1. |
- Flood, Lennart, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Are demand elasticities affected by politically determined tax levels? : simultaneous estimates of gasoline demand and price
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Raising the price of fossil fuels is a key component of any effective policy to deal with climate change. Just how effective such policies are is decided by the price elasticities of demand. Many papers have studied this without recognising that not only is there a demand side response: quantities are decided by the price but also there is a reverse causality: the level of consumtion affects the political acceptability of the taxes which are the main component of the final price. Thus prices affect consumption levels, in turn, have an affect on taxes and thus consumer prices. This paper estimates these functions simultaneously to show that there is indeed an effect on the demand elasticity.
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2. |
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3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Discrimination in Scientific Review - A natural field experiment on blind versus non-blind review
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the impacts of gender, as well as other author characteristics, on reviewers’ grading of papers submitted to an international conference in economics in Sweden in 2008. Correcting for other variables, including country and research field as well as researcher academic level, we focus on the difference in grades between blind and non-blind review treatments. We find little effect of non-blind reviewing and no significant evidence of gender or any other type of discrimination. Furthermore, we do not find any significant difference between the average grading by female and male reviewers.
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4. |
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5. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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To Trade or Not to Trade: Firm-Level Analysis of Emissions Trading in Santiago, Chile
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies—given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market‐based policies—is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allow us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries.
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6. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Tradable Permits in Developing Countries: Evidence from air pollution in Santiago, Chile
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Santiago was one of the first cities outside the OECD to implement a tradable permit program to control air pollution. This paper looks closely at the program?s performance over the past ten years, stressing its similarities and discrepancies with trading programs implemented in developed countries, and analyzing how it has reacted to regulatory adjustments and market shocks. Studying Santiago's experience allows us to discuss the drawbacks and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries
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7. |
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8. |
- Ekbom, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Muddy Waters: Soil Erosion and Downstream Externalities
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Soil erosion and fertilizer run-off cause serious flow externalities in downstream environments through-out the world. Social costs include e.g. loss of health, life and production due to pollution and eutrophication of freshwater resources, reduced life of hydro-power plants, increased turbidity, and degradation of coral reefs and marine resources. The key optimal control models on soil capital management omit downstream externalities and assume that the individual farmer and society share the same objective function. In the presence of externalities, there is a discrepancy. In this paper the social planner aims at maximizing the profits from agriculture subject to a soil dynamics-constraint and external damage costs caused by downstream contamination from soil and fertilizer leakage. These effects are not considered by the farmer. Comparative statics analysis shows that factors which promote a low discount rate (tenure security, access to credits, crop insurance etc.) will reduce soil erosion and nutrient leakage and promote accumulation of soil capital. Socially optimal subsidies for soil conservation not only will build-up soil capital and increase on-site crop production, but will also reduce nutrient leakage and soil loss. A charge on fertilizer would reduce fertilizer use and thus reduce the water pollution caused by leakage of inorganic nutrients. Based on our model results, combined with an extended discussion on policy instruments, we conclude that the government should try to provide incentives, not necessarily to stop soil loss per se (since the farmers will look after their own capital) but to avoid contamination of downstream environments, where the resource users have few opportunities to negotiate with the upstream farmers, who may even be unaware of the problems they cause.
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9. |
- Ekbom, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Soil Properties and Soil Conservation Investments in Agricultural Production - a Case study of Kenya?s Central Highlands
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper integrates traditional economic variables, soil properties and variables on soil conservation technologies in order to estimate agricultural output among small-scale farmers in Kenya?s central highlands. The study has methodological, empirical as well as policy results. The key methodological result is that integrating traditional economics and soil science is highly worthwhile in this area of research. Omitting measures of soil capital can cause omitted variables bias since farmers? choice of inputs depend both on the quality and status of the soil capital and on other economic conditions such as availability and cost of labour, fertilizers, manure and other inputs. The study shows that: (i) models which include soil capital and soil conservation technologies yield a considerably lower output elasticity of farm-yard manure; (ii) mean output elasticities of key soil nutrients like nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are positive and relatively large; (iii) counter to our expectations, the mean output elasticity of phosphorus (P) is negative; (iv) soil conservation technologies like green manure and terraces are positively associated with output and yield relatively large output elasticities. The central policy conclusion is that while fertilizers are generally beneficial, their application is a complex art and more is not necessarily better. The limited local market supply of fertilizers, combined with the different output effects of N, P and K, point at the importance of improving the performance of input markets and strengthening agricultural extension. Further, given the policy debate on the impact and usefulness of government subsidies to soil conservation, our results suggest that soil conservation investments contribute to increase farmers? output. Consequently, government support to appropriate soil conservation investments arrests soil erosion, prevents downstream externalities and assists farmers? efforts to increase food production and food security.
