| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Boy, M., et al.
(författare)
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Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 19:3, s. 2015-2061
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere-Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011-2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date, aiming to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. CRAICC gathered more than 100 scientists from all Nordic countries in a virtual centre with the objectives of identifying and quantifying the major processes controlling Arctic warming and related feedback mechanisms, outlining strategies to mitigate Arctic warming, and developing Nordic Earth system modelling with a focus on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The outcome of CRAICC is reflected in more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications, most of which are in the CRAICC special issue of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. This paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated in the centre and provides the reader with a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC with links to the particular publications for further detail. Faced with a vast amount of scientific discovery, we do not claim to completely summarize the results from CRAICC within this paper, but rather concentrate here on the main results which are related to feedback loops in climate change-cryosphere interactions that affect Arctic amplification.
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| 3. |
- Hansen, A. M. K., et al.
(författare)
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Organosulfates and organic acids in Arctic aerosols : speciation, annual variation and concentration levels
- 2014
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 14:15, s. 7807-7823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sources, composition and occurrence of secondary organic aerosols in the Arctic were investigated at Zeppelin Mountain, Svalbard, and Station Nord, northeastern Greenland, during the full annual cycle of 2008 and 2010, respectively. Speciation of organic acids, organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates - from both anthropogenic and biogenic precursors were in focus. A total of 11 organic acids (terpenylic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, pinic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, pinonic acid, diaterpenylic acid acetate and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid), 12 organosulfates and 1 nitrooxy organosulfate were identified in aerosol samples from the two sites using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to a quadrupole Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer. At Station Nord, compound concentrations followed a distinct annual pattern, where high mean concentrations of organosulfates (47 +/- 14 ng m(-3)) and organic acids (11.5 +/- 4 ng m(-3)) were observed in January, February and March, contrary to considerably lower mean concentrations of organosulfates (2 +/- 3 ng m(3-)) and organic acids (2.2 +/- 1 ng m(-3)) observed during the rest of the year. At Zeppelin Mountain, organosulfate and organic acid concentrations remained relatively constant during most of the year at a mean concentration of 15 +/- 4 ng m(-3) and 3.9 +/- 1 ng m(-3), respectively. However during four weeks of spring, remarkably higher concentrations of total organosulfates (23-36 ng m(-3)) and total organic acids (7-10 ngm(-3)) were observed. Elevated organosulfate and organic acid concentrations coincided with the Arctic haze period at both stations, where northern Eurasia was identified as the main source region. Air mass transport from northern Eurasia to Zeppelin Mountain was associated with a 100% increase in the number of detected organosulfate species compared with periods of air mass transport from the Arctic Ocean, Scandinavia and Greenland. The results from this study suggested that the presence of organic acids and organosulfates at Station Nord was mainly due to long-range transport, whereas indications of local sources were found for some compounds at Zeppelin Mountain. Furthermore, organosulfates contributed significantly to organic matter throughout the year at Zeppelin Mountain (annual mean of 13 +/- 8 %) and during Arctic haze at Station Nord (7 +/- 2 %), suggesting organosulfates to be important compounds in Arctic aerosols.
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| 4. |
- Angot, H., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury in polar regions: review of recent measurements and comparison with models
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 16:16, s. 10735-10763
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mercury (Hg) is a worldwide contaminant that can cause adverse health effects to wildlife and humans. While atmospheric modeling traces the link from emissions to deposition of Hg onto environmental surfaces, large uncertainties arise from our incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes (oxidation pathways, deposition, and re-emission). Atmospheric Hg reactivity is exacerbated in high latitudes and there is still much to be learned from polar regions in terms of atmospheric processes. This paper provides a synthesis of the atmospheric Hg monitoring data available in recent years (2011-2015) in the Arctic and in Antarctica along with a comparison of these observations with numerical simulations using four cutting-edge global models. The cycle of atmospheric Hg in the Arctic and in Antarctica presents both similarities and differences. Coastal sites in the two regions are both influenced by springtime atmospheric Hg depletion events and by summertime snowpack re-emission and oceanic evasion of Hg. The cycle of atmospheric Hg differs between the two regions primarily because of their different geography. While Arctic sites are significantly influenced by northern hemispheric Hg emissions especially in winter, coastal Antarctic sites are significantly influenced by the reactivity observed on the East Antarctic ice sheet due to katabatic winds. Based on the comparison of multi-model simulations with observations, this paper discusses whether the processes that affect atmospheric Hg seasonality and inter-annual variability are appropriately represented in the models and identifies research gaps in our understanding of the atmospheric Hg cycling in high latitudes.
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| 5. |
- Basaiawmoit, R V, et al.
(författare)
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SAXS Models of TGFBIp Reveal a Trimeric Structure and Show That the Overall Shape Is Not Affected by the Arg124His Mutation
- 2011
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. - 0022-2836. ; 408:3, s. 503-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human transforming growth factor beta induced protein (TGFBIp) is composed of 683 residues, including an N-terminal cysteine-rich (EMI) domain, four homologous fasciclin domains, and an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif near the C-terminus. The protein is of interest because mutations in the TGFBI gene encoding TGFBIp lead to corneal dystrophy (CD), a condition where protein aggregates within the cornea compromise transparency. The complete three-dimensional structure of TGFBIp is not yet available, with the exception of a partial X-ray structure of the archetype FAS1 domain derived from Drosophila fasciclin-1. In this study, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) models of intact wild-type (WT) human TGFBIp and a mutant (R124H) are presented. The mutation R124H leads to a variant of granular CD. The deduced structure of the TGFBIp monomer consists of four FAS1 domains in a simple "beads-on-a-string" arrangement, constructed by the superimposition of four consecutive Drosophila fasciclin domains. The SAXS-based model of the TGFBIp R124H mutant displayed no structural differences from WT. Both WT TGFBIp and the R124H mutant formed trimers at higher protein concentrations. The similar association properties and three-dimensional shape of the two proteins suggest that the mutation does not induce any major structural rearrangements, but points towards the role of other corneal-specific factors in the formation of corneal R124H deposits.
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| 6. |
- Beck, Lisa J., et al.
(författare)
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Differing Mechanisms of New Particle Formation at Two Arctic Sites
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 48:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New particle formation in the Arctic atmosphere is an important source of aerosol particles. Understanding the processes of Arctic secondary aerosol formation is crucial due to their significant impact on cloud properties and therefore Arctic amplification. We observed the molecular formation of new particles from low-volatility vapors at two Arctic sites with differing surroundings. In Svalbard, sulfuric acid (SA) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol and to some extent to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This occurs via ion-induced nucleation of SA and NH3 and subsequent growth by mainly SA and MSA condensation during springtime and highly oxygenated organic molecules during summertime. By contrast, in an ice-covered region around Villum, we observed new particle formation driven by iodic acid but its concentration was insufficient to grow nucleated particles to CCN sizes. Our results provide new insight about sources and precursors of Arctic secondary aerosol particles.
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| 7. |
- Benavent, N., et al.
(författare)
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Substantial contribution of iodine to Arctic ozone destruction
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Geoscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 15, s. 770-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unlike bromine, the effect of iodine chemistry on the Arctic surface ozone budget is poorly constrained. We present ship-based measurements of halogen oxides in the high Arctic boundary layer from the sunlit period of March to October 2020 and show that iodine enhances springtime tropospheric ozone depletion. We find that chemical reactions between iodine and ozone are the second highest contributor to ozone loss over the study period, after ozone photolysis-initiated loss and ahead of bromine.
