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- Beck, R., et al.
(author)
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GPSDTN : Predictive velocity-enabled delay-tolerant networks for arctic research and sustainability
- 2007
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In: Second International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection (ICIMP 2007). - Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society Press. - 9780769529110
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) is a necessity for communication nodes that may need to wait for long periods to form networks. The IETF Delay Tolerant Network Research Group is developing protocols to enable such networks for a broad variety of Earth and interplanetary applications. The Arctic would benefit from a predictive velocity-enabled version of DTN that would facilitate communications between sparse, ephemeral, often mobile and extremely power-limited nodes. We propose to augment DTN with power-aware, buffer-aware location- and time-based predictive routing for ad-hoc meshes to create networks that are inherently location and time (velocity) aware at the network level to support climate research, emergency services and rural education in the Arctic. On Earth, the primary source of location and universal time information for networks is the Global Positioning System (GPS). We refer to this Arctic velocity-enabled Delay-Tolerant Network protocol as "GPSDTN" accordingly. This paper describes our requirements analysis and general implementation strategy for GPSDTN to support Arctic research and sustainability efforts
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- Brooks, P, et al.
(author)
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A predictive framework for coupling Hydrology, Biogeochemistry, and Ecology
- 2008
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In: Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09502, 2008.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The coupling of hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes at catchment to landscape scale results in observable patterns in ecosystem structure, the amount and chemistry of stream discharge, and landsurface-atmosphere exchanges of energy and biogeochemicals. All of these patterns result from the close coupling of water, energy, carbon, and nutrient cycling, yet rarely are both the vertical (landsurfaceatmosphere) and lateral (hydrological residence time and streamflow) exchanges associated with a particular ecosystem structure studied in concert. Our research attempts to bridge this gap by focusing on how ecosystem structure, specifically vegetation, mediates four-dimensional (X,Y,Z, and time) fluxes of water, carbon, and nutrients in semi-arid environments of the southwestern United States. Our generalized approach involves an iterative combination of measurement, modeling, and experimentation where process-level inferences drawn from one research activity are used to develop testable hypothesis for related efforts. Preliminary results have linked spatial variability in hydrologic residence time to seasonal variability in nutrient limitation; spatial and interannual variability in water source with carbon uptake and isotopic signature; vegetation controls on both snow water input and soil moisture; and the importance of alluvial aquifers in stream and river biogeochemistry.
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- Ernest, C. Steven, et al.
(author)
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Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease
- 2008
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In: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 35:6, s. 593-618
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the current analysis was to characterize the population PK of prasugrel and clopidogrel metabolites, the resulting PD response, and identification of covariates for key PK/PD parameters. Aspirin-treated subjects with coronary artery disease were randomized to double-blind treatment with clopidogrel 600 mg loading dose (LD) followed by daily 75 mg maintenance dose (MD) or prasugrel 60 mg LD and daily 10 mg MD for 28 days. Plasma concentrations of prasugrel active metabolite (Pras-AM) and prasugrel's inactive thiolactone metabolite (Pras-thiolactone) were simultaneously fit to a multicompartmental model; a similar model adequately described clopidogrel's active metabolite (Clop-AM) PK. By linking to the PK model through the active metabolite concentrations, the PK/PD model characterized the irreversible inhibition of platelet aggregation through a sigmoidal Emax model. Although dose, sex, and weight were identified as significant covariates in the prasugrel PK model, only the effect of body weight produced significant changes in Pras-AM exposure. Generally, these factors resulted in only minor changes in Pras-AM exposures such that, overall, the change in the resulting maximal platelet aggregation (MPA) was predicted to be < or =10% points on average. The clopidogrel PK model included dose as a covariate indicating that a significantly less-than-proportional increase in Clop-AM exposure is expected over the dose range of 75-600 mg, thus, the model-predicted PD response is lower than might be anticipated given an 8-fold difference in dose and lower than that typically achieved following prasugrel 60 mg LD. The greater PD response with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel was accounted for by greater conversion of dose to active metabolite.
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- Jallow, Muminatou, et al.
(author)
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Genome-wide and fine-resolution association analysis of malaria in West Africa.
- 2009
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; , s. 657-665
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a genome-wide association (GWA) study of severe malaria in The Gambia. The initial GWA scan included 2,500 children genotyped on the Affymetrix 500K GeneChip, and a replication study included 3,400 children. We used this to examine the performance of GWA methods in Africa. We found considerable population stratification, and also that signals of association at known malaria resistance loci were greatly attenuated owing to weak linkage disequilibrium (LD). To investigate possible solutions to the problem of low LD, we focused on the HbS locus, sequencing this region of the genome in 62 Gambian individuals and then using these data to conduct multipoint imputation in the GWA samples. This increased the signal of association, from P = 4 x 10(-7) to P = 4 x 10(-14), with the peak of the signal located precisely at the HbS causal variant. Our findings provide proof of principle that fine-resolution multipoint imputation, based on population-specific sequencing data, can substantially boost authentic GWA signals and enable fine mapping of causal variants in African populations.
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- Small, H J, et al.
(author)
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Laser-assisted microdissection: a new tool for aquatic molecular parasitology.
- 2008
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In: Diseases of aquatic organisms. - 0177-5103. ; 82:2, s. 151-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Laser-assisted microdissection (LMD) has been developed to isolate distinct cell populations from heterogeneous tissue sections, cytological preparations, or live cell samples. Downstream applications typically include gene expression studies using real-time PCR and array platforms, diagnostic PCR, and protein expression studies. LMD techniques are now commonplace in mainstream biological research and clearly have suitable applications in the field of aquatic pathology and parasitology. The present study used LMD to isolate 2 dinoflagellate parasites (Hematodinium spp.) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 2 crustacean hosts, Cancer pagurus and Portunus trituberculatus. DNA was isolated from LMD parasite preparations, and partial regions (up to 300 bp) of the small subunit and the first internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene complex from the Hematodinium spp. were PCR amplified using diagnostic primers. The amplification products were sequenced to confirm the identity of the targeted regions. The techniques, applications, and limitations of LMD to address questions in aquatic molecular pathology and parasitology are discussed.
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