| 1. |
- Aalto, Aino-Maija, et al.
(författare)
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Childcare - A safety net for children?
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze how access to childcare affects health outcomes of children with unemployed parents using a reform that increased childcare access in some Swedish municipalities. For 4–5 year olds, we find an immediate increase in infection-related hospitalization, when these children first get access to childcare. We find no effect on younger children. When children are 10–11 years of age, children who did not have access to childcare when parents were unemployed are more likely to take medication for respiratory conditions. Taken together, our results thus suggest that access to childcare exposes children to risks for infections, but that need for medication in school age is lower for children who had access.
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| 2. |
- Aalto, Aino-Maija
(författare)
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Incentives and Inequalities in Family and Working Life
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay I: Same-gender teachers may affect educational preferences by acting as role models for their students. I study the importance of the gender composition of teachers in math and science during lower secondary school on the likelihood to continue in math-intensive tracks in the next levels of education. I use population wide register data from Sweden and control for family fixed effects to account for sorting into schools. According to my results, the gender gap in graduating with a math-intensive track in upper secondary school would decrease by 16 percent if the share of female math and science teachers would be changed from none to all at lower secondary school. The gap in math-related university degrees would decrease by 22 percent from the same treatment. The performance is not affected by the higher share of female science teachers, only the likelihood to choose science, suggesting that the effects arise because female teachers serve as role models for female students.
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| 3. |
- Aalto, Aino-Maija
(författare)
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The (in)effectiveness of financial incentive on fertility behaviour : Childcare –a safety net for children?
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Is childcare a safety net for vulnerable children? This paper investigates the role of childcare for the health outcomes of children whose parents are unemployed. Exploiting time variation in childcare access resulting from a reform requiring Swedish municipalities to provide childcare also for children with unemployed parents, we estimate causal effects on health, as measured by register data on hospitalizations. We find that access to childcare reduced hospitalizations for infections among toddlers, especially among boys. Among children in preschool age access to childcare caused a temporary increase in hospitalization for infections the year they got access to childcare.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersen, Torben, et al.
(författare)
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Svensk Finanspolitik
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Andersen, Torben, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Fiscal Policy
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Björkegren, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Birth order and health disparities throughout the life course
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research has shown ample evidence of how birth order affects health; however, these studies focus on specific health outcomes and ages.ObjectiveWe provide a comprehensive picture of the effects of birth order on health disparities over the life course.Method: We study the effects of birth order from birth to age 70 on hospitalizations, visits to open care facilities and mortality using Swedish register data from 1987 to 2016. We identify the effects by comparing siblings within the same family.Results: We find that firstborns have worse health at birth. In adolescence, the birth-order effects switch direction, and younger siblings are more likely to be hospitalized and visit open care facilities. From early age younger siblings receive more care for injuries, in adolescence for drug and alcohol abuse, and from middle age for diseases of the circulatory system compared to older siblings. Younger siblings also stay longer in hospital. Age 0–2, younger siblings are more likely to be hospitalized for infections, diseases of the respiratory system, eyes and ears, whereas the pattern is the opposite for children age 3–6. Firstborns are more likely to receive care for depression and ADHD in childhood and endocrine diseases after age 50.Interpretation: Birth order affects health over the life-cycle and this is likely due to biological factors as well as parental behavior and the family environment. Firstborns have worse health at birth, but in adolescence the effects switch direction due to health issues related to younger siblings engaging in more risky behavior. For small children, having siblings at home increases the risk of being hospitalized for infections, diseases of the respiratory system, eyes and ears. The adverse conditions in utero for firstborns may be the cause of increased risk of metabolic syndromes such as obesity and diabetes later in life.
