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Sökning: WFRF:(Sparvoli R) > (2015-2019)

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1.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • Pamela's measurements of magnetospheric effects on high-energy solar particles
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 801:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The nature of particle acceleration at the Sun, whether through flare reconnection processes or through shocks driven by coronal mass ejections, is still under scrutiny despite decades of research. The measured properties of solar energetic particles (SEPs) have long been modeled in different particle-acceleration scenarios. The challenge has been to disentangle the effects of transport from those of acceleration. The Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) instrument enables unique observations of SEPs including the composition and angular distribution of the particles about the magnetic field, i.e., pitch angle distribution, over a broad energy range (>80 MeV)-bridging a critical gap between space-based and ground-based measurements. We present high-energy SEP data from PAMELA acquired during the 2012 May 17 SEP event. These data exhibit differential anisotropies and thus transport features over the instrument rigidity range. SEP protons exhibit two distinct pitch angle distributions: a low-energy population that extends to 90 degrees and a population that is beamed at high energies (>1 GeV), consistent with neutron monitor measurements. To explain a low-energy SEP population that exhibits significant scattering or redistribution accompanied by a high-energy population that reaches the Earth relatively unaffected by dispersive transport effects, we postulate that the scattering or redistribution takes place locally. We believe that these are the first comprehensive measurements of the effects of solar energetic particle transport in the Earth's magnetosheath.
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2.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (författare)
  • PAMELA's measurements of geomagnetic cutoff variations during solar energetic particle events
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Data from the PAMELA satellite experiment were used to measure the geomagnetic cutoff for high-energy ( 80 MeV) protons during the solar particle events on 2006 December 13 and 14. The variations of the cutoff latitude as a function of rigidity were studied on relatively short timescales, corresponding to single spacecraft orbits (about 94 minutes). Estimated cutoff values were cross-checked with those obtained by means of a trajectory tracing approach based on dynamical empirical modeling of the Earth's magnetosphere. We find significant variations in the cutoff latitude, with a maximum suppression of about 6 deg for 80 MeV protons during the main phase of the storm. The observed reduction in the geomagnetic shielding and its temporal evolution were compared with the changes in the magnetosphere configuration, investigating the role of IMF, solar wind and geomagnetic (Kp, Dst and Sym-H indexes) variables and their correlation with PAMELA cutoff results.
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3.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (författare)
  • PAMELA's measurements of geomagnetically trapped and albedo protons
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Data from the PAMELA satellite experiment were used to perform a detailed measurement of under-cutoff protons at low Earth orbits. On the basis of a trajectory tracing approach using a realistic description of the magnetosphere, protons were classified into geomagnetically trapped and re-entrant albedo. The former include stably-trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly, which were analyzed in the framework of the adiabatic theory, investigating energy spectra, spatial and angular distributions; results were compared with the predictions of the AP8 and the PSB97 empirical trapped models. The albedo protons were classified into quasi-trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and un-trapped, spreading over all latitudes and including both short-lived (precipitating) and long-lived (pseudo-trapped) components. Features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated as well. PAMELA observations significantly improve the characterization of the high energy proton populations in near Earth orbits. The.
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4.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (författare)
  • Solar energetic particle events : Trajectory analysis and flux reconstruction with PAMELA
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of science.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA satellite experiment is providing first direct measurements of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) with energies from about 80 MeV to several GeV in near-Earth space, bridging the low energy data by other space-based instruments and the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) data by the worldwide network of neutron monitors. Its unique observational capabilities include the possibility of measuring the flux angular distribution and thus investigating possible anisotropies. This work reports the analysis methods developed to estimate the SEP energy spectra as a function of the particle pitch-angle with respect to the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) direction. The crucial ingredient is provided by an accurate simulation of the asymptotic exposition of the PAMELA apparatus, based on a realistic reconstruction of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere. As case study, the results for the May 17, 2012 event are presented.
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5.
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6.
  • Karelin, A. V., et al. (författare)
  • Measurement of electron-positron spectrum in high-energy cosmic rays in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24TH EUROPEAN COSMIC RAY SYMPOSIUM (ECRS). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • At present the existing data on the cosmic ray electron energy spectra in the high energy range are fragmented, and the situation is exacerbated by their small number. In the satellite PAMELA experiment measurements at high energies are carried out by the calorimeter. The experimental data accumulated for more than 8 years of measurements, with the information of the calorimeter, the neutron detector and the scintillation counters made it possible to obtain the total spectrum of high-energy electrons and positrons in energy range 0.3-3 TeV.
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7.