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| 8. |
- Christensen, T. R., et al.
(författare)
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Multiple Ecosystem Effects of Extreme Weather Events in the Arctic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-9840 .- 1435-0629. ; 24:1, s. 122-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic is getting warmer and wetter. Here, we document two independent examples of how associated extreme precipitation patterns have severe implications for high Arctic ecosystems. The events stand out in a 23-year record of continuous observations of a wide range of ecosystem parameters and act as an early indication of conditions projected to increase in the future. In NE Greenland, August 2015, one-quarter of the average annual precipitation fell during a 9-day intensive rain event. This ranked number one for daily sums during the 1996–2018 period and caused a strong and prolonged reduction in solar radiation decreasing CO2 uptake in the order of 18–23 g C m−2, a reduction comparable to typical annual C budgets in Arctic tundra. In a different type of event, but also due to changed weather patterns, an extreme snow melt season in 2018 triggered a dramatic gully thermokarst causing rapid transformation in ecosystem functioning from consistent annual ecosystem CO2 uptake and low methane exchange to highly elevated methane release, net source of CO2, and substantial export of organic carbon downstream as riverine and coastal input. In addition to climate warming alone, more frequent occurrence of extreme weather patterns will have large implications for otherwise undisturbed tundra ecosystems including their element transport and carbon interactions with the atmosphere and ocean.
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| 9. |
- Duvetorp, Albert, et al.
(författare)
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Quality of life and contact with healthcare systems among patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: results from the NORdic PAtient survey of Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis (NORPAPP)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Archives of Dermatological Research. - : SPRINGER. - 0340-3696 .- 1432-069X. ; 311:5, s. 351-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psoriasis (skin psoriasis, PsO) is a chronic inflammatory condition. In about one-third of cases, the joints are affected (psoriatic arthritis, PsA). Both conditions, especially PsA, profoundly impact patients health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To describe the impact of psoriasis on HRQoL and patients contact with the healthcare system in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, the NORdic PAtient survey of Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis (NORPAPP) asked 22,050 adults randomly selected in Sweden, Denmark and Norway if they had psoriasis. 1264 individuals who reported physician-diagnosed PsO/PsA were invited to the full survey; 1221 responded (74.6% diagnosed with PsO alone; 25.4% with PsA +/- PsO). Respondents with PsA most frequently consulted a rheumatologist; however, 14.3% had never seen a rheumatologist. Respondents with PsO alone most frequently consulted a general practitioner and 10.7% had never seen a dermatologist (although those with severe symptoms visited dermatologists more often). Negative impacts on HRQoL were reported by 38.1% of respondents with PsO [mostly limitations on clothing (22.6%), sleep disorders (16%), and depression/anxiety (16%)] and by 73% of respondents with PsA [mostly limitations on clothing (41.8%), sports/leisure (44.0%), or daily routine (45.1%) and sleeping disorders]. Absence from work/education was more common with PsA +/- PsO (51.9%) than PsO alone (15.1%). In this survey in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, the impact of psoriasis on the respondents HRQoL was profound and was greater for PsA than for PsO, as was sickness absence. Sleeping disorders and depression were common and should not be overlooked.
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| 10. |
- Petäjä, Tuukka, et al.
(författare)
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Overview : Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) - concept and initial results
- 2020
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 20:14, s. 8551-8592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of polar regions is increasing in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography, and the use of natural resources with consequent effects on regional and transported pollutant concentrations. We set up the ERA-PLANET Strand 4 project iCUPE - integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments to provide novel insights and observational data on global grand challenges with an Arctic focus. We utilize an integrated approach combining in situ observations, satellite remote sensing Earth observations (EOs), and multi-scale modeling to synthesize data from comprehensive long-term measurements, intensive campaigns, and satellites to deliver data products, metrics, and indicators to stakeholders concerning the environmental status, availability, and extraction of natural resources in the polar areas. The iCUPE work consists of thematic state-of-the-art research and the provision of novel data in atmospheric pollution, local sources and transboundary transport, the characterization of arctic surfaces and their changes, an assessment of the concentrations and impacts of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants and their cycling, the quantification of emissions from natural resource extraction, and the validation and optimization of satellite Earth observation (EO) data streams. In this paper we introduce the iCUPE project and summarize initial results arising out of the integration of comprehensive in situ observations, satellite remote sensing, and multi-scale modeling in the Arctic context.
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| 11. |
- Tveit, K. S., et al.
(författare)
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Treatment use and satisfaction among patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: results from the NORdic PAtient survey of Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis (NORPAPP)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. - : WILEY. - 0926-9959 .- 1468-3083. ; 33:2, s. 340-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background There are scarce data in Scandinavia about treatment satisfaction among patients with psoriasis (PsO) and/or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The number of patients receiving systemic treatment is unknown. Objective To describe patients experience of treatments for PsO/PsA in Sweden, Denmark and Norway, addressing communication with physicians, satisfaction with treatment and concerns regarding treatment options. Methods The NORdic PAtient survey of Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis (NORPAPP) asked 22 050 adults (randomly selected from the YouGov panels in Sweden, Denmark and Norway) whether they had PsO/PsA. A total of 1264 individuals who reported physician-diagnosed PsO/PsA were invited to participate in the full survey; 96.6% responded positively. Results Systemic treatment use was reported by 14.6% (biologic: 8.1%) of respondents with PsO only and by 58.5% (biologic: 31.8%) of respondents with PsA. Biologic treatments were more frequently reported by respondents considering their disease severe (26.8% vs 6.7% non-severe) and those who were members of patient organizations (40.7% vs 6.9% non-members). Discussing systemic treatments with their physician was reported significantly more frequently by respondents with PsA, those perceiving their disease as severe (although 35.2% had never discussed systemic treatment with their physician) and those reporting being a member of a patient organization (P amp;lt; 0.05). Many respondents reported health risk concerns and dissatisfaction with their treatment. Of special interest was that respondents aged 45-75 years reported less experience with biologics (8.1%) than those aged 18-44 years (21.5%). The older respondents also reported more uncertainty regarding long-term health risks related to systemic treatments (most [66.7-72.9%] responded do not know when asked about the risk of systemic options). Conclusion It appears likely that substantial numbers of Scandinavians suffering from severe PsO/PsA are not receiving optimal treatment from a patient perspective, particularly older patients. Also, one-third of respondents with severe symptoms had never discussed systemic treatment with a physician.
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| 12. |
- Weinreich, I. D., et al.