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10. |
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11. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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Bioeconomic Model of Community Incentives for Wildlife Management Before and After CAMPFIRE
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper formulates a bioeconomic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Two agents influence the wildlife stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, and a local community chooses to either aid or discourage outside poachers. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact design of the benefit shares, the size of the benefits compared with agricultural losses, and the way in which the parks agency sets hunting licenses.
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12. |
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13. |
- García, Jorge H., 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Corporate environmental management in transition economies: The case of Central and Eastern Europe
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We use firm-level data to study the adoption of Environmental Management Practices (EMPs) in the most polluting industrial sectors in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia during the 1990 – 1998 period when these countries were in a transition away from a centrally planned economy. Despite the stickiness of a long established managerial regime and the declines in industrial output during this period, around 42% of the firms in our sample adopted Environmental Plans (EPs) and/or established Environmental Departments (EDs). The analysis reveals that enforcement and public disclosure of the environmental performance of firms are the most important forces behind the implementation of both of these EMPs. Also, but to a lesser extent, export oriented firms and larger firms are prone to adoption. Finally, we use a methodology that clarifies some of the links between different EMPs not addressed in earlier studies. Notably, once a firm has decided to adopt (or not adopt) an ED, additional increases in enforcement do not to lead to EP implementation.
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14. |
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15. |
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16. |
- García, Jorge H., 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Public Disclosure of Industrial Pollution: The PROPER Approach for Indonesia?
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Program for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) in Indonesia. PROPER, the first major public disclosure program in the developing world, was launched in June 1995; though it collapsed in 1998 with the Asian financial crisis, it is currently being revived. There have been claims of success for this pioneering scheme, yet little formal analysis has been undertaken. We analyze changes in emissions concentrations (mg/L) using panel data techniques with plant-level data for participating firms and a control group. The results show that there was indeed a positive response to PROPER, especially among firms with poor environmental compliance records. The response was immediate, and firms pursued further emissions reductions in the following months. The total estimated reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were approximately 32%.
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17. |
- García, Jorge H., 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Which firms are more sensitive to public disclosure schemes for pollution control? Evidence from Indonesia's PROPER Program
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Resource Economics. - 0924-6460. ; 42:2, s. 151-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes differences in firms’ responsiveness to PROPER, Indonesia’s public disclosure program for industrial pollution control. The overall effectiveness of this program at achieving emissions reductions and its low regulatory costs have earned it a good reputation around the world. PROPER had no deterrents or incentives other than those that arose indirectly from publicly disclosing information about the environmental performances of firms. We analyzed plant-level data to relate short- and longer-term environmental responses to facility characteristics. The results revealed that foreign-owned firms were consistently more likely to respond to the environmental rating scheme, compared to private domestic firms. This is a clear and important insight with consequences for a number of issues, such as understanding the pollution haven debate. Also, firms located in densely populated regions, particularly in Java, responded more positively to the public disclosure of PROPER ratings. The main observed effect was however given by the initial level of environmental performance of firms. Those firms that had bad environmental performance records felt pressure to improve, but if the initial abatement steps had already been taken, the incentives to improve further appeared to diminish.
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18. |
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19. |
- Guesnerie, R., et al.