  • Karelin, A. V., et al. (författare)
  • Measurement of the large-scale anisotropy of cosmic rays in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: JETP Letters. - 0021-3640 .- 1090-6487. ; 101:5, s. 295-298
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large-scale anisotropy or so-called sidereal-diurnal wave has been detected in the PAMELA satellite experiment in the time interval of 2006–2014. The magnitude of anisotropy has been measured simultaneously for the Southern and Northern Hemispheres in the equatorial coordinate system. The results confirm the data of ground-based experiments.
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8.
  • Koldobskiy, S. A., et al. (författare)
  • Deuteron spectrum measurements under radiation belt with PAMELA instrument
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6014. ; 273-275, s. 2345-2347
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work the results of data analysis of the deuteron albedo radiation obtained in the PAMELA experiment are presented. PAMELA is an international space experiment carried out on board of the satellite Resurs DK-1. The high precision detectors allow to register and identify cosmic ray particles in a wide energy range. The albedo deuteron spectrum in the energy range 70 - 600 MeV/nucleon has been measured.
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9.
  • Koldobskiy, S., et al. (författare)
  • Measuring the albedo deuteron flux in the PAMELA satellite experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 79:3, s. 294-297
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The results of measuring albedo deuteron fluxes in the vicinity of the Earth are presented. The data were obtained in the PAMELA experiment conducted aboard the Resurs DK-1 artificial Earth satellite. High-precision detectors of the instrument setup allow us to identify albedo deuterons and measure their spectra in the energy interval from 70 to 600 MeV/nucleon at altitudes of 350–600 km for different geomagnetic latitudes.
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10.
  • Martucci, M., et al. (författare)
  • Magnetospheric effects on high-energy solar particles during the 2012 May 17th event measured with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The great challenge in constraining scenarios for solar energetic particle (SEP) acceleration is due to the fact that the signatures of acceleration itself are heavily modified by transport within interplanetary space. During transport, SEPs are subject to pitch angle scattering by the turbulent magnetic field, adiabatic focusing, or reflecting magnetic structures. Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) provide an ideal way to study acceleration with minimal transport. In this work, we present a unique high-energy SEP observation from PAMELA of the 2012 May 17 GLE and interpret the observed pitch angle distributions as a result of local scattering (1 AU) by the Earth's magnetosheath.
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11.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Searching for anisotropy of positrons and electrons in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 79:3, s. 298-301
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment has been under way aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite since June 2006. The results have revealed an increase in the ratio of the positron intensity to the total electron and positron intensity at energies in excess of 10 GeV. This increase suggests an additional source of cosmic rays that is associated with either some astrophysical objects (e.g., pulsars) or the probable annihilation of particles of dark matter. Local positron sources can produce notable anisotropy in their flux. The results from the search for anisotropy of positrons and electrons in the events detected by the PAMELA experiment in the 2006–2013 timeframe are described in detail in this work.
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12.
  • Mori, N., et al. (författare)
  • PAMELA measurements of the boron and carbon spectra
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24TH EUROPEAN COSMIC RAY SYMPOSIUM (ECRS). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The satellite-borne PAMELA experiment is aimed at precision measurements of the charged light component of the cosmic-ray spectrum, with a particular focus on antimatter. It consists of a magnetic spectrometer, a time-of-flight system, an electromagnetic calorimeter with a tail catcher scintillating layer, an anticoincidence system and a neutron detector. PAMELA has measured the absolute fluxes of boron and carbon and the B/C ratio, which plays a central role in galactic propagation studies in order to derive the injection spectra at sources from measurements at Earth. In this paper, the data analysis techniques and the final results are presented.
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13.
  • Mori, N., et al. (författare)
  • The PAMELA experiment and cosmic ray observations
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS PROCEEDINGS. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6014. ; , s. 242-244
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA space experiment is aimed at precise measurements of the charged light component of the cosmic ray spectrum in the energy range spanning from the sub-GeV region to the TeV region, with a particular focus on antimatter. The instrument consists of a magnetic spectrometer, an electromagnetic sampling calorimeter,a time-off-light system, an anticoincidence shield, a tail-catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. Launched in June 2006 and hosted on the Resurs-DK1 satellite, PAMELA has been taking data for more than eight years, providing scientific results with unprecedented statistics and a continuous monitoring of the sun activity and the heliosphere.
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14.
  • Usoskin, I. G., et al. (författare)
  • Force-field parameterization of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum : Validation for Forbush decreases
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 55:12, s. 2940-2945
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A useful parametrization of the energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) near Earth is offered by the so-called force-field model which describes the shape of the entire spectrum with a single parameter, the modulation potential. While the usefulness of the force-field approximation has been confirmed for regular periods of solar modulation, it was not tested explicitly for disturbed periods, when GCR are locally modulated by strong interplanetary transients. Here we use direct measurements of protons and alpha-particles performed by the PAMELA space-borne instrument during December 2006, including a major Forbush decrease, in order to directly test the validity of the force-field parameterization. We conclude that (1) The force-field parametrization works very well in describing the energy spectra of protons and alpha-particles directly measured by PAMELA outside the Earths atmosphere; (2) The energy spectrum of GCR can be well parameterized by the force-field model also during a strong Forbush decrease; (3) The estimate of the GCR modulation parameter, obtained using data from the world-wide neutron monitor network, is in good agreement with the spectra directly measured by PAMELA during the studied interval. This result is obtained on the basis of a single event analysis, more events need to be analyzed.
