| 1. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation-based feature extraction from computer-aided design, case study on curtain airbags design
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers in industry (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0166-3615 .- 1872-6194. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many high-level technical products are associated with changing requirements, drastic design changes, lack of design information, and uncertainties in input variables which makes their design process iterative and simulation-driven. Regression models have been proven to be useful tools during design, altering the resource-intensive finite element simulation models. However, building regression models from computer-aided design (CAD) parameters is associated with challenges such as dealing with too many parameters and their low or coupled impact on studied outputs which ultimately requires a large training dataset. As a solution, extraction of hidden features from CAD is presented on the application of volume simulation of curtain airbags concerning geometric changes in design loops. After creating a prototype that covers all aspects of a real curtain airbag, its CAD parameters have been analyzed to find out the correlation between design parameters and volume as output. Next, using the design of the experiment latin hypercube sampling method, 100 design samples are generated and the corresponding volume for each design sample was assessed. It was shown that selected CAD parameters are not highly correlated with the volume which consequently lowers the accuracy of prediction models. Various geometric entities, such as the medial axis, are used to extract several hidden features (referred to as sleeping parameters). The correlation of the new features and their performance and precision through two regression analyses are studied. The result shows that choosing sleeping parameters as input reduces dimensionality and the need to use advanced regression algorithms, allowing designers to have more accurate predictions (in this case approximately 95%) with a reasonable number of samples. Furthermore, it was concluded that using sleeping parameters in regression-based tools creates real-time prediction ability in the early development stage of the design process which could contribute to lower development lead time by eliminating design iterations.
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| 2. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Data-driven and Real-time Prediction Models for Highly Iterative Product Development Processes
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinarity and the Future of Engineering. - : IOS Press. - 9781643683386 - 9781643683393 ; , s. 463-472
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some high-level technical products are associated with transdisciplinary simulation-driven design processes. Therefore, their design process involves many stakeholders and is prone to frequent changes, leading to a highly iterative process with a long lead time. Despite the decades of statistical approximations and metamodeling techniques on prediction models, companies are still striving toachieve fully automated real-time predictions in early design phases. The literature study shows a gap in existing methods such as not being fully real-time or suffering from high dimensionality. This paper presents a generic model for the development process of such described products and motivation for such modeling through a series of semi-structured interviews with an automotive sub-supplier company. The proposed process model points to the digital verification in every design loop as the bottleneck which is then confirmed by interviewees. As alternative solutions to overcome the problems, a method for data-driven and real-time prediction models is presented to enable the designer to foresee the consequence of their decision in the design phase. To evaluate the method, two examples of such real-time metamodeling techniques, developed in an ongoing research project are discussed. The proposed examples confirm that the framework can reduce lead time spent on digital verification and therefore accelerate the design process in such products.
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| 3. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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System properties to address the change propagation in product realization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems – Real-life applications. - Clifton, VA : IOS Press. - 9781643681108 - 9781643681115 ; , s. 343-352
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Demanding markets and complex products are only some of the reasons that make changes and variations inevitable through different stages of product realization. From early phases of product development to downstream production phase, these changes or variations cause failure either directly or by propagating to other phases, triggering more fluctuations like the well-known butterfly effect. In this paper, first, the definition of changes in product realization will be reviewed and then different papers and their classification on change related system properties (illites) will be discussed and compared. It was argued that considering a system-level view, one could trace these propagations in the systems as a result of not being robust, flexible, or adaptable, etc. Some of the ambiguity in this semantic field demonstrated and most repeated definitions are identified as the unanimous and agreed-upon definitions in the literature. In the end, a historical comparison of the three identified properties presented. The results of this study help us to understand the multidisciplinary nature of these propagations and identify their stemming turbulent environment. This will be used as a foundation for forthcoming research either to prevent these propagations or utilize their attributes in the product realization.
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| 4. |
- Dogea, Ramona, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying challenges related to industry 4.0 in five manufacturing companies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 2351-9789. ; :C, s. 328-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of the 4th industrial revolution has resulted in significant improvement in the effectiveness of product and production development. Nowadays, research has been done focused on new technologies of integrated products and production platforms to support decision making in engineering processes. This means that there is the need to continuously explore different ways of integrating product and production platforms in industry. The aim of this paper is directed at finding the current state of practice in today´s industry with respect to their degree of automation. To make this achievable, a methodology based on the interactive research principles and the design research methodology is followed. As input data, six Swedish companies were interviewed in order to draw a picture of their challenges and needs for each lifecycle phase of selected products. The main contribution of this work is the identification of gaps in their product and production platforms as well as methods to address them. Struggling with understanding and adopting Industry 4.0, this paper also reviews the concepts and approaches related to digitalisation of product and production platforms. The results show that there are three application fields the companies have been facing: simulation and calculation, automation as well as data management. Within them, there are common aspects like lack of software tools, design and production automation, data migration and collection, or data handling in production. The findings of the study strongly suggest companies to adopt Industry 4.0 techniques to improve their product and production assets.