(författare)
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Scandiatransplant Exchange Program (STEP): Development and Results From an International Kidney Exchange Program
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transplantation Direct. - 2373-8731. ; 9:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Kidney transplant candidates may be incompatible with their intended living donors because of the presence of antibodies against HLA and/or ABO. To increase the possibility of finding an acceptable kidney donor for these patients, the Scandiatransplant Exchange Program (STEP) program within Scandiatransplant was launched in 2019.Methods. This is a retrospective review of our experiences from the first 4 y of the STEP program, including details about the match runs, performed transplantations, and recipient outcomes within the program.Results. During 2019-2022, 11 match runs and 4 reruns were performed. In total, 114 pairs and 6 anonymous donors participated in these match runs. Fifty-one pairs (45%) participated in 1 match run, 31 pairs (27%) participated in 2 match runs, and 32 pairs (29%) participated in >= 3 match runs. Seventy-two individuals (63%) participated because of HLA incompatibility, 19 (17%) because of ABO incompatibility, and 7 (6%) because of both HLA and ABO incompatibility. Forty percent of the patients enrolled in the program underwent transplantation. In total, 49 transplantations have so far been performed within the program, and 46 (94%) of the recipients had a functioning kidney graft at follow-up in February 2023.Results. During 2019-2022, 11 match runs and 4 reruns were performed. In total, 114 pairs and 6 anonymous donors participated in these match runs. Fifty-one pairs (45%) participated in 1 match run, 31 pairs (27%) participated in 2 match runs, and 32 pairs (29%) participated in >= 3 match runs. Seventy-two individuals (63%) participated because of HLA incompatibility, 19 (17%) because of ABO incompatibility, and 7 (6%) because of both HLA and ABO incompatibility. Forty percent of the patients enrolled in the program underwent transplantation. In total, 49 transplantations have so far been performed within the program, and 46 (94%) of the recipients had a functioning kidney graft at follow-up in February 2023.Conclusions. The STEP program offers sensitized patients an enlarged pool of living donors and a chance of a compatible international living donor, resulting in an increased number of total transplantations. Currently, STEP is one of the largest transnational kidney exchange programs and has improved the situation for patients waiting for kidney transplantation in Scandiatransplant.
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| 13. |
- Andreasen, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Brugada syndrome-associated genetic loci are associated with J-point elevation and an increased risk of cardiac arrest
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-042X. ; 9:JUL
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: A previous genome-wide association study found three genetic loci, rs9388451, rs10428132, and rs11708996, to increase the risk of Brugada Syndrome (BrS). Since the effect of these loci in the general population is unknown, we aimed to investigate the effect on electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters and outcomes in the general population. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 6,161 individuals (median age 45 [interquartile range (IQR) 40-50] years, 49% males), with available digital ECGs, was genotyped and subsequently followed for a median period of 13 [IQR 12.6-13.4] years. Data on outcomes were collected from Danish administrative healthcare registries. Furthermore, ~400,000 persons from UK Biobank were investigated for associations between the three loci and cardiac arrest/ventricular fibrillation (VF). Results: Homozygote carriers of the C allele in rs6800541 intronic to SCN10A had a significantly larger J-point elevation (JPE) compared with wildtype carriers (11 vs. 6 μV, P < 0.001). There was an additive effect of carrying multiple BrS-associated risk alleles with an increased JPE in lead V1. None of the BrS-associated genetic loci predisposed to syncope, atrial fibrillation, or total mortality in the general Danish population. The rs9388451 genetic locus adjacent to the HEY2 gene was associated with cardiac arrest/VF in an analysis using the UK Biobank study (odds ratio = 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.18), P = 0.006). Conclusions: BrS-associated risk alleles increase the JPE in lead V1 in an additive manner, but was not associated with increased mortality or syncope in the general population of Denmark. However, the HEY2 risk allele increased the risk of cardiac arrest/VF in the larger population study of UK Biobank indicating an important role of this common genetic locus.
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| 14. |
- Arnlund, David, et al.
(författare)
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Visualizing a protein quake with time-resolved X-ray scattering at a free-electron laser
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1548-7091 .- 1548-7105. ; 11:9, s. 923-926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a method to measure ultrafast protein structural changes using time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering at an X-ray free-electron laser. We demonstrated this approach using multiphoton excitation of the Blastochloris viridis photosynthetic reaction center, observing an ultrafast global conformational change that arises within picoseconds and precedes the propagation of heat through the protein. This provides direct structural evidence for a 'protein quake': the hypothesis that proteins rapidly dissipate energy through quake-like structural motions.
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| 15. |
- Balieva, F. N., et al.
(författare)
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Treatment Preferences in Young Adults with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis: A Qualitative Study from the Nordic Countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Dermatology and Therapy. - 2193-8210. ; 13:8, s. 1873-1887
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to explore treatment preferences and identify patient characteristics in young bio-naive adults with moderate to severe psoriasis in the Nordic countries (Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Denmark).MethodsPatients were 18-45 years old and bio-naive but referred for biologic treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. Patients were included at eight Nordic dermatology clinics. Patients with significant comorbidity or psoriatic arthritis were excluded. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were assessed along with basic patient information.A semistructured interview guide was used in individual qualitative interviews, asking patients about their treatment preferences and reasons, disease journey, and disease management. The interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Twenty-four patients sufficed to reach saturation in this qualitative study.ResultsThe patient sample characteristics represented a qualitative variation in age, sex, symptoms, duration of disease, and country. We included a total of 12 male and 12 female patients. The mean age was 34 years (range 18-45 years), the mean age at diagnosis was 20 years (range 6-34 years), the mean & PLUSMN; standard deviation (SD) time since diagnosis was 13 & PLUSMN; 8 years, PASI was 9.5 & PLUSMN; 4.7, and DLQI was 15.2 & PLUSMN; 6.4.Interviews suggested that both the burden of disease as well as the burden of treatment influenced patient preferences regarding treatment attributes, hence getting alleviation from symptoms did not alone influence patient preferences. Time, effort, and inconvenience related to psoriasis treatments also influenced patient preferences.ConclusionsThis first in-depth, qualitative study in young bio-naive adults with psoriasis suggests that patient preferences are focusing not only on symptom relief but also on alleviating the burden of psoriasis treatment. Understanding the reasons for patient preferences and the perspectives of young adults is needed to guide individual shared decision-making in psoriasis management. Plain Language SummaryNot much research has been done on understanding the disease burden and treatment needs of young adults suffering from psoriasis. This is an interview study with young adults from Nordic countries suffering from moderate to severe psoriasis with an active lifestyle. The adult patients were all referred for biologic treatment of psoriasis but had not yet started treatment when they were interviewed. The aim was to explore treatment preferences in this group.The study showed that treatment goals depended upon both alleviation of symptoms and obtaining a low treatment burden. The most influential symptoms were scaling, itching, and visible plaques. The most important treatment burden features were efficacy, durability, speed of response, safety, and convenience. Understanding the reasons behind these different treatment preferences is essential to help shared-decision psoriasis management that matches individual needs.
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| 16. |
- Baumann, Katrine Y., et al.