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| 9. |
- Björkegren, Evelina
(författare)
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Family, Neighborhoods, and Health : Conditions for the Development of Human Capabilities
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1: We use data from a large sample of adoptees born in Sweden to decompose the intergenerational persistence in health inequality across generations into one pre-birth component, measured by the biological parents’ longevity, and one post-birth component, measured by the adopting parents’ longevity. We find that most of the health inequality is transmitted via pre-birth factors. In the second part of the paper, we study the background to why children of parents with better educational attainments have better health by decomposing the association into one component attributed to the education of the biological parents and one to the adopting ones. We find that the association can mostly be attributed to the adopting parents, suggesting that parental resources per se, rather than pre-birth (genetic) differences, make up the parental education gradient in child health.Essay 2: There are large differences in health across neighborhoods in Sweden. To try to answer if there is a causal link between neighborhood conditions in childhood and youth health, I apply two different empirical strategies. First, I use population wide data on families living in different areas in Sweden, and estimate the effects of childhood neighborhood on youth health using data on families that move across the country. Since the choice of moving and where to live is endogenous, I exploit the timing of moves and estimate the effect of siblings’ different exposure time to neighborhoods. The second approach utilizes a governmental policy that assigned refugees to their initial neighborhood in Sweden, potentially offering exogenous variation in neighborhoods and allowing me to study the effect of different neighborhoods on youth health. The findings from the two strategies together imply that there are significant neighborhood effects on youth health, but that the effects are contemporaneous and there is no evidence of exposure time effects.Essay 3: Previous research has shown that birth order affects outcomes such as educational achievements, IQ and earnings. The mechanisms behind these effects are still largely unknown. We examine birth order effects on health, and whether health at young age could be a transmission channel for birth order effects observed later in life. Our results show that firstborn children have worse health at birth. This disadvantage is reversed in early age and later-born siblings are more likely to be hospitalized for injuries and avoidable conditions. In adolescence and as young adults, younger siblings are more likely to be of poor mental health and to be admitted to hospital for alcohol induced health conditions. We also test for reverse causality by estimating fertility responses to the health of existing children. Overall our results suggest that birth order effects are due to differential parental investment because parents’ time and resources are limited.Essay 4: We study the short-, medium- and long-term consequences of health at birth using administrative data from Sweden for individuals born in the years 1973-1979. We contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of early life health by contrasting the effects of birth weight with two other measures of neonatal health: the length and the head circumference of the newborn. Our findings suggest that the use of birth weight alone might lead to an underestimation of the importance of early health. Furthermore, we find that there is a persistent effect of neonatal health on a variety of human capital measures in adolescence and adulthood.
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| 10. |
- Björkegren, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Är det bättre att vara storasyskon?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. ; 46:5, s. 38-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Det hävdas ofta att storasyskon skulle vara mer ansvarsfyllda, eller att småsyskon skulle vara mer kreativa. Hur man påverkas av platsen i syskonskaran har också gett upphov till en omfattande forskningslitteratur. En stor del av forskningen präglas emellertid av små urval och otillräcklig information om familjen. I den här artikeln presenteras resultaten från våra egna studier av syskonordningens betydelse för individers hälsa och personlighet. Vi diskuterar även möjliga mekanismer bakom syskonordningseffekter och vilka data som krävs för att kunna fastställa trovärdiga orsakssamband.
