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| 2. |
- Danielsson, Anna, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Energy expenditure in stroke subjects walking with a carbon composite ankle foot orthosis.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of rehabilitation medicine : official journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 1650-1977. ; 36:4, s. 165-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To measure walking speed and energy cost in patients with prior stroke with and without a carbon composite ankle foot orthosis. DESIGN: Within-group comparisons of 2 walking conditions. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 10 hemiparetic patients with a stroke at least 6 months earlier (average age 52 years) habituated to a carbon composite ankle foot orthosis. METHODS: Subjects walked on a treadmill at self-selected speed both with and without ankle foot orthosis for 5 minutes on each occasion. Energy expenditure was measured by breath-by-breath analysis and electrocardiography. Main outcome measures were walking speed, oxygen consumption, heart rate and energy cost per metre. RESULTS: Walking speed: without ankle foot orthosis 0.27 (SEM +/- 0.03) m/s, with 0.34 (+/- 0.06) m/s, difference 20%. Oxygen consumption: without ankle foot orthosis 8.6 (+/- 0.4) ml/kg/min, with 8.8 (+/- 0.5) ml/kg/min. Energy cost: without ankle foot orthosis 0.58 (+/- 0.07) ml/kg/m, with 0.51 (+/- 0.06) ml/kg/m, difference 12%. CONCLUSION: Use of a carbon composite ankle foot orthosis in patients with stroke may increase speed and decrease energy cost during walking.
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| 3. |
- Danielsson, Anna, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen consumption during treadmill walking with and without body weight support in patients with hemiparesis after stroke and in healthy subjects
- 2000
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Ingår i: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. - 0003-9993 .- 1532-821X. ; 81, s. 953-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To compare oxygen consumption during walking with body weight support (BWS) with oxygen consumption during unsupported treadmill walking. Design: Patient and reference group. Comparisons between two walking conditions within each group. Setting: Research laboratory of a university hospital. Participants: Nonrandom convenience sample of 9 hemiparetic and 9 healthy subjects, mean age of 56 and 57 years, respectively. Interventions: The subjects walked on a treadmill with 0% and 30% BWS at their self-selected and maximum walking speeds. The trials were performed twice. Main Outcome Measures: Ventilatory oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate were measured by computerized breath-by-breath analysis and electrocardiography. Results: VO2 was lower during walking with 30% BWS than during unsupported walking. At self-selected speed the Wilcoxon's signed rank p values were <.01 for both patients and reference group; at maximum velocity, p values were p <.02 for the patients and p <.05 for the reference group. Patients' heart rates were lower when they walked with 30% BWS than at 0% BWS, at both self-selected and maximum walking speeds (p <.05 and p <.02, respectively). Conclusions: The 30% body weight supported condition requires less oxygen consumption than full weight bearing. Treadmill training with BWS can be tolerated by patients with cardiovascular problems.
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| 6. |
- Björkdahl, Ann, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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The structural properties of the European Brain Injury Questionnaire.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 1052-3057 .- 1532-8511. ; 13:3, s. 122-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the reliability and validity of the European Brain Injury Questionnaire as an evaluation tool in a stroke population by applying the Rasch methodology.METHODS: The European Brain Injury Questionnaire was distributed to 54 patients with stroke and 36 next of kin at discharge from the rehabilitation ward and at a 1-year follow-up. Rasch analysis was used for evaluating the psychometric characteristic and the quality of the measures produced with focus on reliability and validity. The reliability was determined by the separation. The construct validity was determined by examining the hierarchy of the tasks and by evaluating the fit of individual tasks to the latent construct. Analyses of differences across occasions, and across patients and next of kin, were made to examine the stability of the instrument.RESULTS: The reliability was good as the instrument met the criteria for separation. Two items at discharge and 5 items at 1-year follow-up were misfits. If not more than 5% of the items fail to fit the Rasch model the instrument can be considered unidimensional, which in this case only concerned the 1-year follow-up. The instrument was stable over time and across patients and next of kin.CONCLUSION: With some alterations the European Brain Injury Questionnaire seems to be a useful instrument in clinical practice and research, and a help to capture the social, emotional, and cognitive impacts of a stroke.