(författare)
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Skin microdialysis: methods, applications and future opportunities-an EAACI position paper
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical and Translational Allergy. - : BMC. - 2045-7022. ; 9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Skin microdialysis (SMD) is a versatile sampling technique that can be used to recover soluble endogenous and exogenous molecules from the extracellular compartment of human skin. Due to its minimally invasive character, SMD can be applied in both clinical and preclinical settings. Despite being available since the 1990s, the technique has still not reached its full potential use as a tool to explore pathophysiological mechanisms of allergic and inflammatory reactions in the skin. Therefore, an EAACI Task Force on SMD was formed to disseminate knowledge about the technique and its many applications. This position paper from the task force provides an overview of the current use of SMD in the investigation of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, psoriasis, and in studies of cutaneous events during type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, this paper covers drug hypersensitivity, UVB-induced- and neurogenic inflammation, and drug penetration investigated by SMD. The aim of this paper is to encourage the use of SMD and to make the technique easily accessible by providing an overview of methodology and applications, supported by standardized operating procedures for SMD in vivo and ex vivo.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Ekberg, Jana, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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A Randomized Controlled Trial on Safety of Steroid Avoidance in Immunologically Low-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients
- 2022
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Ingår i: Kidney International Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-0249. ; 7:2, s. 259-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Steroid-based immunosuppression after transplantation increases the risk of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), with adverse effects on patient and graft survival. In the SAILOR study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of complete steroid avoidance in immunologically low-risk kidney recipients without diabetes on the current standard-of-care maintenance regimen with tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Methods: In this 2-year, multicenter, open-label trial, a total of 222 patients were randomized to receive either steroid avoidance protocol (tacrolimus/MMF/antithymocyte globulin [ATG] induction [n = 113]) or steroid maintenance protocol (tacrolimus/MMF/prednisolone/basiliximab-induction [n = 109]). Results: At 1 year, no significant differences were found between steroid avoidance and steroid maintenance arms in the incidence of PTDM, the primary end point (12.4% vs. 18.3%, respectively, P = 0.30, CI: 16.3–4.4), or in overall biopsy-proven rejections (15% vs. 13.8%, respectively, P = 0.85). At 2 years, the composite end point of freedom from acute rejection, graft loss, and death (81% vs. 85%, respectively, P = 0.4), kidney function, or adverse events was comparable between the 2 arms. Moreover, 63.9% of the patients in the steroid avoidance arm remained free from steroids at 2 years. Conclusion: The SAILOR study provides further evidence for the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of early steroid-free treatment at 2 years in immunologically low-risk kidney recipients with tacrolimus/MMF maintenance regimen. © 2021 International Society of Nephrology
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| 21. |
- Evangeliou, N., et al.
(författare)
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Wildfires in northern Eurasia affect the budget of black carbon in the Arctic - a 12-year retrospective synopsis (2002-2013)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 16:12, s. 7587-7604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades much attention has been given to the Arctic environment, where climate change is happening rapidly. Black carbon (BC) has been shown to be a major component of Arctic pollution that also affects the radiative balance. In the present study, we focused on how vegetation fires that occurred in northern Eurasia during the period of 2002-2013 influenced the budget of BC in the Arctic. For simulating the transport of fire emissions from northern Eurasia to the Arctic, we adopted BC fire emission estimates developed independently by GFED3 (Global Fire Emissions Database) and FEI-NE (Fire Emission Inventory - northern Eurasia). Both datasets were based on fire locations and burned areas detected by MODIS (Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments on NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Terra and Aqua satellites. Anthropogenic sources of BC were adopted from the MACCity (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate and megacity Zoom for the Environment) emission inventory. During the 12-year period, an average area of 250aEuro-000aEuro-km(2)aEuro-yr(-1) was burned in northern Eurasia (FEI-NE) and the global emissions of BC ranged between 8.0 and 9.5aEuro-TgaEuro-yr(-1) (FEI-NE+MACCity). For the BC emitted in the Northern Hemisphere (based on FEI-NE+MACCity), about 70aEuro-% originated from anthropogenic sources and the rest from biomass burning (BB). Using the FEI-NE+MACCity inventory, we found that 102aEuro-+/- aEuro-29aEuro-ktaEuro-yr(-1) BC was deposited in the Arctic (defined here as the area north of 67A degrees aEuro-N) during the 12 years simulated, which was twice as much as when using the MACCity inventory (56aEuro-+/- aEuro-8aEuro-ktaEuro-yr(-1)). The annual mass of BC deposited in the Arctic from all sources (FEI-NE in northern Eurasia, MACCity elsewhere) is significantly higher by about 37aEuro-% in 2009 (78 vs. 57aEuro-ktaEuro-yr(-1)) to 181aEuro-% in 2012 (153 vs. 54aEuro-ktaEuro-yr(-1)), compared to the BC deposited using just the MACCity emission inventory. Deposition of BC in the Arctic from BB sources in the Northern Hemisphere thus represents 68aEuro-% of the BC deposited from all BC sources (the remaining being due to anthropogenic sources). Northern Eurasian vegetation fires (FEI-NE) contributed 85aEuro-% (79-91aEuro-%) to the BC deposited over the Arctic from all BB sources in the Northern Hemisphere. We estimate that about 46aEuro-% of the BC deposited over the Arctic from vegetation fires in northern Eurasia originated from Siberia, 6aEuro-% from Kazakhstan, 5aEuro-% from Europe, and about 1aEuro-% from Mongolia. The remaining 42aEuro-% originated from other areas in northern Eurasia. About 42aEuro-% of the BC released from northern Eurasian vegetation fires was deposited over the Arctic (annual average: 17aEuro-%) during spring and summer.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Hesse, M., et al.
(författare)
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The predictive value of brief measures of externalizing behavior and internalizing problems in young people receiving substance use treatment : A secondary analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Addictive Behaviours. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0306-4603 .- 1873-6327. ; 139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Identifying people at risk of poor outcomes following treatment for substance use disorders is important for developing tailored services. The aim of this study was to test whether a brief measure of internalizing and externalizing behavior could identify young adults at high risk of psychiatric care episodes and criminal offending up to four years after enrolment in treatment for substance use disorder. Methods: Clients aged 15–25 years from a randomized multicenter study were included (N = 457). At baseline, all completed the YouthMap12 screener, a measure of internalizing symptoms (IP6) and externalizing problems (EP6). We used accelerated failure time regression to assess time to psychiatric care and criminal offending, adjusting for baseline occurrence, gender, age, treatment group, and uptake area. Youden's J was used to assess optimal cut-points for risk of events. Results: The IP6 was associated with shorter time to psychiatric care following treatment enrolment (beta = −0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.94 to −0.48; adjusted beta = −0.45, 95% CI = −0.66 to −0.25). The EP6 was associated with shorter time to criminal offending, coefficient = −0.32, 95% CI = −0.44 to −0.19; adjusted coefficient = −0.18, 95% CI = −0.30 to −0.06). Optimal cut-points were two or more for the IP6 and three or more for the EP6. Conclusions: The IP6 and the EP6, two simple and easily administered instruments, can identify young adults who are at an increased risk of future criminal offending or in need of psychiatric care. The findings lend support to using the 12-item YouthMap, as it identifies relevant risks, is compatible with local service delivery needs, and is theoretically and empirically supported. © 2022 The Author(s)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Nguyen, Quynh T., et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal variation of atmospheric particle number concentrations, new particle formation and atmospheric oxidation capacity at the high Arctic site Villum Research Station, Station Nord
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 16:17, s. 11319-11336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents an analysis of the physical properties of sub-micrometer aerosol particles measured at the high Arctic site Villum Research Station, Station Nord (VRS), northeast Greenland, between July 2010 and February 2013. The study focuses on particle number concentrations, particle number size distributions and the occurrence of new particle formation (NPF) events and their seasonality in the high Arctic, where observations and characterization of such aerosol particle properties and corresponding events are rare and understanding of related processes is lacking. A clear accumulation mode was observed during the darker months from October until mid-May, which became considerably more pronounced during the prominent Arctic haze months from March to mid-May. In contrast, nucleation- and Aitken-mode particles were predominantly observed during the summer months. Analysis of wind direction and wind speed indicated possible contributions of marine sources from the easterly side of the station to the observed summertime particle number concentrations, while southwesterly to westerly winds dominated during the darker months. NPF events lasting from hours to days were mostly observed from June until August, with fewer events observed during the months with less sunlight, i.e., March, April, September and October. The results tend to indicate that ozone (O3) might be weakly anti-correlated with particle number concentrations of the nucleation-mode range (10-30ĝ€nm) in almost half of the NPF events, while no positive correlation was observed. Calculations of air mass back trajectories using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for the NPF event days suggested that the onset or interruption of events could possibly be explained by changes in air mass origin. A map of event occurrence probability was computed, indicating that southerly air masses from over the Greenland Sea were more likely linked to those events.