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15.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • MEASUREMENTS OF COSMIC-RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM ISOTOPES WITH THE PAMELA EXPERIMENT
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 818:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium (H-1, H-2, He-3, He-4) isotopic composition has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on 2006 June 15. The rare isotopes H-2 and He-3 in cosmic rays are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high-energy protons and helium with the galactic interstellar medium. The isotopic composition was measured between 100 and 1100 MeV/n for hydrogen and between 100 and 1400 MeV/n for helium isotopes using two different detector systems over the 23rd solar minimum from 2006 July to 2007 December.
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16.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • Reentrant albedo proton fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 120:5, s. 3728-3738
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a precise measurement of downward going albedo proton fluxes for kinetic energy above similar to 70 MeV performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment at an altitude between 350 and 610 km. On the basis of a trajectory tracing simulation, the analyzed protons were classified into quasi-trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and untrapped spreading over all latitudes, including both short-lived (precipitating) and long-lived (pseudotrapped) components. In addition, features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated in detail. PAMELA results significantly improve the characterization of the high-energy albedo proton populations at low-Earth orbits.
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17.
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18.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (författare)
  • Nine years of cosmic rays investigation by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA cosmic ray detector was launched on June 15th of 2006 on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite and during nine years of continuous data-taking it has ob- served very interesting features in cosmic rays, namely in the fluxes of protons, helium and electrons. Its discoveries might change our basic vision of the mechanisms of pro- duction, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Moreover, PAMELA measurements of cosmic antiproton and positron fluxes and positron-to-all-electron ratio have been setting strong constraints to the nature of Dark Matter. Measurements of boron, carbon, lithium and beryllium (together with the isotopic fraction) will also shed new light on the elemental composition of the cosmic radiation. Search for signatures of more exotic processes (such as the ones involving Strange Quark Matter) is also pursued. Furthermore, the instrument is still functional allowing a constant monitoring of the solar activity during its maximum and a detailed and prolonged study of the solar modulation, improving the comprehension of the heliosphere mechanisms. PAMELA is also measur- ing the radiation environment around the Earth, and it detected for the first time the presence of an antiproton radiation belt surrounding our planet. In this highlight paper PAMELA main results will be reviewed.
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19.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (författare)
  • Geomagnetically trapped, albedo and solar energetic particles : Trajectory analysis and flux reconstruction with PAMELA
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 60:4, s. 788-795
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA satellite experiment is providing comprehensive observations of the interplanetary and magnetospheric radiation in the near-Earth environment. Thanks to its identification capabilities and the semi-polar orbit, PAMELA is able to precisely measure the energetic spectra and the angular distributions of the different cosmic-ray populations over a wide latitude region, including geomagnetically trapped and albedo particles. Its observations comprise the solar energetic particle events between solar cycles 23 and 24, and the geomagnetic cutoff variations during magnetospheric storms. PAMELA's measurements are supported by an accurate analysis of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere based on a realistic geomagnetic field modeling, which allows the classification of particle populations of different origin and the investigation of the asymptotic directions of arrival.
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20.
  • Karelin, A. V., et al. (författare)
  • Measuring the spectra of high-energy cosmic-ray particles in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 79:3, s. 289-293
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The available data on the energy spectra of electrons, protons, and helium nuclei in the high-energy region are fragmentary, a situation made worse by their scarcity. Due to limitations imposed on the use of the magnetic spectrometer in the PAMELA satellite experiment, the calorimeter must be used for measurements performed in the high-energy region. The processing of experimental data accumulated in more than eight years of measurements with the calorimeter, neutron detector, and scintillation counters allows the spectra of high-energy particles to be obtained, greatly expanding our understanding of the nature of primary cosmic rays.
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21.
  • Karelin, A. V., et al. (författare)
  • The high energy cosmic ray particle spectra measurements with the PAMELA calorimeter
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6014. ; 273-275, s. 275-281
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Up until now there has been limited, contradictive data on the high energy range of the cosmic ray electron-positron, proton and helium spectra. Due to the limitations of the use of a magnetic spectrometer, over 8 years experimental data was processed using information from a sampling electro-magnetic calorimeter, a neutron detector and scintillator detectors. The use of these devices allowed us to successfully obtain the high energy cosmic ray particle spectra measurements. The results of this study clarify previous findings and greaten our understanding of the origin of cosmic rays.