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| 11. |
- Boström, Charlotta, 1976-
(författare)
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Education, skills and gender : The impact of a grading reform and the business cycle on labor market outcomes
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of education and labor market outcomes. The abstracts of the three studies are as follows.A flight of hurdles? Effects on graduation and long-term labor market outcomes of a nationwide grading reform.In the academic year 1994/1995, a grading reform was implemented in Swedish upper secondary schools. The reform replaced norm-referenced grading with criteria-referenced grading that raised the hurdle to graduate on time. By exploiting exogenous variation in exposure to the reform due to exact date of birth coupled with implementation date, the effects on upper secondary school completion and subsequent long-term labor market outcomes are explored in a difference-in-discontinuity design. Results indicate that the probability to graduate from upper secondary school decreased throughout the ability distribution, with the strongest effects at the left tail. Furthermore, many of these individuals still lack a degree at age 33. Nevertheless, the grading reform does not seem to have had any clear effects on long-term labor market outcomes.The effects of graduating from college in a recession: The case of SwedenThis paper studies the long-term labor market consequences of graduating college into the Swedish economic crises of the 1990s. I use a sample of Sweden born men who graduated college between the years 1985 and 1998. I estimate the effects of labor market conditions at the time of graduation on labor market outcomes using a panel covering 12 years post-graduation. Since the timing of graduation might be affected by economic conditions, I instrument the unemployment rate at graduation using the unemployment rate at age 25, which is the modal age of graduation. I find a significant negative effect on real annual earnings that last up to 5 years after graduation before fading out. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that graduates in the lower end of the distribution of cognitive abilities experience a substantial earnings loss that persists for at least eight years before fading out, while individuals with high cognitive ability are unaffected. Furthermore, I find that graduates well-endowed with noncognitive abilities, individuals we would expect to perform well on the labor market, also experience significant earnings losses.Gender and field of study: The impact of graduating college into a recession. The aim of this paper is to investigate if there are gender differences from entering the labor market during an economic downturn. Using a sample of Swedish college graduates who completed their first college degree between 1996 and 2007, I estimate short- and medium-term effects of graduating into adverse labor market conditions on a range of labor market outcomes such as annual earnings, nonemployment and skill-mismatch. I find that the overall differences between the genders of graduating college into a recession are driven by the choice of field of study and the fact that females outnumber male graduates with degrees aimed towards occupations in the public sector. The analysis shows only small differences between the genders when I compare outcomes within Business, Law and Engineering graduates, degrees leading to occupations that typically require workers to maintain a high degree of labor market attachment.
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| 12. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Hur ska Sverige möta globaliseringen?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Fogelberg Lövgren, Sara, 1983-
(författare)
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Markets, Interventions and Externalities : Four Essays in Applied Economics
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Ph.D. thesis contains four independent essays summarized as follows. Effects of Competition between Healthcare Providers on Prescription of AntibioticsThe introduction of antibiotics as a medical treatment after World War II helped to dramatically increase life expectancy in the industrialized world. However, over-prescription of antibiotics during the last few decades has led to a sharp increase in multi-resistant bacteria, disarming once powerful anti-pathogens. This paper investigates the effects of increased competition between healthcare providers on prescription of antibiotics. The analysis makes use of a competition-inducing reform implemented in different counties in Sweden at different points in time between 2007 and 2010 for a difference-in-differences approach. Since the dataset contains monthly data on all prescribed antibiotics in Sweden it is possible to estimate the effects on all antibiotics prescribed, as well as on different subcategories of antibiotics. The results show that increased competition had a positive and significant effect on prescription of antibiotics. This increase in prescription of antibiotics was not associated with a reduction in sick leave. Effects of Introducing an HPV Vaccination Program for Daughters on Maternal Participation in Cervical ScreeningPrevious literature has established that there is a positive correlation between maternal participation in screening against cervical cancer and having a daughter vaccinated against types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer. In this paper, we investigate the causal impact of introducing HPV vaccination for girls in a general child vaccination program on maternal participation in screening against cervical cancer. We use a difference-in-differences design and estimate the effect on both general cervical screening participation and heterogeneous effects for women with different levels of education. Strategic Withholding through Production FailuresAnecdotal evidence indicates that electricity producers use production failures to disguise strategic reductions of capacity in order to influence prices, but systematic evidence is lacking. We use an instrumental variable approach and data from the Swedish electricity market to examine such behavior. In a market without strategic withholding, reported production failures should not depend directly on the market price. We show that marginal producers in part base their decision to report a failure on prices, which indicates that production failures are a result of economic incentives as well as of technical problems. Wind Power Volatility and its Impact on Production Failures in the Nordic Electricity MarketWind power generation of electricity has gained popular support because of its low environmental impact and its low costs relative to other renewable energy sources. However, concerns have been raised in the power sector that wind power generation will come at the price of increased damage to other power generators. Wind power generation is naturally volatile which requires other power sources to start up and shut down in accordance with weather conditions, which for instance coal or gas generators are not built for. The previous literature has used simulations to show that the damage done and the associated costs can be substantial. We use a dataset containing all reported failures in the Nordic electricity market Nord Pool and data for Danish wind power generation. The analysis shows that for both Denmark and the rest of Nord Pool the short-term costs associated with the volatility of wind power generation are non-significant.