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| 27. |
- Nilsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Visibility conditions and diel period affect small-scale spatio-temporal behaviour of pike Esox lucius in the absence of prey and conspecifics
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 80:6, s. 2384-2389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pike Esox lucius in the absence of prey and conspecifics were shown to have the highest habitat-change activity during dusk and to decrease preference for complex habitats in turbid water. As the behaviours indicate routine responses in the absence of behavioural interactions, E. lucius spatio-temporal distributions should be directly affected and thereby more easily assessed and avoided by prey, with potential consequences for encounter rates.
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| 28. |
- Nøjgaard, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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A local marine source of atmospheric particles in the High Arctic
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) was characterized at the Villum Research Station (Villum) at Station Nord in North Greenland during spring-summer 2016 using a Time of Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM). The composition is dominated by sulfate (48%) and organic species (40%). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified three key factors corresponding to a primary hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), and two types of secondary organic aerosol: oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and a marine organic aerosol (MOA). The HOA factor accounts for 5% of the organic aerosol mass, which is consistent with previous findings at Villum. The OOA factor accounts for 77% of the organic aerosol mass and correlates with accumulation mode particles, which supports previous findings indicating that oxidized organic aerosols are predominantly from long-range transport during winter and spring at Villum. The MOA factor was characterized by mass spectral fragments of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) from atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide, for which reason the MOA factor is considered to be of biogenic origin. MOA accounts for 18% of the organic aerosol mass and correlates with locally produced Aitken mode particles. This indicates that biogenic processes are not only a significant source of aerosols at Villum, but MOA also appears to be formed in the vicinity of the measurement site. This local geographical origin was confirmed through air mass back trajectory modelling and source-receptor analysis. During May, air masses frequently arrived from the east, with source regions for the MOA factor and therewith MSA located in the Barents Sea and Lincoln Sea with lesser contributions from the Greenland Sea. During June, air mass origin shifted to the west, with source regions for the MOA factor and MSA shifting correspondingly to Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. While shifting transport patterns between May and June lead to shifting source regions, sea ice likely played a role as well. During May, marginal ice zones were present in the Barents Sea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, while during June, sea ice in the northern part of Baffin Bay retreated and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago decreased. Although May and June experienced different transport patterns and sea ice conditions, levels of the MOA factor and MSA were similar between the months. This is likely due to similarities between marine biological activities in the Barents Sea and Baffin Bay. This research highlights the complex relationship between transport patterns, sea ice conditions, and atmospheric particle concentrations. Multiyear aerosol chemical composition from several High Arctic sites is encouraged to determine the full effects of ocean-atmosphere interactions and transport patterns on atmospheric aerosol concentrations.
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| 29. |
- Ottosen, T. -B., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the impact of inhomogeneous emissions in the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geoscientific Model Development. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1991-959X .- 1991-9603. ; 8:10, s. 3231-3245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semi-parameterized street canyon models, as e.g. the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM (R)), have been frequently applied for the last two decades to analyse levels and consequences of air pollution in streets. These models are popular due to their speed and low input requirements. One often-used simplification is the assumption that emissions are homogeneously distributed in the entire length and width of the street canyon. It is thus the aim of the present study to analyse the impact of this assumption by implementing an inhomogeneous emission geometry scheme in OSPM. The homogeneous and the inhomogeneous emission geometry schemes are validated against two real-world cases: Hornsgatan, Stockholm, a sloping street canyon; and Jagtvej, Copenhagen; where the morning rush hour has more traffic on one lane compared to the other. The two cases are supplemented with a theoretical calculation of the impact of street aspect (height / width) ratio and emission inhomogeneity on the concentrations resulting from inhomogeneous emissions. The results show an improved performance for the inhomogeneous emission geometry over the homogeneous emission geometry. Moreover, it is shown that the impact of inhomogeneous emissions is largest for near-parallel wind directions and for high aspect ratio canyons. The results from the real-world cases are however confounded by challenges estimating the emissions accurately.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Sævik, Åse Bjorvatn, et al.
(författare)
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Clues for early detection of autoimmune Addison's disease : myths and realities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 283:2, s. 190-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Early detection of autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is important as delay in diagnosis may result in a life-threatening adrenal crisis and death. The classical clinical picture of untreated AAD is well-described, but methodical investigations are scarce.Objective: Perform a retrospective audit of patient records with the aim of identifying biochemical markers for early diagnosis of AAD.Material and methods: A multicentre retrospective study including 272 patients diagnosed with AAD at hospitals in Norway and Sweden during 1978-2016. Scrutiny of medical records provided patient data and laboratory values.Results: Low sodium occurred in 207 of 247 (84%), but only one-third had elevated potassium. Other common nonendocrine tests were largely normal. TSH was elevated in 79 of 153 patients, and hypoglycaemia was found in 10%. Thirty-three per cent were diagnosed subsequent to adrenal crisis, in whom electrolyte disturbances were significantly more pronounced (P < 0.001). Serum cortisol was consistently decreased (median 62 nmol L-1 [1-668]) and significantly lower in individuals with adrenal crisis (38 nmol L-1 [2-442]) than in those without (81 nmol L-1 [1-668], P < 0.001).Conclusion: The most consistent biochemical finding of untreated AAD was low sodium independent of the degree of glucocorticoid deficiency. Half of the patients had elevated TSH levels. Only a minority presented with marked hyperkalaemia or other nonhormonal abnormalities. Thus, unexplained low sodium and/or elevated TSH should prompt consideration of an undiagnosed AAD, and on clinical suspicion bring about assay of cortisol and ACTH. Presence of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies confirms autoimmune aetiology. Anticipating additional abnormalities in routine blood tests may delay diagnosis.
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| 32. |
- Sahin, Cagla, et al.
(författare)
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Structural Basis for Dityrosine-Mediated Inhibition of α-Synuclein Fibrillization
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 144:27, s. 11949-11954
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein which self-assembles into highly organized β-sheet structures that accumulate in plaques in brains of Parkinson’s disease patients. Oxidative stress influences α-Syn structure and self-assembly; however, the basis for this remains unclear. Here we characterize the chemical and physical effects of mild oxidation on monomeric α-Syn and its aggregation. Using a combination of biophysical methods, small-angle X-ray scattering, and native ion mobility mass spectrometry, we find that oxidation leads to formation of intramolecular dityrosine cross-linkages and a compaction of the α-Syn monomer by a factor of √2. Oxidation-induced compaction is shown to inhibit ordered self-assembly and amyloid formation by steric hindrance, suggesting an important role of mild oxidation in preventing amyloid formation.