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| 5. |
- Heikkinen, Tim
(författare)
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Extended product models supporting multidisciplinary design automation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Manufacturing organizations often pursue the ability to efficiently and effectively provide custom products for its competitive advantage. Research has shown product configuration to be an effective way of achieving this goal through a modularization, product platform, and product family development approach. A core assumption behind this approach is that the module variants and their constraints are explicitly pre-defined as product knowledge. This is not always the case, however. Many companies require extensive engineering to develop each module variant but cannot afford to do so proactively to meet potential customer requirements within a predictable future. Instead, they attempt to implicitly define the module variants in terms of the process in which they can be realized. In this way, manufacturing companies develop module variants on demand efficiently and effectively when customer requirements are better defined, as justified by the increased probability of profiting from the outcome.Design automation (DA), in its broadest definition, refers to computerized engineering support that efficiently and effectively utilizes pre-planned reusable assets to progress a design process. The literature has reported several successful implementations of DA, but especially widespread higher levels of automation are yet to be seen. One DA approach involves the explicit representation of engineering process and product knowledge in the engineers preferred formats, such as computer scripts, parametric geometry models, and template spreadsheets. These design assets are developed using various computer tools, maintained within the different disciplines involved, such as design, simulation, or manufacturing, and are dependent on each other through the product model. To implement, utilize, and manage DA systems in or across multiple disciplines, it is important to understand how the disciplinary design assets depend on each other throughout the product model and how these relations should be constructed to support users without negatively affecting other aspects, such as modeling flexibility, system transparency, and software tool independence.To support the successful implementation and management of DA systems, this work focuses on understanding how digital product model constituents are, can, and, to some extent, should be extended to concretize relations toward and between design assets from different tools and disciplines. This research consists of interviews with Swedish industrial companies, technical reviews, literature reviews, and prototype developments, resulting in an increased understanding and the consequent development of a framework that highlights aspects regarding the choice and development of extension techniques.
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| 6. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporating Design for Additive Manufacturing in Multidisciplinary Design Automation – Challenges Identified
- 2020
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : CAD Solutions. - 1686-4360. ; 17:5, s. 936-947
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One interesting method to take advantage of the particular capabilities of Additive Manufacturing is to utilize a combination of lattice-structures and topology optimization. This paper presents the results and experiences from attempting to incorporate these in an existing multidisciplinary design automation system within the aerospace industry. A combined state of art and practice is outlined with discussions regarding challenges in current commercial CAD tools, multidisciplinary design automation, and with respect to aerospace requirements.
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| 7. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Build strategy and impact strength of slm produced maraging steel (1.2709)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 11:1, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper aimed to study the impact properties of additively manufactured maraging steel (1.2709) using laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L) processing. The specimens were fabricated using 3D Systems ProX 300 equipment under constant specific power input, or Andrew number. The interactions between the build strategy and parameters such as hatch spacing and scan speed was, and the impact strength and fracture were investigated. The impact energy anisotropy was also investigated in parallel and perpendicular to the build direction. Instrumented impact testing was performed, and the fractography supported that the fusion zone geometry dictated the fracture behavior. The influence from gaseous elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen was found insignificant at the levels found in the printed material.
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| 8. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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On the nature of the anisotropy of Maraging steel (1.2709) in additive manufacturing through powder bed laser-based fusion processing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Materials & design. - : Elsevier. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing is growing rapidly as a manufacturing method. Additive manufacturing is a rapid solidification process and may, as such, generate new microstructures with an improvement of mechanical properties compared to conventional manufacturing. The repeatability and deeper understanding of properties repeatability for both mechanical and thermophysical properties are not well-established. In the current study, a complete analysis of the nature of the anisotropy is experimentally analysed to provide input for better understanding of the printing process and the resulting properties as reliability and predictability are important factors to build trust in a new manufacturing process.