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22.
  • Koldobskiy, S. A., et al. (författare)
  • Measurement of trapped and quasitrapped deuteron populations in PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The results of measurements of trapped and albedo cosmic ray deuteron fluxes obtained in the PAMELA experiment are presented in this work. The PAMELA is an international experiment aimed for measurements of cosmic ray particle fluxes in wide energy range. In particular, analysis of PAMELA data gives possibility to identify deuterons and to reconstruct deuteron spectra of different origin (galactic cosmic ray, re-entrant albedo and radiation belt particles). The first results of trajcectory reconstruction for trapped and albedo deuterons are presented in this work. This investigation was done by solving equations of particle motion in Earth's magnetic field by means of numerical integration methods.
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23.
  • Koldobskiy, S. A., et al. (författare)
  • Study of deuteron spectra under radiation belt with PAMELA instrument
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24TH EUROPEAN COSMIC RAY SYMPOSIUM (ECRS). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents the results of measurements of proton and deuteron fluxes of albedo radiation in the Earth vicinity, obtained in the PAMELA experiment. PAMELA is an international experiment meant to study cosmic rays. PAMELA is carried out on board the satellite Resurs-DK1. High-precision equipment of the experiment allows registration and identification of cosmic ray particles of different varieties in a wide energy range. The albedo deuteron spectrum and albedo deuteron-to-proton fluxes ratio in the energy range 70 - 600 MeV/nucleon at altitude of 350 - 600 km for different geomagnetic latitudes is presented.
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24.
  • Menn, W., et al. (författare)
  • Lithium and beryllium isotopes in the pamela-experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. The apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a silicon-microstrip magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anti-coincidence system, a shower tail counter scintillator and a neutron detector. The scientific objectives addressed by the mission are the measurement of the antiprotons and positrons spectra in cosmic rays, the hunt for antinuclei as well as the determination of light nuclei fluxes from hydrogen to oxygen in a wide energy range and with very high statistics. In this paper the identification capability for lithium and beryllium isotopes for two different techniques are presented, combining the rigidity measurement from the magnetic spectrometer with the velocity information derived either with the time-of-flight or with multiple dE/dx measurements in the calorimeter. Preliminary results of the isotopic ratios will be presented.
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25.
  • Menn, W., et al. (författare)
  • Lithium and Beryllium Isotopes with the PAMELA Experiment
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 862:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The cosmic ray (CR) lithium and beryllium (Li-6, Li-7, Be-7, Be-9, Be-10) isotopic composition has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on board the Resurs-DKJ satellite on 2006 June 15. The rare lithium and beryllium isotopes in CRs are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high-energy carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei with the interstellar medium (ISM), but also on "tertiary" interactions in the ISM (i.e., produced by further fragmentation of secondary beryllium and boron). In this paper, the isotopic ratios Li-7/Li-6 and Be-7/(Be-9 + Be-10), measured between 150 and 1100 MeV n(-1) using two different detector systems from 2006 July to 2014 September, will be presented.
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26.
  • Menn, W., et al. (författare)
  • Measurement of the isotopic composition of hydrogen and helium nuclei in cosmic rays with the pamela-experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium (1H,2H,3He,4He) isotopic composition between 100 MeV/n and 1.4 GeV/n has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on-board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The rare isotopes 2H and 3He in cosmic rays are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high energy protons and helium with the galactic interstellar medium. The energy spectrum of these components carries fundamental information regarding the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy which are competitive with those obtained from other secondary to primary measurements such as B/C. The isotopic composition was measured between 100 and 1100 MeV/n for hydrogen and between 100 and 1400 MeV/n for helium isotopes using two different detector systems over the 23rd solar minimum from July 2006 to December 2007.
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27.
  • Mergè, M., et al. (författare)
  • PAMELA measurements of solar energetic particle spectra
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The charged particle acceleration and transport during solar events have been widely studied in the past decades. The satellite-borne PAMELA experiment has been continuously collecting data since 2006. The apparatus is designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation. The combination of permanent magnet, silicon micro-strip spectrometer and silicon-tungsten imaging calorimeter, with the redundancy of instrumentation allows very precise studies on the physics of cosmic rays in a wide energy range and with high statistics. This makes PAMELA a well suited instrument for Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) observations. Not only it spans the energy range between the ground-based neutron monitor data and the observations of SEPs from space, but also PAMELA carries out the first direct measurements of SEP energy spectra, composition and angular distribution. PAMELA has observed many SEP events in solar cycle 24, offering unique opportunity to address several questions on high-energy SEP origin. A preliminary analysis on proton spectra during several events of the 24th solar cycle is presented. 
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28.
