni, Al)-enriched BCC, Cu-enriched FCC, nano-sized L12, and Al2O3 phases. The maximum texture index of the material is only 1.53, indicating a low anisotropy. The alloy possessed a high hardness (599 HV), a low friction coefficient (0.1), and a low corrosion current density (1.13 μA/cm2), implying both good wear and corrosion resistance. In addition, the creep mechanism was found to be grain boundary sliding.
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| 22. |
- Sheng, C. X., et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast Transient Spectroscopy of Trans-Polyacetylene in the Midinfrared Spectral Range
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 124:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trans-polyacetylene [t-(CH)(x)] possesses twofold ground state degeneracy. Using the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian, scientists predicted charged solitons to be the primary photoexcitations in t-(CH)(x); this prediction, however, has led to sharp debate. To resolve this saga, we use subpicosecond transient photomodulation spectroscopy in the mid-IR spectral range (0.1-1.5 eV) in neat t-(CH)(x) thin films. We show that odd-parity singlet excitons are the primary photoexcitations in t-(CH)(x), similar to many other nondegenerate pi-conjugated polymers. The exciton transitions are characterized by two photoinduced absorption (PA) bands at 0.38 and 0.6 eV, and an associated photoluminescence band at similar to 1.5 eV having similar polarization memory. The primary excitons undergo internal conversion within similar to 100 fs to an even parity (dark) singlet exciton with a PA band at similar to 1.4 eV. We also find ultrafast photogeneration of charge polarons when pumping deep into the polymer continuum band, which are characterized by two other PA bands in the mid-IR and associated photoinduced IR vibrational modes.
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| 23. |
- Sollerman, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Two stripped envelope supernovae with circumstellar interaction : But only one really shows it
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 643
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. We present observations of SN 2019tsf (ZTF19ackjszs) and SN 2019oys (ZTF19abucwzt). These two stripped envelope (SE) Type Ib supernovae (SNe) suddenly showed a (re-)brightening in their late light curves. We investigate this in the context of circumstellar material (CSM) interaction with previously ejected material, a phenomenon that is unusual among SE SNe.Aims. We use our follow-up photometry and spectroscopy for these supernovae to demonstrate the presence of CSM interaction, estimate the properties of the CSM, and discuss why the signals are so different for the two objects.Methods. We present and analyze observational data, consisting of optical light curves and spectra. For SN 2019oys, we also have detections in radio as well as limits from UV and X-rays.Results. Both light curves show spectacular re-brightening after about 100 days. In the case of SN 2019tsf, the re-brightening is followed by a new period of decline, and the spectra never show signs of narrow emission lines that would indicate CSM interaction. On the contrary, SN 2019oys made a spectral makeover from a Type Ib to a spectrum clearly dominated by CSM interaction at the light curve brightening phase. Deep Keck spectra reveal a plethora of narrow high-ionization lines, including coronal lines, and the radio observations show strong emission.Conclusions. The rather similar light curve behavior – with a late linear re-brightening – of these two Type Ib SE SNe indicate CSM interaction as the powering source. For SN 2019oys the evidence for a phase where the ejecta hit H-rich material, likely ejected from the progenitor star, is conspicuous. We observe strong narrow lines of H and He, but also a plethora of high-ionization lines, including coronal lines, revealing shock interaction. Spectral simulations of SN 2019oys show two distinct density components, one with density ≳109 cm−3, dominated by somewhat broader, low-ionization lines of H I, He I, Na I, and Ca II, and one with narrow, high-ionization lines at a density ∼106 cm−3. The former is strongly affected by electron scattering, while the latter is unaffected. The evidence for CSM interaction in SN 2019oys is corroborated by detections in radio. On the contrary, for SN 2019tsf, we find little evidence in the spectra for any CSM interaction.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- West, Stuart L., et al.