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| 9. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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On the Use of Conformal Cooling in High-Pressure Die-Casting and Semisolid Casting
- 2021
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Ingår i: Technologies. - : MDPI. - 2227-7080. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, tool life in high pressure die casting (HPDC) is of growing interest. A common agreement is that die life is primarily decided by the thermal load and temperature gradients in the die materials. Conformal cooling with the growth of additive manufacturing has raised interest as a means of extending die life. In the current paper, conformal cooling channels’ performance and effect on the thermal cycle in high-pressure die casting and rheocasting are investigated for conventional HPDC and semisolid processing. It was found that conformal cooling aids die temperature reduction, and the use of die spray may be reduced and support the die-life extension. For the die filling, the increased temperature was possibly counterproductive. Instead, it was found that the main focus for conformal cooling should be focused to manage temperature around the in-let bushing and possibly the runner system. Due to the possible higher inlet pressures for semisolid casting, particular benefits could be seen.
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| 10. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A case-based reasoning method including tooling function for case retrieval and reuse in stamping tooling design
- 2023
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : CAD solutions. - 1686-4360. ; 20:5, s. 839-855
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design of sheet metal forming tooling is currently based on that experienced tooling designers with good knowledge of how stamping tools previously have been designed and operated in production, apply their knowledge when making a new design. For retrieving former designs, they often need to rely on their good memory. In this paper, an automatic method for retrieving relevant former cases is presented. A major challenge is defining the similarity between the current and the former cases i.e., finding the relevant parameters to include in the CBR (Case-based reasoning) search. This is here addressed by using CAD model parameters both from former components and the tooling for their production. By interviewing tooling designers in industry, a set of relevant parameters has been identified. To arrive at the correct weight of each parameter, a genetic algorithm has been used to optimize the search results. This resulted in a quick and automated way of retrieving the most relevant former cases and presenting them to the designer. The method has been tested on actual cases with promising results. This has the potential of making sheet metal part and tooling design less reliant on memory and experience.
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| 11. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Design knowledge reuse in design of progressive stamping tools : A qualitative study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society , Volume 1 , August 2021. - : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 1053-1062
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Progressive stamping tools are widely used in mass-production of sheet metal components and their performance is critical as the design of the tool impact the cost of the manufactured component significantly. Knowledge reuse is an important part of successful design in general, and in progressive stamping tool design in particular. In the study described in this paper, 8 tool designers from 5 different Swedish companies were interviewed about (1) at what points in the tool design process they search for previously designed tools for information and knowledge reuse, (2) under what conditions and for what reasons does this reuse take place, and (3) what types of information and knowledge are sought for at each point. The results show that reuse of information and knowledge from previously designed tools happens in many parts of the tool design process. The reasons and conditions for reuse vary depending on where in the process the designer is. High component complexity is one example of a common factor triggering reuse. Also, information about the performance of the tool is important to tool designers, as they only want to reuse information and knowledge from tools with good performance and low maintenance.
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| 12. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Method for Task-based Model Retrieval for Reuse in Stamping Tool Design
- 2022
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Ingår i: CAD'22 Proceedings. ; , s. 189-193
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Shorter lead-times are a constant driver for improving efficiency in the design and manufacturing of stamping tools for sheet metal components. Finding and reusing past solutions in design is an important way for improving efficiency and quality in stamping tool development. This can be done in the form of retrieving CAD-models of relevant past tooling designs. This type of knowledge reuse is standard practice among tool designers through remembering past problems, and solutions from previous projects, or having a collection of good examples of tools of different varieties, to reuse solutions from. Automatically indexing and retrieving relevant CAD-models of the tools can enable the tool designers to conduct the search more systematically and automatically. Retrieving relevant similar CAD-models automatically, however, has some challenges regarding how similarity should be defined, as geometric similarity is ill-defined [4]. A relevant metric of similarity depends on the application context, the objective, and what knowledge that the designer is searching for [3].In this work, focus is on variations in the different use cases and situations of the stamping tool design process. The existing work done in the application to stamping tools has provided retrieval mechanisms for blanking dies [1], deep drawn features [6], and overall similarity [5]. In the stamping tool design process, the information and knowledge sought for at different stages are different in nature [2] and require individual similarity metrics and parameters to be effective. An example of this is that, the relevant CAD-models to retrieve when designing the functionality for part ejection from the tool is different from the relevant models when designing forming dies of the same tool.