  • Munini, R., et al. (författare)
  • Solar modulation of galactic cosmic ray electrons and positrons over the 23rd solar minimum with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The satellite-borne PAMELA experiment has been continuously collecting data since 15th June 2006, when it was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome to detect the charged component of cosmic rays over a wide energy range and with unprecedented statistics. The apparatus design is particularly suited for particle and antiparticle identification. The PAMELA experiment has measured the time variation of electron and positron spectrum at Earth in great detail, extending the measurement down to 70 MeV and 200 MeV respectively. The spectra have been evaluated with data collected from July 2006 to December 2009, i.e. during the A<0 solar minimum of solar cycle 23, over six-months intervals. These spectra provide important information for the study of CR propagation inside the heliosphere and the investigation of the charge-dependent solar modulation.
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29.
  • Munini, R., et al. (författare)
  • Solar modulation of GCR electrons over the 23rd solar minimum with PAMELA
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24TH EUROPEAN COSMIC RAY SYMPOSIUM (ECRS). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The satellite-borne PAMELA experiment has been continuously collecting data since 15th June 2006, when it was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome to detect the charged component of cosmic rays over a wide energy range and with unprecedented statistics. The apparatus design is particularly suited for particle and antiparticle identification. The PAMELA experiment has measured the electron spectrum at Earth in great detail, extending up to about 100 GeV and down to about 200 MeV. The galactic cosmic ray electron spectra for 2007 and 2009, i.e. measured during the A<0 solar minimum of solar cycle 23, are presented. These fluxes provide important information for the study of charge dependent solar modulation effects.
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30.
  • Vannuccini, E., et al. (författare)
  • Measurement of Lithium and Beryllium cosmic-ray abundances by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment is collecting particles along a low Earth semi-polar orbit on board of Resurs-DK1 satellite since June 2006. The combined information of a silicon tracking system and a scintillator hodoscope provides redundant light-element identification capabilities, via multiple ionization energy-loss measurements. The instrument design is not optimized for nuclei detection, whose high ionization signal progressively saturates the detectors. However, Li and Be nuclei can still be identified by using the full set of information, which allows to efficiently select the two elements against the background of more abundant elements. The main issues of the analysis aiming to optimize the Li and Be selection are discussed in this paper. Preliminary results on the elemental abundances will be presented at the conference.
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31.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • Ten years of PAMELA in space
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: La Rivista del nuovo cimento della Società italiana di fisica. - : Società Italiana di Fisica. - 0393-697X .- 1826-9850. ; 40:10, s. 473-522
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA cosmic-ray detector was launched on June 15th 2006 on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite, and during ten years of nearly continuous data-taking it has observed new interesting features in cosmic rays (CRs). In a decade of operation it has provided plenty of scientific data, covering different issues related to cosmic-ray physics. Its discoveries might change our basic vision of the mechanisms of production, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. The antimatter measurements, focus of the experiment, have set strong constraints to the nature of Dark Matter. Search for signatures of more exotic processes (such as the ones involving Strange Quark Matter) was also pursued. Furthermore, the long-term operation of the instrument had allowed a constant monitoring of the solar activity during its maximum and a detailed and prolonged study of the solar modulation, improving the comprehension of the heliosphere mechanisms. PAMELA had also measured the radiation environment around the Earth, and it detected for the first time the presence of an antiproton radiation belt surrounding our planet. The operation of Resurs-DK1 was terminated in 2016. In this article we will review the main features of the PAMELA instrument and its constructing phases. The main part of the article will be dedicated to the summary of the most relevant PAMELA results over a decade of observation.
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32.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • Time Dependence of the Electron and Positron Components of the Cosmic Radiation Measured by the PAMELA Experiment between July 2006 and December 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 116:24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cosmic-ray electrons and positrons are a unique probe of the propagation of cosmic rays as well as of the nature and distribution of particle sources in our Galaxy. Recent measurements of these particles are challenging our basic understanding of the mechanisms of production, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. Particularly striking are the differences between the low energy results collected by the space-borne PAMELA and AMS-02 experiments and older measurements pointing to sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation of cosmic-ray spectra. The PAMELA experiment has been measuring the time variation of the positron and electron intensity at Earth from July 2006 to December 2015 covering the period for the minimum of solar cycle 23 (2006-2009) until the middle of the maximum of solar cycle 24, through the polarity reversal of the heliospheric magnetic field which took place between 2013 and 2014. The positron to electron ratio measured in this time period clearly shows a sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation introduced by particle drifts. These results provide the first clear and continuous observation of how drift effects on solar modulation have unfolded with time from solar minimum to solar maximum and their dependence on the particle rigidity and the cyclic polarity of the solar magnetic field.