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| 7. |
- Brodin, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity, muscle performance and quality of life in patients treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5599 .- 1651-2065. ; 35:1, s. 71-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today's medical treatment of patients with end-stage renal failure has increased their opportunities for an active lifestyle. The aim of this study was to describe the muscle performance, level of physical activity, independence in activities of daily living and quality of life in patients treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis.The study investigated 33 patients (30-81 years old) treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis. The results were compared with an age-matched healthy reference group. Muscle mass was determined by measuring total body potassium, while maximal grip strength was measured with an electric force transducer. The ability to perform heel-lifts, walking speed and level of physical activity were also assessed, along with the extent to which patients were independent in activities of daily living (ADL) and satisfied with their health.Total body potassium was 97 +/- 11.6% of normal and correlated positively with the maximal grip strength (r = 0.658, p < 0.0002) and the maximal walking speed (r = 0.558, p < 0.0027). Maximal grip strength was 70% of the reference, the ability to perform heel-lifts was 49% of the reference, the walking speed was 85% the reference and the level of physical activity was 56% of expected. The patients were independent in ADL to a great extent and 52% of the patients were satisfied with their health.The peritoneal dialysis patients had a relatively good quality of life and were largely independent in ADL Further studies are needed to investigate whether it is possible to improve muscle performance and the level of physical activity with exercise and muscle training in these patients.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Broeren, Jurgen, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual reality and haptics as a training device for movement rehabilitation after stroke: a single-case study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. - : Elsevier BV. ; 85:8, s. 1247-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether training in a virtual environment with a haptic device will improve motor function in the left hemiparetic arm of a stroke subject. DESIGN: Single case, A-B-A design. SETTING: University hospital research laboratory. PARTICIPANT: A man in his late fifties (right handed), with a right-hemisphere lesion that caused a deficit in the left upper extremity. INTERVENTION: The subject trained with a 3-dimensional computer game during a 4-week period that consisted of twelve 90-minute sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three tests (Purdue pegboard test, dynamometer hand-grip strength, upper-extremity test) and a subjective interview were used to evaluate motor performance. RESULTS: Improvements were found in fine manual dexterity, grip force, and motor control of the affected upper extremity. The subject reported that there was a change in his day-to-day use of the upper extremity and that he was able to use it in activities that were previously impossible for him. CONCLUSIONS: Training with virtual reality and haptics can promote motor rehabilitation.
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| 10. |
- Broeren, Jurgen, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation with the assistance of Haptics and Telemedicine
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 3D-computer game was used as a training utility to promote motor relearning on a telemedicine platform in a laboratory setting. The subject suffered from a left arm paresis. He was evaluated before and after treatment with a specific hand function task, a standardized grip force measure test and an upper extremity task. Grip force, endurance and the movement pattern of the upper extremity improved after the treatment. The telemedicine platform allows the professional to record and evaluate progress. The findings implicate that training with Virtual Reality and Haptics can promote motor rehabilitation
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Cider, Åsa, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrotherapy--a new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure
- 2003
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Ingår i: Eur J Heart Fail. ; 5:4, s. 527-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: Hydrotherapy, i.e. exercise in warm water, as a rehabilitation program has been considered potentially dangerous in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to the increased venous return caused by the hydrostatic pressure. However, hydrotherapy has advantages compared to conventional training. We studied the applicability of an exercise programme in a temperature-controlled swimming pool, with specific reference to exercise capacity, muscle function, quality of life and safety. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with CHF (NYHA II-III, age 72.1+/-6.1) were randomised into either 8 weeks of hydrotherapy (n=15), or into a control group (n=10). The training program was well tolerated with no adverse events. Patients in the hydrotherapy group improved their maximal exercise capacity (+6.5 vs.-5.9 W, P=0.001), isometric endurance in knee extension (+4 vs.-9 s, P=0.01) together with an improvement in the performance of heel-lift (+4 vs. -3 n.o., P=<0.01), shoulder abduction (+12 vs. -8 s, P=0.01) and shoulder flexion (+6 vs. +4, P=0.01) in comparison to patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: Physical training in warm water was well tolerated and seems to improve exercise capacity as well as muscle function in small muscle groups in patients with CHF. This new approach broadens the variety of training regimes for older patients with CHF.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Hulthén, L, et al.
(författare)
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GH is needed for the maturation of muscle mass and strength in adolescents.