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| 13. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Stamping tools for sheet metal forming : Current state and future research directions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems – Real-life applications. - Clifton, VA : IOS Press. - 9781643681108 - 9781643681115 ; , s. 281-290
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sheet metal forming tools play an important role in the manufacturing of many products. With shorter product life cycles and demand for shorter time to market for new products, the process for design and manufacturing of stamping tools becomes a critical part. Stamping dies are often designed and manufactured by smaller, specialized companies. For a tooling company, knowledge and experience is an important competitive advantage. Traditionally the design process has been characterized by being based on few key individuals with much experience and craftsmanship. To stay competitive in this market there is a need for more efficient processes, systems, tools and supports in order to become more industrialized. This paper presents results from a study of the state of practice in industry within progressive stamping tool design as well as a review of relevant literature. The design and manufacturing processes for stamping dies in six companies have been investigated through semi-structured interviews, from which the main challenges in the current state for the companies are identified. The results from the interviews was analyzed and compared to the established concepts and frameworks of methods found in the literature review. The results and analysis points in the direction of efforts needed in supporting the formalization and reuse of information and knowledge from previous tool projects and production, especially during the critical steps of tool process planning and creating the tool layout.
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| 14. |
- Rivalta, F., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of scanning strategy in the l‐pbf process of 18ni300 maraging steel
- 2021
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maraging steels are good candidates for the laser powder bed fusion process (L‐PBF), also known as Selective Laser Melting, due to excellent weldability and resistance to quench cracking. Powders physical and chemical characteristics dominate the final microstructure and properties of the printed parts, that are also heavily influenced by the process parameters. In this study, the effects of the scanning strategies on dimensions, average surface roughness, density and material hardness were evaluated, keeping the powder type and the volumetric energy density (Andrew number) constant. The effects of the scanning strategy on these properties are far less understood than on other important ones, like residual stresses and distortion, strongly affected by the scanning strategy. In this study, parallel stripes, chessboard and hexagonal pattern strategies were studied, keeping the Andrew number constant but varying the interlayer rotation. In general, the hexagonal strategy underperformed compared to the chessboard and the stripes ones.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
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Integrating the design of the product life cycle by a master bill of materials
- 2023
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Ingår i: Leveraging transdisciplinary engineering in a changing and connected world. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643684406 - 9781643684413 ; , s. 33-41
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bill of materials (BOM) is a representation of the structure of parts and components in a product. The most well-known ones are the engineering (EBOM) and the manufacturing (MBOM). However, there are several more with various purposes throughout the lifecycle of the product. All BOMs are related to the part and component structure of the product but focus on different life cycle phases. They are often individually defined in product development creating a fragmented process. In this paper it is proposed to instead define a “master BOM” It is cross functional and includes all life cycle items. The master BOM has impact on the IT environment of a company as well as the organization of the work. In this paper, the creation and management of BOMs have been investigated in an industrial company. The IT environment of the company is currently heterogeneous, but there is a change towards a PLM centric environment. Results indicate that changing the IT environment and the structure of BOMs can integrate the different domains of the company better and facilitate the early phase assessment of the environmental impact of the products.
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| 17. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing design for selective laser melting in aerospace industry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Computational Design and Engineering. - : Oxford University Press. - 2288-5048. ; 7:4, s. 489-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The selective laser melting (SLM) process has created new possibilities for the manufacture of new lightweight jet engine components with lattice structures replacing solid sections. Hopes are to reduce the density of the component and thereby saving weight. To introduce the new manufacturing process, the components need to be redesigned and verified to comply with an array of requirements concerning, for example, strength, aerodynamics, and manufacturing. To find out how a capability of designing and evaluating components for the SLM process can be built into an organization, an interview investigation has been conducted at an aerospace company finding the state of practice in technology and product development. The impact of introducing SLM is thereafter estimated. The result is that introducing a novel manufacturing process will primarily influence the methods used to predict product lifecycle performance. An important finding is that it is currently difficult to include a topology optimization step in the multiobjective design evaluation environment used at the company due to which the complexity would increase significantly.
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| 18. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Making Additively Manufactured Cores with Conformal Tooling Directly on a Die-base
- 2021
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Ingår i: FAIM 2021. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 200-204
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dies for high pressure die casting (HPDC) has traditionally been manufactured by machining from slabs of tool steel. Currently, the possibility of manufacturing them using additive manufacturing is being explored. This provides some advantages such as the possibility of making conformal cooling channels. However, the size of the dies is often larger than can be handled in most metal printers Still, it is possible to partly print the die by adding cores with intricate conformal cooling on a traditionally manufactured die base. In this paper, a feasibility study of using selective laser melting (SLM) to print cores of maraging steel directly onto a die base is explored. Results shows that the strength of the bond between the two metals is sufficient, and that the connection between the drilled and printed tooling channels can be made. The paper reasons on the expected impacts on the tooling industry showing potential for extended die life and recovery of die bases via re-manufacturing.