(författare)
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SN 2020qlb : A hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with well-characterized light curve undulations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 670, s. A7-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. SN 2020qlb (ZTF20abobpcb) is a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) that is among the most luminous (maximum M-g = -22.25 mag) and that has one of the longest rise times (77 days from explosion to maximum). We estimate the total radiated energy to be > 2.1 x 10(51) erg. SN 2020qlb has a well-sampled light curve that exhibits clear near and post peak undulations, a phenomenon seen in other SLSNe, whose physical origin is still unknown. Aims. We discuss the potential power source of this immense explosion as well as the mechanisms behind its observed light curve undulations. Methods. We analyze photospheric spectra and compare them to other SLSNe-I. We constructed the bolometric light curve using photometry from a large data set of observations from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), Liverpool Telescope (LT), and Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and compare it with radioactive, circumstellar interaction and magnetar models. Model residuals and light curve polynomial fit residuals are analyzed to estimate the undulation timescale and amplitude. We also determine host galaxy properties based on imaging and spectroscopy data, including a detection of the [O III]lambda 4363, auroral line, allowing for a direct metallicity measurement. Results. We rule out the Arnett Ni-56 decay model for SN 2020qlb's light curve due to unphysical parameter results. Our most favored power source is the magnetic dipole spin-down energy deposition of a magnetar. Two to three near peak oscillations, intriguingly similar to those of SN 2015bn, were found in the magnetar model residuals with a timescale of 32 +/- 6 days and an amplitude of 6% of peak luminosity. We rule out centrally located undulation sources due to timescale considerations; and we favor the result of ejecta interactions with circumstellar material (CSM) density fluctuations as the source of the undulations.
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| 26. |
- Yao, JT, et al.
(författare)
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Early modulation of macrophage ROS-PPARγ-NF-κB signalling by sonodynamic therapy attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in rabbits
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1, s. 11638-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disruption of re-endothelialization and haemodynamic balance remains a critical side effect of drug-eluting stents (DES) for preventing intimal hyperplasia. Previously, we found that 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated sonodynamic therapy (ALA-SDT) suppressed macrophage-mediated inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the effects on intimal hyperplasia and re-endothelialization remain unknown. In this study, 56 rabbits were randomly assigned to control, ultrasound, ALA and ALA-SDT groups, and each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 7) on day 3 after right femoral artery balloon denudation combined with a hypercholesterolemic diet. Histopathological analysis revealed that ALA-SDT enhanced macrophage apoptosis and ameliorated inflammation from day 1. ALA-SDT inhibited neointima formation without affecting re-endothelialization, increased blood perfusion, decreased the content of macrophages, proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and collagen but increased elastin by day 28. In vitro, ALA-SDT induced macrophage apoptosis and reduced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β via the ROS-PPARγ-NF-κB signalling pathway, which indirectly inhibited human umbilical artery smooth muscle cell (HUASMC) proliferation, migration and IL-6 production. ALA-SDT effectively inhibits intimal hyperplasia without affecting re-endothelialization. Hence, its clinical application combined with bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation presents a potential strategy to decrease bleeding risk caused by prolonged dual-antiplatelet regimen after DES deployment.
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| 28. |
- Zhou, X., et al.
(författare)
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Study on the Cavity Forming Induced by a Gas Jet Impinging on a Liquid Surface Based on a Deformed Mesh Method
- 2021
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Ingår i: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:10, s. 2953-2962
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study focuses on the cavity formation induced by jet impingement with the help of numerical simulations based on a deformed mesh method. The interface between the liquid phase and gas phase separates the calculation domain into two single-phase domains, which exchange momentum data except for mass transfer. For the subsonic jet flow, the results show that the cavity depth is a decreasing function when the blowing height is increased, while the cavity diameter increases when increasing the blowing height. In addition, larger diameter of the nozzle will result in a deeper cavity because the jet flow attenuation becomes weaker. The simulation result shows good agreement with that of the theoretical equation on the cavity depth and diameter for the subsonic jet flow. In addition, the cavity formation created by the supersonic flow, which is treated as a compressible flow, can also be described by the developed model.
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