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| 33. |
- Sandvik, R. M., et al.
(författare)
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Contemporary N-2 and SF6 multiple breath washout in infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Pediatric Pulmonology. - : Wiley. - 8755-6863 .- 1099-0496.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Multiple breath washout (MBW) is used for early detection of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, with SF6MBW commonly viewed as the reference method. The use of N2MBW in infants and toddlers has been questioned for technical and physiological reasons, but a new correction of the N(2 )signal has minimized the technical part. The present study aimed to assess the remaining differences and the contributing mechanisms for the differences between SF6 and N2MBW,corrected-such as tidal volume reduction during N-2 washout with pure O-2. Method This was a longitudinal multicenter cohort study. SF6MBW and N2MBW were performed prospectively at three CF centers in the same visits on 154 test occasions across 62 children with CF (mean age: 22.7 months). Offline analysis using identical algorithms to the commercially available program provided outcomes of N-2,N-original and N-2,N-corrected for comparison with SF6MBW. Results Mean functional residual capacity, FRCN2,corrected was 14.3% lower than FRCN2, original, and 1.0% different from FRCSF6. Lung clearance index, LCIN2,corrected was 25.2% lower than LCIN2,original, and 7.3% higher than LCISF6. Mean (SD) tidal volume decreased significantly during N2MBWcorrected, compared to SF6MBW (-13.1 ml [-30.7; 4.6], p < 0.0001, equal to -12.0% [-25.7; 1.73]), but this tidal volume reduction did not correlate to the differences between LCIN2,corrected and LCISF6. The absolute differences in LCI increased significantly with higher LCISF6 (0.63/LCISF6) and (0.23/LCISF6), respectively, for N-2,N-original and N-2,N-corrected, but the relative differences were stable across disease severity for N-2,N-corrected, but not for N-2,N-original. Conclusion Only minor residual differences between FRCN2,corrected and FRCSF6 remained to show that the two methods measure gas volumes very similar in this age range. Small differences in LCI were found. Tidal volume reduction during N2MBW did not affect differences. The corrected N2MBW can now be used with confidence in young children with CF, although not interchangeably with SF6.
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| 34. |
- Sandvik, R. M., et al.
(författare)
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Nationwide lung function monitoring from infancy in newborn-screened children with cystic fibrosis
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). - 2312-0541. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease starts in infancy and can be assessed for structural lung abnormalities using computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans, or for lung function impairment using multiple breath washout (MBW). However, in infancy these two methods are not well correlated. Trajectories of CF lung disease assessed by MBW in infants and toddlers remain poorly described, which is why we aimed to 1) describe the trajectory of lung function, 2) explore risk factors for progression and 3) explore the real-life effect of lumacaftor/ivacaftor. Methods This was a nationwide observational cohort study (2018-2021) using data collected as part of the routine clinical surveillance programme (including MBW and monthly endo-laryngeal suction sampling for bacterial pathogens) in children born after implementation of newborn screening for CF (May 2016). Lumacaftor/ivacaftor commenced from age 2 years in children homozygous for F508del. Ventilation distribution efficiency (VDE), recently described to have advantages over lung clearance index (LCI), was reported as the primary MBW outcome after z-score calculations based on published reference data. Mixed effect linear regression models were the main statistical analyses performed in this study. Results 59 children, aged 2-45 months, contributed with 211 MBW occasions (median (interquartile range (IQR)) 3 (2-5) MBW occasions per child) with a median (IQR) follow-up time of 10.8 (5.222.3) months. An overall mean annual deterioration rate of -0.50 (95% CI -0.78-0.22) z-VDE was observed, starting from an estimated mean z-VDE of -1.68 (95% CI -2.15-1.22) at age 0.0 years (intercept). Pseudomonas aeruginosa "ever" (n=14, MBWs 50) had a significantly worse z-VDE trajectory versus P. aeruginosa "never" (mean difference 0.53 (95% CI 0.16-0.89) per year; p=0.0047) and lumacaftor/ivacaftor treatment (n=22, MBWs 46) significantly improved the trajectory of z-VDE (mean difference 1.72 (95% CI 0.79-2.66) per year; p=0.0004), leading to a stable mean z-VDE trajectory after start of treatment. Conclusions Infants and toddlers with CF demonstrated progressive deterioration in z-VDE over the first years of life. P. aeruginosa isolation "ever" was associated with an accelerated deterioration in lung function, while lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy significantly improved and stabilised the trajectory.
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| 35. |
- Schmale, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Pan-Arctic seasonal cycles and long-term trends of aerosol properties from 10 observatories
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 22:5, s. 3067-3096
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Even though the Arctic is remote, aerosol properties observed there are strongly influenced by anthropogenic emissions from outside the Arctic. This is particularly true for the so-called Arctic haze season (January through April). In summer (June through September), when atmospheric transport patterns change, and precipitation is more frequent, local Arctic sources, i.e., natural sources of aerosols and precursors, play an important role. Over the last few decades, significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions have taken place. At the same time a large body of literature shows evidence that the Arctic is undergoing fundamental environmental changes due to climate forcing, leading to enhanced emissions by natural processes that may impact aerosol properties.In this study, we analyze 9 aerosol chemical species and 4 particle optical properties from 10 Arctic observatories (Alert, Kevo, Pallas, Summit, Thule, Tiksi, Barrow/Utqiaġvik, Villum, and Gruvebadet and Zeppelin Observatory – both at Ny-Ålesund Research Station) to understand changes in anthropogenic and natural aerosol contributions. Variables include equivalent black carbon, particulate sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, methanesulfonic acid, sodium, iron, calcium and potassium, as well as scattering and absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo and scattering Ångström exponent.First, annual cycles are investigated, which despite anthropogenic emission reductions still show the Arctic haze phenomenon. Second, long-term trends are studied using the Mann–Kendall Theil–Sen slope method. We find in total 41 significant trends over full station records, i.e., spanning more than a decade, compared to 26 significant decadal trends. The majority of significantly declining trends is from anthropogenic tracers and occurred during the haze period, driven by emission changes between 1990 and 2000. For the summer period, no uniform picture of trends has emerged. Twenty-six percent of trends, i.e., 19 out of 73, are significant, and of those 5 are positive and 14 are negative. Negative trends include not only anthropogenic tracers such as equivalent black carbon at Kevo, but also natural indicators such as methanesulfonic acid and non-sea-salt calcium at Alert. Positive trends are observed for sulfate at Gruvebadet.No clear evidence of a significant change in the natural aerosol contribution can be observed yet. However, testing the sensitivity of the Mann–Kendall Theil–Sen method, we find that monotonic changes of around 5 % yr−1 in an aerosol property are needed to detect a significant trend within one decade. This highlights that long-term efforts well beyond a decade are needed to capture smaller changes. It is particularly important to understand the ongoing natural changes in the Arctic, where interannual variability can be high, such as with forest fire emissions and their influence on the aerosol population.To investigate the climate-change-induced influence on the aerosol population and the resulting climate feedback, long-term observations of tracers more specific to natural sources are needed, as well as of particle microphysical properties such as size distributions, which can be used to identify changes in particle populations which are not well captured by mass-oriented methods such as bulk chemical composition.