(författare)
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Big advantage of discussing 2050
- 2009
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Ingår i: Financial Times. ; :091109
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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20. |
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21. |
- Hoel, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Discounting and relative prices in assessing future environmental damages
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmentalists are often upset at the effect of discounting costs of future environmental damage, e.g. due to climate change. An often overlooked message is that we should discount costs but also take into account the increase in the relative price of the ecosystem service endangered. The effect of discounting would thus be counteracted, and if the rate of price rise of the item was fast enough it might even be reversed. The scarcity that leads to rising relative prices for the environmental good will also have direct effects on the discount rate itself. The magnitude of these effects depends on properties of the economyâ??s technology and on social preferences. We develop a simple model of the economy that illustrates how changes in crucial technology and preference parameters may affect both the discount rate and the rate of change of values of environmental goods. The combined effect of discounting and the change of values of environmental goods is more likely to be low, or even negative, the lower is the growth rate of environmental quality (or the larger its decline rate) and the lower is the elasticity of substitution between environmental quality and produced goods.
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22. |
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23. |
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24. |
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25. |
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26. |
- Muchapondwa, Edwin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Agricultural Risk Management through Community-Based Wildlife Conservation in Rural Zimbabwe
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper investigates whether the risk faced by rural farmers in Zimbabwe could poten- tially be managed by using community-based wildlife conservation. Community-based wildlife conservation could be an additional asset in the rural farmers investment portfolio thereby potentially diversifying and consequently reducing the risk they face. Such investment could also help e¤orts to conserve wildlife. By making use of national historical data and statistical analysis, this paper nds that community-based wildlife conservation is a feasible hedge asset for agricultural production in rural Zimbabwe. The bene ts of diversi cation into community-based wildlife conservation are likely to be high only in those rural areas that can sustain wildlife pop- ulations su¢cient to generate adequate returns from wildlife activities such as tourism, trophy hunting, live animal sales and meat cropping.
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27. |
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28. |
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29. |
- Muller, Adrian, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Output and Abatement Effects of Allocation Readjustment in Permit Trade
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In permit trading systems, free initial allocation is common practice. A recent example is the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). We investigate effects of different free allocation schemes on incentives and identify significant perverse effects on abatement and output employing a simple multi-period model. Firms have incentives for strategic action if allocation in one period depends on their actions in previous ones and thus can be influenced by them. These findings play a major role where trading schemes become increasingly popular as environmental or resource use policy instruments. This is of particular relevance in the EU-ETS, where the current period is a trial-period before the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol. Finally, this paper fills a gap in the literature by establishing a consistent terminology for initial allocation.
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30. |
- Mutua, John M., et al.
(författare)
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Transport choice, elasticity, and distributional effects of fuel taxes in Kenya
- 2009
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Ingår i: Lye, L., Milne, J., Ashiabor, H., Kreiser, L., Deketelaere, K. (eds.), Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol. VII, Oxford University Press. - 9780199577989 ; , s. 167-186
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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31. |
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32. |
- Persson, Martin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Konsensus i förändring – klimatekonomi efter Stern
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. ; 36:4, s. 65-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med slutsatsen att snara och kraftfulla åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser är ekonomiskt motiverade utmanade Sternrapporten den rådande bilden av klimatförändringarnas ekonomi. Trots att kritiken initialt var hård har debatten efter Sternrapporten visat på ett konsensus i förändring. Allt fler ekonomer menar att det finns många starka argument för en kraftfull klimatpolitik, men få motargument som håller. I denna artikel ger vi tre exempel på detta: alternativa etiska utgångspunkter för den ekonomiska analysen, högre uppskattningar av klimatförändringarnas kostnader, samt effekterna av begränsad substituerbarhet och förändrade relativpriser. Vi diskuterar även aggregering av kostnader mellan olika grupper och hantering av risk.
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33. |
- Quiroga, Miguel, et al.
(författare)
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Have Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries?
- 2007
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Ingår i: RFF Discussion Paper Series. ; :RFF DP 07-08
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We aim to study whether lax environmental regulations induce comparative advantages, causing the least-regulated countries to specialize in polluting industries. The study is based on Trefler and Zhu’s (2005) definition of the factor content of trade. For the econometrical analysis, we use a cross-section of 71 countries in 2000 to examine the net exports in the most polluting industries. We try to overcome three weaknesses in the empirical literature: the measurement of environmental endowments or environmental stringency, the possible endogeneity of the explanatory variables, and the influence of the industrial level of aggregation. As a result, we do find some evidence in favor of the pollution-haven effect. The exogeneity of the environmental endowments was rejected in several industries, and we also find that industrial aggregation matters.