  •  
33.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (författare)
  • Unexpected Cyclic Behavior in Cosmic-Ray Protons Observed by PAMELA at 1 au
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 852:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Protons detected by the PAMELA experiment in the period 2006-2014 have been analyzed in the energy range between 0.40 and 50 GV to explore possible periodicities besides the well known solar undecennial modulation. An unexpected clear and regular feature has been found at rigidities below 15 GV, with a quasi-periodicity of similar to 450 days. A possible Jovian origin of this periodicity has been investigated in different ways. The results seem to favor a small but not negligible contribution to cosmic rays from the Jovian magnetosphere, even if other explanations cannot be excluded.
  •  
34.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (författare)
  • The PAMELA experiment : A cosmic ray experiment deep inside the heliosphere
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It was the 15th of June of 2006 when the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakstan. Then, for nearly ten years, PAMELA has been making high-precision measurements of the charged component of the cosmic radiation opening a new era of precision studies in cosmic rays and challenging our basic vision of the mechanisms of production, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy and in the heliosphere. The study of the time dependence of the various components of the cosmic radiation from the unusual 23rd solar minimum through the maximum of solar cycle 24 clearly shows solar modulation effects as well as charge sign dependence. PAMELA measurement of the energy spectra during solar energetic particle events fills the existing energy gap between the highest energy particles measured in space and the ground-based domain. Finally, by sampling the particle radiation in different regions of the magnetosphere, PAMELA data provide a detailed study of the Earth s magnetosphere. In this highlight paper, PAMELA main results as well as recent progress about solar and heliospheric physics with PAMELA will be presented. 
  •  
35.
  • Bogomolov, E. A., et al. (författare)
  • Spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV in the PAMELA experiment in the flare events of 2006–2015
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - : Allerton Press Incorporation. - 1062-8738. ; 81:2, s. 132-135
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The first results from measuring the spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV in the solar flares of 2006–2015 observed by the PAMELA international space experiment are presented. The PAMELA neutron detector with 3He counters and a moderator with an area of 0.18 m2 allows us to estimate the flux of solar neutrons during solar flares. Solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV likely occurred in 21 out of the 24 analyzed flares of 2006–2015.
  •  
36.
  • Galper, A. M., et al. (författare)
  • The PAMELA experiment : A decade of Cosmic Ray Physics in space
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 798:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA detector was launched on June 15 th of 2006 on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite and during ten years of continuous data-taking it has observed very interesting features in cosmic rays, especially in the fluxes of protons, helium and electrons. Moreover, PAMELA measurements of cosmic antiproton and positron fluxes and positron-to-all-electron ratio have set strong constraints to the nature of Dark Matter. Measurements of boron, carbon, lithium and beryllium (together with the isotopic fraction) have also shed new light on the elemental composition of the cosmic radiation. Search for signatures of more exotic processes (such as the ones involving Strange Quark Matter) has also been pursued. Furthermore, over the years the instrument has allowed a constant monitoring of the solar activity and a prolonged study of the solar modulation, improving the comprehension of the heliosphere mechanisms. PAMELA has also measured the radiation environment around the Earth, and detected for the first time the presence of an antiproton radiation belt surrounding our planet. In this highlight paper PAMELA main results will be reviewed.
  •  
37.
  • Koldobskiy, S. A., et al. (författare)
  • Solar modulation of cosmic deuteron fluxes in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - : Allerton Press Incorporation. - 1062-8738. ; 81:2, s. 151-153
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The preliminary results from measurements of deuteron fluxes in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the vicinity of the Earth in 2006–2009 are presented. The results are obtained by analyzing data from the PAMELA experiment aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite. High-precision detection instruments provided an opportunity to identify GCR deuterons and measure their spectrum in the energy interval of 90–650MeV/nucleon. Spectra averaged over six-month intervals from the summer of 2006 to the summer of 2009 (the solar activity minimum) are presented. The influence of solar modulation on the observed spectrum is clearly seen in the results.
  •  
38.
  • Malakhov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Time variations of proton flux in Earth inner radiation belt during 23/24 solar cycles based on the PAMELA and the ARINA data.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24TH EUROPEAN COSMIC RAY SYMPOSIUM (ECRS). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA and the ARINA experiments are carried out on the board of satellite RESURS-DK1 since 2006 up to now. Main goal of the PAMELA instrument is measurements of high energy antiparticles in cosmic rays while the ARINA instrument is intended studying high energy charged particle bursts in the magnetosphere. Both of these experiments have a possibility to study trapped particles in the inner radiation belt. Complex of these two instruments covers proton energy range from 30 MeV up to trapping limit (E= similar to 2 GeV). Continuous measurements with the PAMELA and the ARINA spectrometers include falling and rising phases of 23/24 solar cycles and maximum of 24th one. In this report we present temporal profiles of proton flux in the inner zone of the radiation belt (1.11 < L < 1.18, 0.18 < B < 0.22G). Dependence of proton fluxes on a magnitude of the solar activity was studied for various phases of 23/24 solar cycles. At that it was shown that proton fluxes at the solar minimum are several times greater than at the solar maximum.