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| 19. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Manufacturing of High Pressure Die Casting Die Inserts Using SLM
- 2020
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Ingår i: SPS2020. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643681467 - 9781643681474 ; , s. 663-671
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dies for high pressure die casting are normally manufactured by machining of slabs of tool steel to the required dimensions. This manufacturing requires several steps such as rough machining, heat-Treatment, EDM (electro discharge machining) and polishing. With the AM (additive manufacturing) method SLM (Selective Laser Melting) it has become possible to print the dies fully or in part. Several advantages are expected, such as a better thermal distribution in the die in service and thereby extended die life and better component quality. This is due to the possibility of making the cooling channels conformal. There are also expectations of reduced time and cost in the manufacturing process due to fewer manufacturing steps and better material utilisation. Hopes are to print a net shape or near net shape that can be used directly as a die component. In this paper it is investigated to what extent this can be fulfilled by printing two die inserts to be used for casting fatigue test samples of aluminium. They were printed on a 3D Systems ProX DMP 300 in maraging steel powder. The result is that it is possible to obtain a sufficiently smooth surface die surface. However, the current design with an SLM insert fitted in a machined die makes extensive post printing manufacturing necessary.
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| 20. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements Handling in Multidisciplinary Product Development - A Company Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinarity and the Future of Engineering. - : IOS Press. - 9781643683386 - 9781643683393 ; , s. 115-124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When developing new products there are a multitude of requirements from different domains to consider making it a multidisciplinary activity. It involves stakeholders from the company and from the broader society. Requirements come from for example the customers, the production facility, suppliers, and governmental agencies placing safety and environmental regulations on the product. To manage all these heterogeneous requirements, a need of formalization and support emerges. The requirements can be managed using IT support. This functionality is often provided in contemporary PLM-systems. In this paper, it is investigated how a large industrial company with in-house design and manufacturing of consumer products formalize the requirements and handles them through the product development stages. The study involves corporate documents and interviewing staff from several departments of the company. Results show that while some aspects such as compliance with health and safety regulations are well supported, others are being addressed differently in each project with little formalization and IT support. This increases the risk of extra iterations in the development process. The paper discusses how to mitigate those risks and highlights some areas of possible improvement of the practices and IT support in product - as well as in production development.
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| 21. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Transiting Between Product Development and Production : How IT in Product Development and Manufacturing Integrate
- 2023
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Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031251818 - 9783031251825 ; , s. 136-143
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One crucial moment in product development is when all specifications of a product are ready, and the start of production is imminent. Companies very often have a milestone gate at this point where the development project is signed off and approved making sure that everything is ready and handing it over to the production department. This is a crucial moment involving checking a lot of information that has originated from different departments in the company. It can result in errors since the checking often is done manually and based on that staff check and report the results to a central function managing the transition. The situation is worsened by interoperability problems between different IT systems and databases used for different purposes in the company. In this paper it is examined how an automotive company currently is conducting the handover, gathering and checking all specifications before start of production. Risks of mistakes and unnecessary time loss are identified. In the paper it is discussed how the integration can be improved and the amount of manual work reduced. Results indicate that there is a potential for both saving time and reducing risk of error by automating parts of the handing over and integrating the IT systems and databases.
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| 22. |
- Säfsten, Kristina, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated product and production platforms : Towards a research agenda
- 2022
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Ingår i: SPS2022: Proceedings of the 10th Swedish production symposium. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643682686 - 9781643682693 ; , s. 829-841
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product platforms have been used as a strategy for manufacturing companies to stay competitive and have provided a means that fulfils the need of agile and demand driven product realisation. However, a link to the production system development is often missing. Knowledge is required concerning how a platform approach can be applied in the production domain and integrated with the product platform. The purpose of this paper is to outline a research agenda for integrated product and production platforms. Based on a literature review and empirical material from more than 50 interviews in five manufacturing companies, state-of-the art and state-of-practice is presented, together with a preliminary research agenda. A flexible, although systematic and structured, approach is needed where the product platform and the production platform are well integrated to support agile, and demand driven product realisation. A product realisation process supported by integrated product and production platforms is expected to support the competitiveness of manufacturing companies facing a market characterized by high diversity and rapid change.
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