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| 36. |
- Skov, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity : a population-based twin study
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0804-4643 .- 1479-683X. ; 182:5, s. 473-480
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Co-aggregation of autoimmune diseases is common, suggesting partly shared etiologies. Genetic factors are believed to be important, but objective measures of environ mental vs heritable influences on co-aggregation are absent. With a novel approach to twin studies, we aimed at estimating heritability and genetic overlap in seven organspecific autoimmune diseases.Design: Prospective twin cohort study.Methods: We used a cohort of 110 814 twins to examine co-aggregation and heritability of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, Graves' disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo and Addison's disease. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for twins developing the same or different disease as compared to their co-twin. The differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were used to estimate the genetic influence on co-aggregation. Heritability for individual disorders was calculated using structural equational modeling adjusting for censoring and truncation of data.Results: Co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic twins (media n HR: 3.2, range: 2.2-9.2) than in dizygotic twins (median HR: 2.4, range: 1.1-10.0). Heritability was moderate for atrophic gastritis (0.38, 95% CI: 0.23-0.53) but high for all other diseases, ranging from 0.60 (95% CI: 0.49-0. 71) for Graves' disease to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.91- 1.00) for Addison's disease.Conclusions: Overall, co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, suggesting that disease overlap is largely attributable to genetic factors. Co-aggregation was common, and twins faced up to a ten-fold risk of developing diseases not present in their co-twin. Our results validate and refine previous heritability estimates based on smaller twin cohorts.
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| 37. |
- Skov, J., et al.
(författare)
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Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Endocrinology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0804-4643 .- 1479-683X. ; 182:5, s. 473-480
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Co-aggregation of autoimmune diseases is common, suggesting pa rtly shared etiologies. Genetic factors are believed to be important, but objective measures of environ mental vs heritable influences on co-aggregation are absent. With a novel approach to twin studies, we aimed at esti mating heritability and genetic overlap in seven organspecific autoimmune diseases. Design: Prospective twin cohort study. Methods: We used a cohort of 110 814 twins to examine co-aggregation an d heritability of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, Graves' disease, type 1 dia betes, vitiligo and Addison's disease. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for twins developing the same or different disea se as compared to their co-twin. The differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were used to estim ate the genetic influence on co- aggregation. Heritability for individual disorders was calculated using stru ctural equational modeling adjusting for censoring and truncation of data. Results: Co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic twins (media n HR: 3.2, range: 2.2-9.2) than in dizygotic twins (median HR: 2.4, range: 1.1-10.0). Heritability was moder ate for atrophic gastritis (0.38, 95% CI: 0.23-0.53) but high for all other diseases, ranging from 0.60 (95% CI: 0.49-0. 71) for Graves' disease to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.91- 1.00) for Addison's disease. Conclusions: Overall, co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic tha n in dizygotic twins, suggesting that disease overlap is largely attributable to genetic factors. Co- aggregation was common, and twins faced up to a ten-fold risk of developing diseases not present in their co-twin. Our r esults validate and refine previous heritability estimates based on smaller twin cohorts.
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| 38. |
- Skov, J., et al.
(författare)
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Shared etiology of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a population-based twin study
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Endocrinology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0804-4643 .- 1479-683X. ; 186:6, s. 677-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis frequently cluster in individuals and in families, indicating shared origins. The objective of this study was to investigate familial co-aggregation of these diseases and to quantify shared genetic and environmental factors. Design: This study is a twin cohort study. Methods: National health registers were used to identify cases among 110 814 Swedish twins. Co-aggregation was calculated as risk ratios for type 1 diabetes among co-twins of individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and vice-versa. Variance explained by genetics (i.e. heritability), and the proportions thereof shared between the diseases, was estimated by contrasting associations in monozygotic and dizygotic twins using structural equation models. Results: Individuals with one disease were at a high risk for the other disease (adjusted risk ratio: 11.4 (95% CI: 8.5-15.3)). Co-aggregation was more common in monozygotic than in dizygotic pairs, with adjusted risk ratios of 7.0 (95% CI: 3.2-15.1) and 1.7 (95% CI: 0.7-4.1), respectively. Genetic effects shared across diseases accounted for 11% of the variance for type 1 diabetes and 9% of the variance for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while environmental factors unique to individual twins, but shared across diseases, accounted for 10% of the variance for type 1 diabetes and 18% of the variance for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Conclusions: Both genes and environment unique to individual twins contribute to considerable etiologic overlap between type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These findings add to the current knowledge on the mechanisms behind autoimmune disease clustering and could guide future research aimed at identifying pathophysiological mechanisms and intervention targets.
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| 39. |
- Skov, R, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of temperature on the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus using cefoxitin disc diffusion testing with Iso-Sensitest agar
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-7453 .- 1460-2091. ; 63:4, s. 699-703
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cefoxitin is today the substance of choice for the phenotypic detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We investigated the influence of incubation temperature in the standard range, i.e. 35-37 degrees C, and time, i.e. 18-20 h, versus a full 24 h. Cefoxitin disc testing was examined at incubation temperatures of 35 and 36 degrees C and times of 18-20 and 24 h, respectively, for 94 mecA-negative and 49 mecA-positive S. aureus on Iso-Sensitest agar using a semi-confluent inoculum. Cefoxitin inhibition zones on Iso-Sensitest agar were larger at temperatures above 35 degrees C; two isolates (4%, 95% confidence interval=0.5-14%) incubated at 36 degrees C were falsely categorized as susceptible to methicillin. Incubation time across 18-24 h did not impact results. Detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus using the cefoxitin disc method with a semi-confluent inoculum on Iso-Sensitest agar is influenced by incubation temperature, and the temperature should not exceed 35 degrees C for the reliable detection of MRSA.
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| 40. |
- Skov, Vibe, et al.
(författare)
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A 7-gene signature depicts the biochemical profile of early prefibrotic myelofibrosis
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have shown that a large proportion of patients classified as essential thrombocythemia (ET) actually have early primary prefibrotic myelofibrosis (prePMF), which implies an inferior prognosis as compared to patients being diagnosed with so-called genuine or true ET. According to theWorld Health Organization (WHO) 2008 classification, bone marrow histology is a major component in the distinction between these disease entities. However, the differential diagnosis between themmay be challenging and several studies have not been able to distinguish between them.Most lately, it has been argued that simple blood tests, including the leukocyte count and plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be useful tools to separate genuine ET from prePMF, the latter disease entity more often being featured by anemia, leukocytosis and elevated LDH.Whole blood gene expression profiling was performed in 17 and 9 patients diagnosed with ET and PMF, respectively. Using elevated LDH obtained at the time of diagnosis as a marker of prePMF, a 7-gene signature was identified which correctly predicted the prePMF group with a sensitivity of 100%and a specificity of 89%. The 7 genes included MPO, CEACAM8, CRISP3, MS4A3, CEACAM6, HEMGN, andMMP8, which are genes known to be involved in inflammation, cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. Evaluation of bone marrow biopsies and the 7-gene signature showed a concordance rate of 71%, 79%, 62%, and 38%. Our 7-gene signature may be a useful tool to differentiate between genuine ET and prePMF but needs to be validated in a larger cohort of "ET" patients.
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| 41. |
- Sprovieri, F., et al.