  •  
39.
  • Martucci, M., et al. (författare)
  • Proton Fluxes Measured by the PAMELA Experiment from the Minimum to the Maximum Solar Activity for Solar Cycle 24
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 854:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Precise measurements of the time-dependent intensity of the low-energy (<50 GeV) galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are fundamental to test and improve the models that describe their propagation inside the heliosphere. In particular, data spanning different solar activity periods, i.e., from minimum to maximum, are needed to achieve comprehensive understanding of such physical phenomena. The minimum phase between solar cycles 23 and 24 was peculiarly long, extending up to the beginning of 2010 and followed by the maximum phase, reached during early 2014. In this Letter, we present proton differential spectra measured from 2010 January to 2014 February by the PAMELA experiment. For the first time the GCR proton intensity was studied over a wide energy range (0.08-50 GeV) by a single apparatus from a minimum to a maximum period of solar activity. The large statistics allowed the time variation to be investigated on a nearly monthly basis. Data were compared and interpreted in the context of a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the GCRs propagation through the heliosphere.
  •  
40.
  • Mayorov, A. G., et al. (författare)
  • Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays during 2006-2015 based on PAMELA and ARINA data
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Conference On Particle Physics And Astrophysics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solar modulation of galactic protons with energies from 50 MeV up to dozens of GeV during July '06 - January '16 studied based on a data of the magnetic spectrometer PAMELA and scintillation spectrometer ARINA. This period is interesting because it covers the end of 23(rd) and current 24(th) cycles of solar activity, including the abnormally long transient period and change of the polarity of solar magnetic field.
  •  
41.
  • Menn, W., et al. (författare)
  • Cosmic-ray lithium and beryllium isotopes in the PAMELA-experiment
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA space experiment was launched on the 15th of June 2006 from the Baikonur cosmodrome. The scientific objectives addressed by the mission are the measurement of the antiprotons and positrons spectra in cosmic rays, the hunt for antinuclei as well as the determination of light nuclei fluxes from hydrogen to oxygen in a wide energy range and with high statistics. The apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer (permanent magnet) with an silicon-microstrip tracking system, an imaging calorimeter built from layers of siliconmicrostrip detectors interleaved with plates of tungsten, an anti-coincidence system, a shower tail scintillator-counter and a neutron detector. The instrument in its detector-combination is also capable to identify isotopes, using the rigidity information from the magnetic spectrometer together with the time-of-flight measurement or with the multiple dE/dx measurement in the calorimeter. In this paper details about the analysis method and new results of the isotopic ratios of lithium and beryllium with increased statistics will be presented. 
  •  
42.
  • Mikhailov, V., et al. (författare)
  • Measurements of electron and positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a measurements of electron and positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in wide energy range from 50 MeV to several GeVs by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer. The instrument was launched on June 15th 2006 on-board the Resurs-DK satellite on low orbit with 70 degrees inclination and altitude between 350 and 600 km. Features of spatial distributions of secondary electrons and positrons in the near Earth space, including the South Atlantic Anomaly, were investigated in terms of lifetime and geographical origin. The separation in stably trapped, long lifetime quasi-trapped, and short lifetime albedo components was performed on base of back tracing procedure in geomagnetic field. A significant difference in relative abundance of positrons with respect to electrons is seen for the stable trapped and the quasi-trapped populations what pointing out on differences in trapping mechanism of those populations. 
  •  
43.
  • Mikhailov, V V, et al. (författare)
  • Cosmic ray electron and positron spectrum with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2019. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, located on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on Earth polar orbit with altitude of 350-600 km, measured the fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in a wide energy range from 50 MeV to several TeVs. In this paper new results on the "all-electron" (sum electrons and positrons) spectrum are presented. New improved analysis on the full data set from 2006 to 2016 allows a significant increase in statistic compared to previously published results and an extension of energy interval up to 1 TeV. 
  •  
44.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Cosmic ray electrons and positrons over decade with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment has measured cosmic ray particles and antiparticles fluxes at Earth orbit from June 2006 till January 2016 onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite. Measurements were carried out during the solar minimum of 23 solar cycle with negative polarity A < 0 of heliospheric magnetic field till the beginning of 24 cycle with positive polarity A > 0. In this paper, the results of observations of electron and positron fluxes are presented in wide energy range from several hundreds MeVs till several TeVs These measurements provide important information to study cosmic ray sources and propagation in Galaxy and heliosphere.
  •  
45.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Galactic Cosmic Ray Electrons and Positrons over a Decade of Observations in the PAMELA Experiment
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - : Pleiades Publishing. - 1062-8738. ; 83:8, s. 974-976
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite into a near-polar Earth orbit with an altitude of 350–600 km, in order to study fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to hundreds of GeV. The results from observations of electron and positron fluxes in 2006–2016 are presented.