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 86:10, s. 4765-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The postpubertal period and the early years of adulthood may be of importance for continuing tissue maturation of importance in adulthood and aging. An example of this is the peak bone mass. This study has evaluated the importance of GH for lean mass and muscle strength in adolescents and young adults. GH treatment was discontinued in 40 adolescents aged 16-21 yr with GH deficiency of childhood onset. Measurements of isometric and isokinetic knee-extensor and flexor strength, handgrip strength, lean body mass, fat-free mass, and total body nitrogen were performed annually for 2 yr. Two hundred fifty healthy adolescents were randomly selected for prospective measurements of lean mass and handgrip strength between the ages of 17 and 21 yr. In the adolescents with continuing GH deficiency, lean body mass decreased, compared with the patients defined as having sufficient endogenous GH. The isometric strength in knee flexors increased in the sufficient endogenous GH group and was unchanged in the GH deficiency group during the 2 yr off GH treatment (between group, P < 0.05). The mean and peak handgrip strength increased on average by 9-15% in the group with sufficient endogenous GH and was unchanged in those with GH deficiency (P < 0.05). Lean body mass and handgrip strength (both, P < 0.001) increased in both the healthy boys and girls who were followed for 4 yr with a more marked increase in the boys. The mean increase in handgrip between the age of 17 and 21 yr was 7-9%. The increased lean mass and improved muscle performance seen in healthy adolescents did not occur in adolescents with GH deficiency. These findings suggest that GH is of importance for the maturation of lean mass and muscle strength in adolescents and young adults.
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| 18. |
- Johannsson, Gudmundur, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Baseline characteristics and the effects of two years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with growth hormone deficiency previously treated for Cushing's disease.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical endocrinology. - : Wiley. - 0300-0664 .- 1365-2265. ; 60:5, s. 550-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine baseline characteristics and the effects of 2 years of GH replacement therapy on body composition, muscle strength, bone mass, and metabolic indices in GH-deficient (GHD) adults previously treated for pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. DESIGN: A single-centre, open-labelled, prospective study. PATIENTS: Fifteen consecutive GHD adults previously treated for pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease (CD group) and 15 closely matched GHD adults with previous nonfunctioning hypopituitary disease (NF group) were included. All patients had adult-onset GH deficiency. RESULTS: The mean dose of GH was similar in both study groups during the 2-year treatment. At baseline, diastolic blood pressure was higher, and lumbar (L2-L4) bone mineral density (BMD) was lower, in the CD group than in the NF group. The increase in lean mass in response to GH therapy, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), was less marked in the CD group. GH replacement therapy reduced diastolic blood pressure only in the CD group. The patients in the CD group had greater treatment response in lumbar (L2-L4) spine BMD and in isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength than the patients in the NF group. At study end, no difference remained between the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed differences in the baseline characteristics between GHD patients previously treated for Cushing's disease as compared with closely matched GHD patients with previous nonfunctioning hypopituitary disease. The 2-year GH replacement therapy eliminated all the differences between the two study groups.
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| 19. |
- Koranyi, J, et al.
(författare)
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Baseline characteristics and the effects of five years of GH replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency of childhood or adulthood onset: a comparative, prospective study.
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 86:10, s. 4693-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The consequences of GH deficiency may differ if the disease is childhood onset or adulthood onset. In this single-center, prospective study, 21 consecutive adults with childhood onset GH deficiency and 21 adults with adulthood onset GH deficiency, matched for age, gender, body mass index, and number of anterior pituitary hormonal deficiencies, were included. Baseline differences and differences in the responses in body composition, muscle strength, bone mass, and metabolic indices during 5-yr GH replacement were determined. The duration of GH deficiency was longer and serum IGF-I level and body height were lower in the childhood onset patients than in the adulthood onset patients. Body fat (observed/predicted ratio) was increased, and lean mass and muscle strength were decreased, in the childhood onset patients. Total body and lumbar (L2-L4) bone mineral content and bone mineral density were lower in the childhood onset patients. Serum total cholesterol level was higher in the adulthood onset patients. The childhood onset and adulthood onset patients received a similar dose of GH. After adjustment for body weight, however, the dose of GH was higher in the childhood onset patients. The treatment responses were more marked in the childhood onset patients in lean mass, knee extensor strength, left-hand grip strength, and in total body and lumbar (L2-L4) bone mineral content and bone mineral density. The reduction in serum total cholesterol concentration was more marked in the adulthood onset patients. At study end, no differences remained between the two study groups after the correction for body height in the statistical analysis. In conclusion, the baseline analysis suggests more decreased lean mass, muscle strength, and bone mass in the childhood onset patients whereas the lipid profile was more disturbed in the adulthood onset patients. The 5-yr GH replacement eliminated all the anthropodometric and metabolic differences between the two groups.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Stibrant Sunnerhagen, Katharina, 1957
(författare)
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Polio – aktuell även idag. Sjukdom i fokus.