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| 16. |
- Grönqvist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Sober mom, healthy baby? : effects of brief alcohol interventions in Swedish maternity care
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large body of research documents the importance of early life conditions for the health and human capital formation of children. The detrimental effects of alcohol exposure in utero are well documented, and therefore identifying effective methods for preventing harmful maternal alcohol consumption is of great importance. We exploit the stepwise introduction of alcohol screening and brief interventions at Swedish antenatal clinics, to evaluate the causal effect of enhanced alcohol prevention on infant health using a difference-in-differences strategy. We find that the program improves infant health measured by prescription of pharmaceutical drugs and hospitalizations during the child’s first year of life. The results suggest that effects are likely driven by changes inmaternal behavior after the first trimester and seem to extend beyond the birth of the child.
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| 17. |
- Hakkala, Katariina, et al.
(författare)
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Asymmetric Effects of Corruption on FDI. Evidence from Swedish Multinational Firms
- 2008
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Ingår i: Review of Economics and Statistics. - : MIT Press - Journals. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 90:4, s. 627-642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI). Starting out from the theory of FDI, we show that corruption can have different effects on horizontal investments, which are primarily aimed at sales to the local market, compared with vertical investments, which are made to access lower factor costs for export sales. Using Swedish firm-level data, we find that corruption reduces the probability that a firm will invest in a country. Moreover, when studying the different types of investments, we find that horizontal investments, measured by affiliate local sales, are deterred by corruption to a larger extent than are vertical investments. We are also able to establish a causal effect of corruption on FDI
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| 18. |
- Hartman, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Hur stor är risken för bestående hög arbetslöshet?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 38:6, s. 16-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tidigare erfarenheter från djupa lågkonjunkturer visar att arbetslösheten tenderar att bestå även när konjunkturen vänder. Utvecklingen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden efter 1990-talskrisen är ett exempel på detta. I den här artikeln diskuterar vi denna risk i dagsläget. Vår analys baseras på en beskrivning av hur arbetslösheten utvecklats för olika grupper och på de förändringar som gjorts av institutionerna på arbetsmarknaden. Vår slutsats är att mycket tyder på att risken för att arbetslösheten kommer att bita sig fast på en hög nivå är mindre i dag än vad som var fallet efter 1990-talskrisen. Men risken finns att vi i Sverige dras ned i en djupare lågkonjunktur på grund av situationen i Europa och USA.
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| 19. |
- Hertegård, Edvin, 1994-
(författare)
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Essays on Families, Health Policy, and the Determinants of Children's Long-Term Outcomes
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay I: Divorce laws are known to influence family behavior, but empirical evidence of their effects on children remains scarce. I shed more light on this by investigating the effects of the Swedish divorce law reform of 1974, which liberalized the existing divorce laws and introduced a 6-month parental reconsideration period for divorce. The results suggest that exposure to more liberal divorce laws decreases children's upper secondary school graduation rate by 5.6%. Evaluating the reconsideration period, I find that children more exposed to this reform element are 18.3% less likely to experience parental divorce and are 1.8% more likely to graduate from upper secondary school. The findings highlight a trade-off between parental freedom of choice and the beneficial effects of divorce restrictions on children's outcomes. Essay II: Fluoridation of drinking water has remained controversial since its inception as a public policy. The fundamental concern is whether fluoride exposure affects children's cognitive development. This study leverages the water fluoridation experiment in the Swedish city of Norrköping 1952–1962 for causal evidence of the effects of fluoride exposure during childhood. The main findings are negative effects of water fluoridation exposure during childhood on cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability around age 18, and on the probability of graduating from high school. I find no effects for the cohorts born after the experiment ceased in 1962.Essay III (with Helena Svaleryd and Jonas Vlachos): At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Swedish upper secondary schools moved to online instruction, while lower secondary schools remained open. Leveraging rich Swedish register data, we find that exposure to open rather than closed schools resulted in a small increase in PCR-confirmed infections among parents. The results indicate that keeping lower secondary schools open had minor consequences for the overall transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Essay IV (with Julien Grenet, Hans Grönqvist, Martin Nybom, and Jan Stuhler): We study how the next generation of workers adjust in response to economic crisis. The context is the massive economic recession that hit Sweden in 1990, which disproportionally affected the manufacturing and construction sectors. Our analysis shows that students experiencing paternal job loss from the crisis sectors before making their high school program choices select into programs less affected by the crisis. Early paternal job loss is also found to positively affect the students’ lifetime earnings, and to increase their chances of being employed later in life. The results indicate that economic crisis may have lasting effects on the composition of the labor force.