(författare)
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Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 16:18, s. 11915-11935
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (http://www.gmos.eu) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global observing system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no observational data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010-2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg concentrations between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient observed is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Steffen, A., et al.
(författare)
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A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow
- 2008
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 8:6, s. 1445-1482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It was discovered in 1995 that, during the spring time, unexpectedly low concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) occurred in the Arctic air. This was surprising for a pollutant known to have a long residence time in the atmosphere; however conditions appeared to exist in the Arctic that promoted this depletion of mercury (Hg). This phenomenon is termed atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) and its discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the cycling of Hg in Polar Regions while stimulating a significant amount of research to understand its impact to this fragile ecosystem. Shortly after the discovery was made in Canada, AMDEs were confirmed to occur throughout the Arctic, sub-Artic and Antarctic coasts. It is now known that, through a series of photochemically initiated reactions involving halogens, GEM is converted to a more reactive species and is subsequently associated to particles in the air and/or deposited to the polar environment. AMDEs are a means by which Hg is transferred from the atmosphere to the environment that was previously unknown. In this article we review Hg research taken place in Polar Regions pertaining to AMDEs, the methods used to collect Hg in different environmental media, research results of the current understanding of AMDEs from field, laboratory and modeling work, how Hg cycles around the environment after AMDEs, gaps in our current knowledge and the future impacts that AMDEs may have on polar environments. The research presented has shown that while considerable improvements in methodology to measure Hg have been made but the main limitation remains knowing the speciation of Hg in the various media. The processes that drive AMDEs and how they occur are discussed. As well, the role that the snow pack and the sea ice play in the cycling of Hg is presented. It has been found that deposition of Hg from AMDEs occurs at marine coasts and not far inland and that a fraction of the deposited Hg does not remain in the same form in the snow. Kinetic studies undertaken have demonstrated that bromine is the major oxidant depleting Hg in the atmosphere. Modeling results demonstrate that there is a significant deposition of Hg to Polar Regions as a result of AMDEs. Models have also shown that Hg is readily transported to the Arctic from source regions, at times during springtime when this environment is actively transforming Hg from the atmosphere to the snow and ice surfaces. The presence of significant amounts of methyl Hg in snow in the Arctic surrounding AMDEs is important because this species is the link between the environment and impacts to wildlife and humans. Further, much work on methylation and demethylation processes has occurred but these processes are not yet fully understood. Recent changes in the climate and sea ice cover in Polar Regions are likely to have strong effects on the cycling of Hg in this environment; however more research is needed to understand Hg processes in order to formulate meaningful predictions of these changes.
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| 44. |
- Sze, K. C. H., et al.
(författare)
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Ice-nucleating particles in northern Greenland: annual cycles, biological contribution and parameterizations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - 1680-7316. ; 23:8, s. 4741-4761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) can initiate ice formation in clouds at temperatures above - 38 C-? through heterogeneous ice nucleation. As a result, INPs affect cloud microphysical and radiative properties, cloud lifetime, and precipitation behavior and thereby ultimately the Earth's climate. Yet, little is known regarding the sources, abundance and properties of INPs, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic. In this study, 2 -yearlong INP measurements (from July 2018 to September 2020) at Villum Research Station in northern Greenland are presented. A low-volume filter sampler was deployed to collect filter samples for offline INP analysis. An annual cycle of INP concentration (NINP) was observed, and the fraction of heat-labile INPs was found to be higher in months with low to no snow cover and lower in months when the surface was well covered in snow (> 0.8 m). Samples were categorized into three different types based only on the slope of their INP spectra, namely into summer, winter and mix type. For each of the types a temperature-dependent INP parameterization was derived, clearly different depending on the time of the year. Winter and summer types occurred only during their respective seasons and were seen 60 % of the time. The mixed type occurred in the remaining 40 % of the time throughout the year. April, May and November were found to be transition months. A case study comparing April 2019 and April 2020 was performed. The month of April was selected because a significant difference in NINP was observed during these two periods, with clearly higher NINP in April 2020. In parallel to the observed differences in NINP, also a higher cloud-ice fraction was observed in satellite data for April 2020, compared to April 2019. NINP in the case study period revealed no clear dependency on either meteorological parameters or different surface types which were passed by the collected air masses. Overall, the results suggest that the coastal regions of Greenland were the main sources of INPs in April 2019 and 2020, most likely including both local terrestrial and marine sources.
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| 45. |
- Tornøe, Birte, et al.
(författare)
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Specific strength training compared with interdisciplinary counseling for girls with tension-type headache : A randomized controlled trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - 1178-7090. ; 9, s. 257-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Childhood tension-type headache (TTH) is a prevalent and debilitating condition for the child and family. Low-cost nonpharmacological treatments are usually the first choice of professionals and parents. This study examined the outcomes of specific strength training for girls with TTH. Methods: Forty-nine girls aged 9–18 years with TTH were randomized to patient education programs with 10 weeks of strength training and compared with those who were counseled by a nurse and physical therapist. Primary outcomes were headache frequency, intensity, and duration; secondary outcomes were neck–shoulder muscle strength, aerobic power, and pericranial tenderness, measured at baseline, after 10 weeks intervention, and at 12 weeks follow-up. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires were assessed at baseline and after 24 months. Results: For both groups, headache frequency decreased significantly, P=0.001, as did duration, P=0.022, with no significant between-group differences. The odds of having headache on a random day decreased over the 22 weeks by 0.65 (0.50–0.84) (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]). For both groups, neck extension strength decreased significantly with a decrease in cervicothoracic extension/flexion ratio to 1.7, indicating a positive change in muscle balance. In the training group, shoulder strength increased ≥10% in 5/20 girls and predicted VO2max increased ≥15% for 4/20 girls. In the training group, 50% of girls with a headache reduction of ≥30% had an increase in VO2max >5%. For the counseling group, this was the case for 29%. A 24-month follow-up on HRQOL for the pooled sample revealed statistically significant improvements. Fifty-five percent of the girls reported little to none disability. Conclusion: The results indicate that both physical health and HRQOL can be influenced significantly by physical exercise and nurse counseling. More research is needed to examine the relationship between physical exercise, VO2max, and TTH in girls. Thus, empowering patient education to promote maximum possible outcomes for all children needs more attention.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Yang, YL, et al.
(författare)
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Discontinuation of anti-VEGF cancer therapy promotes metastasis through a liver revascularization mechanism
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7, s. 12680-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of discontinuation of anti-VEGF cancer therapy in promoting cancer metastasis is unknown. Here we show discontinuation of anti-VEGF treatment creates a time-window of profound structural changes of liver sinusoidal vasculatures, exhibiting hyper-permeability and enlarged open-pore sizes of the fenestrated endothelium and loss of VE-cadherin. The drug cessation caused highly leaky hepatic vasculatures permit tumour cell intravasation and extravasation. Discontinuation of an anti-VEGF antibody-based drug and sunitinib markedly promotes liver metastasis. Mechanistically, host hepatocyte, but not tumour cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is responsible for cancer metastasis. Deletion of hepatocyte VEGF markedly ablates the ‘off-drug’-induced metastasis. These findings provide mechanistic insights on anti-VEGF cessation-induced metastasis and raise a new challenge for uninterrupted and sustained antiangiogenic therapy for treatment of human cancers.
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