- 2004
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Ingår i: AllmänMedicin, Tidskrift för svensk Förening för Allmänmedicin.. ; 25, s. 5-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
- Stibrant Sunnerhagen, Katharina, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of endurance training in persons with a hereditary myosin myopathy
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-6314 .- 1600-0404. ; 110:2, s. 80-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To evaluate muscle performance and its consequences in eight individuals with a hereditary myopathy and the effects of an 8-week endurance training program.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Handgrip, muscle strength and endurance and oxygen consumption by breath-by-breath analysis during a stepless bicycle ergonometer test were evaluated. Walking, balance test and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed, and a questionnaire for activity level and perceived symptoms was used. The design was a before-after trial in comparison with data from a control population, bicycling at 70% of maximal workload, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks.RESULTS: The subjects were weaker than age-matched controls. After training, the peak watt increased by almost 20% (P < 0.05). Muscle strength (flexion/extension) and isometric endurance (40% of maximum at 60 degrees ) did not change significantly. The average self-selected walking speed increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 1.25 to 1.45 m/s. Compliance was excellent and no serious adverse events occurred.CONCLUSION: Endurance training seems to function for this myopathy.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Svensson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Five years of growth hormone replacement therapy in adults: age- and gender-related changes in isometric and isokinetic muscle strength.
- 2003
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Ingår i: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 88:5, s. 2061-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- GH replacement therapy in adults with adult-onset GH deficiency (GHD) has been shown to increase isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in a few trials with limited numbers of patients. In this single center, prospective, open-label study, the effects of 5-yr GH replacement therapy on muscle function were determined in 109 consecutive adults (61 men and 48 women) with adult-onset GHD. The mean initial GH dose was 0.88 mg/d. The dose was gradually lowered, and after 5 yr the mean dose was 0.46 mg/d. The mean IGF-I SD score increased from -1.54 at baseline to 1.53 at study end. A sustained increase in lean body mass and decrease in body fat was observed. The GH treatment induced persistent increases in isometric knee flexor strength, concentric knee flexor strength at an angular velocity of 60 degrees/sec, and right-hand peak grip strength. After correction for age and gender using observed/predicted value ratios, a sustained increase was also observed in isometric (60 degrees) and concentric (180 degrees/sec) knee extensor strength, average right-hand grip strength for 10 sec, and left-hand grip strength. At study end, knee flexor and extensor strength was 96-104% of predicted and hand grip strength was 84-90% of predicted values. The local muscle endurance was transiently decreased after correction for age and gender. No gender difference was found in the treatment responses in muscle strength. However, muscle strength (also after correction for age and gender) was lower in women than men throughout the study period. In conclusion, GH replacement therapy in adults with adult-onset GHD normalized isometric and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor strength. Hand grip strength increased but was not fully normalized.
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| 26. |
- Tajsharghi, Homa, et al.
(författare)
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Induced shift in myosin heavy chain expression in myosin myopathy by endurance training
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurology. - : Steinkopff-Verlag. - 0340-5354 .- 1432-1459. ; 251:2, s. 179-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently described a new autosomal dominant myopathy (OMIM #605637) associated with a missense mutation in the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIa gene ( MYH2), which encodes for the fast myosin isoform that is expressed in type 2A muscle fibers. There was a correlation between muscle pathology and expression of MyHC IIa. Low expression of the mutation was associated with a milder phenotype. Since physical activity influences MyHC isoform expression in normal individuals, we investigated whether endurance training can alter the expression of MyHC isoforms in patients with the MYH2 mutation. The expression of MyHC I, IIa and IIx was analysed in muscle specimens from six patients before and after an eight-week endurancetraining program by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immuno-histochemistry. There was a clear and consistent shift from fast to slow MyHC isoform expression, but the training program did not result in the desired reduction of MyHC IIa, which may be due to the limited time period of training. Fiber type transition was further illustrated by the appearance of hybrid muscle fibers expressing more than one MyHC isoform after the training period. All patients showed an increase in maximal workload but no significant change in isometric muscle strength.We conclude that endurance training in patients with myosin myopathy may be an important way to alter the expression of defective MyHC isoforms.