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| 20. |
- Heyman, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Competition, Takeovers, and Gender Discrimination
- 2013
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Ingår i: Industrial & labor relations review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 66:2, s. 409-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. The authors analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap using detailed matched employer-employee data. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-in-difference framework, they find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. Although the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions.
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| 21. |
- Lundberg, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Birth order and child health
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous research has established that birth order affects outcomes such as educational achievements, IQ and earnings. The mechanisms behind these effects are however still largely unknown. In this paper we examine birth order effects on health, and whether health at young age could be a transmission channel for birth order effects observed later in life. We find no support for the birth order effect having a biological origin; rather firstborns have worse health at birth. This disadvantage is reversed in early age and later-born siblings are more likely to be hospitalized for injuries and avoidable conditions, which could be related to less parental attention. In adolescence and as young adults younger siblings are more likely to bein poor mental health and to be admitted to hospital for alcohol induced health conditions. We also critically test for reverse causality by estimating fertility responses to health of existing children. We conclude that the effects on health are not severely biased, however the large negative birth order effects on infant mortality are partly due to endogenous fertility responses.
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| 22. |
- Lundberg, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Birth Order and Child Health
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous research has established that birth order affects outcomes such as educational achievements, IQ and earnings. The mechanisms behind these effects are, however, still largely unknown. In this paper, we examine birth-order effects on health, and whether health at young age could be a transmission channel for birth-order effects observed later in life. We find no support for the birth-order effect having a biological origin; rather firstborns have worse health at birth. This disadvantage is reversed in early age and later-born siblings are more likely to be hospitalized for injuries and avoidable conditions, which could be related to less parental attention. In adolescence and as young adults, younger siblings are more likely to be of poor mental health and to be admitted to hospital for alcohol induced health conditions. We also critically test for reverse causality by estimating fertility responses to the health of existing children. We conclude that the effects on health are not severely biased; however, the large negative birth-order effects on infant mortality are partly due to endogenous fertility responses. Overall our results suggest that birth order effects are due to differential parental investment because parents’ time and resources are limited.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Lundberg, Jacob
(författare)
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Essays on Income Taxation and Wealth Inequality
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is concerned with inequality, redistribution and taxation, in particular the taxation of labour income and the distribution of wealth. Most of the analysis is focused on Sweden. The thesis consists of four self-contained essays.Essay 1: “Analyzing tax reforms using the Swedish Labour Income Microsimulation Model”. Labour income taxation is a central policy topic because labour income makes up the majority of national income and most taxes are in the end taxes on labour. In order to quantify how behavioural responses of labour income earners affect tax revenue, the Swedish Labour Income Microsimulation Model (SLIMM) is constructed and used to evaluate tax reforms. Elasticities are calibrated to match midpoints of estimates found in the quasiexperimental literature. The simulations indicate that the earned income tax credit has increased employment by 128,000 and has a degree of self-financing of 21 percent. Almost half of the revenue increase from higher municipal tax rates would disappear due to behavioural responses. Tax cuts for the richest fifth of working Swedes are completely self-financing.Essay 2: “The Laffer curve for high incomes”. An expression for the Laffer curve for high incomes is derived, assuming a constant Pareto parameter and elasticity of taxable income. Microsimulations using Swedish population data show that the simulated curve matches the theoretically derived Laffer curve well, suggesting that the analytical expression is not too much of a simplification. A country-level dataset of top effective marginal tax rates and Pareto parameters is assembled. This is used to draw Laffer curves for 27 OECD countries. Revenue-maximizing tax rates and degrees of self-financing for a small tax cut are also computed. The results indicate that degrees of self-financing range between 28 and 195 percent. Five countries have higher tax rates than the peak of the Laffer curve.Essay 3: “Political preferences for redistribution in Sweden” (with Spencer Bastani). We examine preferences for redistribution