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34. |
- Quiroga, Miguel, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Have Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries?
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We aim to study whether lax environmental regulations induce comparative advantages, causing the least-regulated countries to specialize in polluting industries. The study is based on Trefler and Zhu’s (2005) definition of the factor content of trade. For the econometrical analysis, we use a cross-section of 71 countries in 2000 to examine the net exports in the most polluting industries. We try to overcome three weaknesses in the empirical literature: the measurement of environmental endowments or environmental stringency, the possible endogeneity of the explanatory variables, and the influence of the industrial level of aggregation. As a result, we do find some evidence in favor of the pollution-haven effect. The exogeneity of the environmental endowments was rejected in several industries, and we also find that industrial aggregation matters.
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35. |
- Robinsson,, et al.
(författare)
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Debate on Fuel Subsidies
- 2009
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Ingår i: Business and Financial times of Ghana. ; :090706
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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36. |
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37. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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An Even Sterner Review - Introducing Relative Prices into the Discounting Debate
- 2007
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Ingår i: RFF Discussion Paper.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review has had a major influence on the policy discussion on climate change. One reason is that the report has raised the estimated cost of unmitigated climate damages by an order of magnitude compared to most earlier estimates, leading to a call for strong and urgent action on climate change. Not surprisingly, severe criticism has been levied against the report by authors who think that these results hinge mainly on the use of a discount rate that is too low. Here we discuss the Ramsey rule for the discount rates and its implications for the economics of climate change. While we find no strong objections to the discounting assumptions adopted in the Stern Review, our main point is that the conclusions reached in the review can be justified on other grounds than by using a low discount rate. We argue that nonmarket damages from climate change are probably underestimated and that future scarcities that will be induced by the changing composition of the economy and climate change should lead to rising relative prices for certain goods and services, raising the estimated damage of climate change and counteracting the effect of discounting. We build our analysis on earlier research (Hoel and Sterner 2007) that has shown that the Ramsey discounting formula is somewhat modified in a two-sector economy with differential growth rates. Most importantly, such a model is characterized by changing relative prices, something that has major implications for a correct valuation of future climate damages. We introduce these results into a slightly modified version of the DICE model (Nordhaus 1994) and find that taking relative prices into account can have as large an effect on economically warranted abatement levels as can a low discount rate.
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38. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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An Even Sterner Review - Introducing Relative Prices into the Discounting Debate
- 2008
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Ingår i: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - 1750-6824. ; 2:1, s. 61-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By estimating that the cost of unmitigated climate damages is an order of magnitude higher than most earlier estimates, the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change has had a major influence on the policy discussion on climate change. Not surprisingly, severe criticism has been levied against the report, especially by those who claim that the Stern Review's results hinge mainly on a discount rate that is too low. While we have no strong objections to the discounting assumptions adopted in the Stern Review, our main point in this article is that the conclusions reached in the Stern Review can be justified without using a low discount rate. We argue that nonmarket damages from climate change are probably underestimated and that future scarcities caused by the changing composition of the economy and climate change should lead to rising relative prices for certain goods and services. This will raise the estimated damage of climate change and modify as well as counteract the effect of discounting. We illustrate this effect using a slightly modified version of Nordhaus's DICE model and show that taking relative prices into account can have as large an effect on economically warranted abatement levels as a low discount rate.
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39. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Discounting and Relative Prices
- 2007
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 84, s. 265-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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40. |
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41. |
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42. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952
(författare)
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Från scenario till handling
- 2007
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Ingår i: Tidskriften Axess. ; :2007-1
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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43. |
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44. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Förbifart blir återvändsgränd
- 2007
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Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet. ; :2007-07-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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45. |
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46. |
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47. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952
(författare)
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I Fokus - om forskningskvalitet
- 2006
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Ingår i: MISTRAs Nyhetsbrev. ; :Mars 2006
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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48. |
- Sterner, Thomas, 1952
(författare)
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In defence of sensible economics
- 2009
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Ingår i: Solow, R. & JP Touffut (eds.): Changing Climate, Changing Economy. - : Edward Elgar, Cournot Centre for Economic Studies.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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49. |
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50. |
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