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| 27. |
- Willén, Carin, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic water exercise in individuals with late poliomyelitis.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-9993. ; 82:1, s. 66-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the specific effects of general dynamic water exercise in individuals with late effects of poliomyelitis. DESIGN: Before-after tests. SETTING: A university hospital department. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight individuals with late effects of polio, 15 assigned to the training group (TG) and 13 to the control group (CG). INTERVENTION: The TG completed a 40-minute general fitness training session in warm water twice weekly. Assessment instruments included the bicycle ergometer test, isokinetic muscle strength, a 30-meter walk indoors, Berg balance scale, a pain drawing, a visual analog scale, the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak load, peak work load, peak oxygen uptake, peak heart rate (HR), muscle function in knee extensors and flexors, and pain dimension of the NHP. RESULTS: The average training period was 5 months; compliance was 75% (range, 55-98). No negative effects were seen. The exercise did not influence the peak work load, peak oxygen uptake, or muscle function in knee extensors compared with the controls. However, a decreased HR at the same individual work load was seen, as well as a significantly lower distress in the dimension pain of the NHP. Qualitative aspects such as increased well-being, pain relief, and increased physical fitness were reported. CONCLUSIONS: A program of nonswimming dynamic exercises in heated water has a positive impact on individuals with late effects of polio, with a decreased HR at exercise, less pain, and a subjective positive experience. The program was well tolerated (no adverse effects were reported) and can be recommended for this group of individuals.
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| 28. |
- Willén, Carin, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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How is walking speed related to muscle strength? A study of healthy persons and persons with late effects of polio.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-9993. ; 85:12, s. 1923-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between walking speed and muscle strength in the lower extremities in healthy persons and in persons with late effects of polio and to compare the models for these relationships. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital department. PARTICIPANTS: An urban sample of 144 healthy men and women (age range, 40-79 y) and 234 (146 women, 88 men) subjects with late polio. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Muscle strength in the lower extremities was measured and combined into an index. Walking speed for spontaneous and maximal walking was measured. A nonlinear regression model was developed. RESULTS: Evidence was provided for the nonlinear relationship between walking speed and strength. A specific strength threshold could not be identified. The asymptote of this curve for maximal walking was 2.57 m/s in the healthy group and 2.02 m/s in the subjects with late effects of polio. A high body mass index (>25 kg/m2) lowered the asymptote. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to prevent strength decrease that approaches the critical level where a further reduction affects walking speed more evidently. The difference in the relationship between muscle strength and walking speed for the 2 groups studied may partly depend on biomechanic imbalance between muscle groups.
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| 29. |
- Yang, Xiao Lin, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of impaired adipogenesis in insulin resistance
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X. ; 317:4, s. 1045-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To elucidate the roles of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in the early development of insulin resistance, we characterized gene expression profiles of isolated adipose cells and skeletal muscle of non-diabetic insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients using oligonucleotide microarrays. About 600 genes and expressed sequence tags, which displayed a gene expression pattern of cell proliferation, were differentially expressed in the adipose cells. The differentially expressed genes in the skeletal muscle were mostly related to the cellular signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. To verify the microarray findings, we studied expression of genes participating in adipogenesis. The expression of Wnt signaling genes, WNT1, FZD1, DVL1, GSK3beta, beta-catenin, and TCF1, and adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPalpha and beta and delta, PPARgamma, and SREBP-1, was reduced in the adipose tissue. The expression of adipose-specific proteins related to terminal differentiation, such as adiponectin and aP2, was reduced both in the adipose tissue and in the adipose cells isolated from portions of the biopsies. The adipose cells were enlarged in the insulin-resistant relatives and the cell size inversely correlated with the expression of the Wnt signaling genes, adiponectin, and aP2. Our findings suggest that insulin resistance is associated with an impaired adipogenesis.
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