inherent in Swedish tax policy 1971–2012 using the inverse optimal tax approach. The income distribution is carefully characterized with the help of administrative register data and we employ behavioral elasticities reflecting the perceived distortionary effects of taxation. The revealed social welfare weights are high for non-workers, small for low-income earners, and hump-shaped around the median. At the top, they are always negative, especially so during the high-tax years of the 1970s and ’80s. The weights on non-workers increased sharply in the 1970s, fell drastically in the late ’80s and early ’90s, and have since then increased.Essay 4: “Wealth inequality in Sweden: What can we learn from capitalized income data?” (with Daniel Waldenström). This paper presents new estimates of wealth inequality in Sweden during 2000–2012, linking wealth register data up to 2007 and individually capitalized wealth based on income and property tax registers for the period thereafter when a repeal of the wealth tax stopped the collection of individual wealth statistics. We find that wealth inequality increased after 2007 and that more unequal bank holdings and housing appear to be important drivers. We also evaluate the performance of the capitalization method by contrasting its estimates and their dispersion with observed stocks in register data up to 2007. The goodness-of-fit varies tremendously across assets and we conclude that although capitalized wealth estimates may well approximate overall inequality levels and trends, they are highly sensitive to assumptions and the quality of the underlying data sources.
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| 25. |
- Mörk, Eva, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Childcare costs and the demand for children-evidence from a nationwide reform
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 26:1, s. 33-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploiting the exogenous variation in user fees caused by a Swedish childcare reform, we are able to identify the causal effect of childcare costs on fertility in a context in which childcare enrollment is almost universal, user fees are low, and labor force participation of mothers is very high. Anticipation of a reduction in childcare costs increased the number of first and higher-order births, but only seemed to affect the timing of second births. For families with many children we also find a marginally significant negative income effect on fertility.
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| 26. |
- Mörk, Eva, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of parental job loss on the family environment and on human capital formation : Evidence from workplace closures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the consequences of mothers' and fathers' job loss for parents, families, and children. Rich Swedish administrative data allow us to identify workplace closures and account for non-random selection of displaced workers. Our main conclusion is that effects on children are limited, although parents and families are negatively affected in terms of parental health, labour market outcomes and separations. We find no effects of parental job loss on childhood health. While educational and early adult outcomes are unaffected by paternal job loss, we find small negative effects of maternal job loss, which contradicts some of the earlier evidence. Limited effects on family disposable income suggest that welfare institutions successfully insure families, in particular, those with low income, thus protecting the family environment. A dual earner norm and strong incentives for female labour supply may contribute to the absence of positive effects of maternal job loss.
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| 27. |
- Mörk, Eva, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of parental job loss on the familyenvironment and on human capital formation : Evidence from plant closures
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study the consequences of mothers’ and fathers’ job loss for parents, families, and children. Rich Swedish register data allow us to identify plant closures and account for non-random selection of workers to closing plants by using propensity score matching and controlling for pre-displacement outcomes. Our overall conclusion is positive: childhood health, educational and early adult outcomes are not adversely affected by parental job loss. Parents and families are however negatively affected in terms of parental health, labor market outcomes and separations. Limited effects on family disposable income suggest that generous unemployment insurance and a dual-earner norm shield families from financial distress, which together with universal health care and free education is likely to be protective for children.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Mörk, Eva, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Ojämlikhet i hälsa under uppväxten
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 48:4, s. 59-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 30. |
- Mörk, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Parental unemployment and child health
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze to what extent health outcomes of Swedish children are worse among children whose parents become unemployed. To this end we combine Swedish hospitalization data for 1992-2007 for children 3-18 years of age with register data on parental unemployment. We find that children with unemployed parents are 17 percent more likely to be hospitalized than other children, but that most of the difference is driven by selection. A child fixed-effects approach suggests a small effect of parental unemployment on child health.