  •  
46.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Modulation of electrons and positrons in 2006–2015 in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - : Allerton Press Incorporation. - 1062-8738. ; 81:2, s. 154-156
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite into a nearpolar circumterrestrial orbit with an altitude of 350–600 km to study fluxes of the particles and antiparticles of cosmic rays in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to several hundred gigaelectronvolts. The results from observations of temporal variations in electron and positron fluxes in 2006–2015 are presented. The ratio of electron and positron fluxes measured in this time interval reveals a dependence on the rigidity of particles, the solar activity, and the polarity of the solar magnetic field.
  •  
47.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Secondary positrons and electrons in near-Earth space in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - : Allerton Press Incorporation. - 1062-8738. ; 81:2, s. 203-205
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fluxes of electrons and positrons with energies above ~100 MeV in the near-Earth space are measured with the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer aboard the Resurs DK-1 satellite launched on June 15, 2006, into a quasipolar orbit with an altitude of 350–600 km and an inclination of 70°. Calculating the trajectories of detected electrons and positrons in the magnetosphere of the Earth allows us to determine their origin and isolate particles produced during interaction between cosmic rays and the residual atmosphere. Spatial distributions of albedo, quasitrapped, and trapped (in the radiation belt) positrons and electrons are presented. The ratio of positron and electron fluxes suggests that the fluxes of trapped particles of the radiation belt and quasitrapped secondary particles have different mechanisms of formation.
  •  
48.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Sharp increasing of positron to electron fluxes ratio below 2 GV measured by the PAMELA
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 798:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Magnetic spectrometer PAMELA was launched onboard a satellite Resurs-DK1 into low-Earth polar orbit with altitude 350-600 km to study cosmic ray antiparticle fluxes in a wide energy range from ∼ 100 MeV to hundreds GeV. This paper presents the results of observations of temporal variations of the positron and electron fluxes in the 2006-2015. The ratio of the positron and electron fluxes below 2 GV shows sharp increasing since 2014 due to changing of the polarity of the solar magnetic field.
  •  
49.
  • Mikhailov, V. V., et al. (författare)
  • Trapped Positrons and Electrons in the Inner Radiation Belt According to Data of the PAMELA Experiment
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Physics of Atomic Nuclei. - : PLEIADES PUBLISHING INC. - 1063-7788 .- 1562-692X. ; 81:4, s. 515-519
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Measurements of secondary-electron and secondary-positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff in near-Earth space were performed by means of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer installed on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite launched on June 15, 2006, in an elliptical orbit of inclination 70A degrees and altitude 350 to 600 km. This spectrometer permits measuring the fluxes of electrons and positrons over a wide energy range, as well as determining their spatial distributions to a precision of about 2A degrees. A calculation of particle trajectories in the geomagnetic field makes it possible to separate electrons and positrons originating from cosmic-ray interactions in the Earth's magnetosphere. The spatial distributions of quasitrapped, trapped, and short-lived albedo positrons and electrons of energy above 70 MeV in the radiation belt were analyzed. The ratio of the electron-to-positron fluxes and the energy spectra of the electrons and positrons in question are indicative of different productionmechanisms for stably trapped and quasitrapped secondary particles.
  •  
50.
  • Munini, R., et al. (författare)
  • Evidence of Energy and Charge Sign Dependence of the Recovery Time for the 2006 December Forbush Event Measured by the PAMELA Experiment
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 853:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • New results on the short-term galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) intensity variation (Forbish decrease) in 2006 December measured by the PAMELA instrument are presented. Forbush decreases are sudden suppressions of the GCR intensities, which are associated with the passage of interplanetary transients such as shocks and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). Most of the past measurements of this phenomenon were carried out with groundbased detectors such as neutron monitors or muon telescopes. These techniques allow only the indirect detection of the overall GCR intensity over an integrated energy range. For the first time, thanks to the unique features of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, the Forbush decrease, commencing on 2006 December 14 and following a CME at the Sun on 2006 December 13, was studied in a wide rigidity range (0.4-20 GV) and for different species of GCRs detected directly in space. The daily averaged GCR proton intensity was used to investigate the rigidity dependence of the amplitude and the recovery time of the Forbush decrease. Additionally, for the first time, the temporal variations in the helium and electron intensities during a Forbush decrease were studied. Interestingly, the temporal evolutions of the helium and proton intensities during the Forbush decrease were found to be in good agreement, while the low rigidity electrons (<2 GV) displayed a faster recovery. This difference in the electron recovery is interpreted as a charge sign dependence introduced by drift motions experienced by the GCRs during their propagation through the heliosphere.
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