| 1. |
- Andersson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Explorations of neighbourhood and educational outcomes for young Swedes
- 2006
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 43:11, s. 2013-2025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of neighbourhoods on educational outcome for adolescents in Sweden. Using a multilevel statistical approach and the PLACE database that consists of a census of individuals in 1990-2000 in Sweden, the paper explores different domains of neighbourhood characteristics that predict educational outcomes in adolescents. Educational achievement in year 2000 was measured for three cohorts, geocoded to their neighbourhood environments. It was found that neighbourhood characteristics related to socioeconomic resources and demographic stability are predictors of individual educational outcomes. A strong association between neighbourhood socio-cultural capital variables and education were also observed. Despite national policies on availability and access to education in Sweden, there are substantial inequalities in educational outcomes that are not simply a result of differences in individual characteristics.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lindström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Social capital and health-related behaviors
- 2008
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Ingår i: Social Capital and Health. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 9780387713106 - 9780387713113 ; , s. 215-238
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behaviors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity (or a sedentary lifestyle) and diet are major determinants of health because of their causal effects on cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and many other chronic diseases (The World Health Report, 2002). Some other health-related behaviors such as the abuse of narcotic drugs (which lead to premature death for a variety of reasons) and sexual behaviors (which lead to sexually transmitted diseases/infections) are mainly causally linked to health for other reasons.
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| 4. |
- Merlo, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Individual and collective bodies: using measures of variance and association in contextual epidemiology.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 1470-2738 .- 0143-005X. ; 63, s. 1043-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Social epidemiology investigates both individuals and their collectives. While the limits that define the individual bodies are very apparent, the collective body's geographical or cultural limits (e.g., "neighbourhood") are more difficult to discern. Also, epidemiologists normally investigate causation as changes in group means. However, many variables of interest in epidemiology may cause a change in the variance of the distribution of the dependent variable. In spite of that, variance is normally considered a measure of uncertainty or a nuisance rather than a source of substantive information. This reasoning is also true in many multilevel investigations, whereas understanding the distribution of variance across levels should be fundamental. This means-centric reductionism is mostly concerned with risk factors and creates a paradoxical situation, since social medicine is not only interested in increasing the (mean) health of the population, but also in understanding and decreasing inappropriate health and health care inequalities (variance). METHODS: Critical essay and literature review. RESULTS: The present essay promotes (a) the application of measures of variance and clustering to evaluate the boundaries one uses in defining collective levels of analysis (e.g., neighbourhoods), (b) the combined use of measures of variance and means-centric measures of association, and (c) the investigation of causes of health variation (variance-altering causation). CONCLUSIONS: Both measures of variance and means-centric measures of association need to be included when performing contextual analyses. The variance approach, a new aspect of contextual analysis that cannot be interpreted in means-centric terms, allows us to expand our perspectives.
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| 5. |
- Rahmathullah, Abu Sajana, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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A low-complexity algorithm for intrusion detection in a PIR-based Wireless Sensor Network
- 2009
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Ingår i: Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2009, Melbourne, Australia. - 9781424435173 ; , s. 337 - 342
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a low-complexity algorithm for intrusion detection in the presence of clutter arising from wind-blown vegetation, using passive infra-red (PIR) sensors in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The algorithm is based on a combination of Haar transform (HT) and support-vector-machine (SVM) based training and was field tested in a network setting comprising of 15-20 sensing nodes. Also contained in this paper is a closed-form expression for the signal generated by an intruder moving at a constant velocity. It is shown how this expression can be exploited to determine the direction of motion information and the velocity of the intruder from the signals of three well-positioned sensors.
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| 6. |
- Rosengren, Annika, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Education and risk for acute myocardial infarction in 52 high, middle and low-income countries: INTERHEART case-control study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Heart. - 1468-201X. ; 95:24, s. 2014-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of education and other measures of socioeconomic status (SES) on risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients and controls from countries with diverse economic circumstances (high, middle, and low income countries). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: 52 countries from all inhabited regions of the world. PARTICIPANTS: 12242 cases and 14622 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First non-fatal AMI. RESULTS: SES was measured using education, family income, possessions in the household and occupation. Low levels of education (< or =8 years) were more common in cases compared to controls (45.0% and 38.1%; p<0.0001). The odds ratio (OR) for low education adjusted for age, sex and region was 1.56 (95% confidence interval 1.47 to 1.66). After further adjustment for psychosocial, lifestyle, other factors and mutually for other socioeconomic factors, the OR associated with education < or =8 years was 1.31 (1.20 to 1.44) (p<0.0001). Modifiable lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, consumption of vegetables and fruits, alcohol and abdominal obesity) explained about half of the socioeconomic gradient. Family income, numbers of possessions and non-professional occupation were only weakly or not at all independently related to AMI. In high-income countries (World Bank Classification), the risk factor adjusted OR associated with low education was 1.61 (1.33 to 1.94), whereas it was substantially lower in low-income and middle-income countries: 1.25 (1.14 to 1.37) (p for interaction 0.045). CONCLUSION: Of the SES measures we studied, low education was the marker most consistently associated with increased risk for AMI globally, most markedly in high-income countries.
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