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| 31. |
- Mörk, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Parental Unemployment and Child Health
- 2014
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Ingår i: CESifo Economic Studies. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1610-241X .- 1612-7501. ; 60:2, s. 366-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze to what extent health outcomes of Swedish children are worse among children whose parents become unemployed. To this end we combine Swedish hospitalization data for 1992-2007 for children 3-18 years of age with register data on parental unemployment. We find that children with unemployed parents are 17% more likely to be hospitalized than other children, but that most of the difference is driven by selection. A child fixed-effects approach suggests a small effect of parental unemployment on child health. (JEL-codes: I12, J13).
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Svaleryd, Helena, 1970-
(författare)
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Essays in finance, trade and politics
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three essays in economics:Financial markets, industrial specialization and comparative advantage. Evidence from OECD countries. Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the degree of financial development. We find this effect to be strong. In fact, the financial sector has greater impact on industrial specialization among OECD countries than differences in human and physical capital. We also show that causality indeed runs from the financial sector to specialization. Further, financial sectors are a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher-Ohlin-Vanek model. Results are also presented on which aspects of financial systems are important for specialization and comparative advantage.Markets for risk and openness to trade: How are they related? examines if there is a relationship between a country’s financial development and its openness to trade. If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market prices, the development of financial markets could lead to trade liberalization. Likewise, trade liberalization could lead to the development of financial markets that help agents diversify the added risks. In this paper, we empirically address the hypothesis that there is a positive interdependence between financial development and liberal trade policies. We find a positive and economically significant relationship between the two, with causation running in both directions. The results are, however, somewhat dependent on the measure of trade policy being used.Female representation – Is it important for policy decisions? investigates if female representation on Swedish local councils affects local public expenditure patterns. Theoretically, the individual preferences of elected representatives may impact public expenditure if full policy commitment is not feasible. To empirically address the question, I first analyze the preferences expressed by elected local council representatives using survey data. This permits me to make precise predictions about the effects of female representation on spending. The subsequent panel study on the composition of public spending in Swedish municipalities supports the predictions derived from the survey. Using an instrumental-variable approach I establish that the findings are not a result of reverse causality or an omitted variable.
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| 34. |
- Svaleryd, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Financial markets, the pattern of industrial specialization and comparative advantage: Evidence from OECD countries
- 2005
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier: 24 months. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 49:1, s. 113-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to underlying technological and organizational differences, industries differ in their need for external finance. Since services provided by the financial sector are largely immobile across countries, the pattern of industrial specialization should be influenced by the level of financial development. Among OECD countries we find a strong causal effect of the financial sector on industrial specialization. Further, the financial sector is a source of comparative advantage in a way consistent with the Hecksher–Ohlin–Vanek model. Results are also presented on which aspects of financial systems are important for specialization and comparative advantage.
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| 35. |
- Svaleryd, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Markets for risk and openness to trade: how are they related?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of International Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1996 .- 1873-0353. ; , s. 369-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If protectionist trade policies aim to insure domestic industries against swings in world market prices, the development of financial markets could lead to trade liberalization. Likewise, trade liberalization could lead to the development of financial markets that help agents diversify the added risks. In this paper, we empirically address the hypothesis that there is a positive interdependence between financial development and liberal trade policies. We find a positive and economically significant relationship between the two, with causation running in both directions. The results are, however, somewhat dependent on the measure of trade policy being used.
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| 36. |
- Svaleryd, Helena
(författare)
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Self-employment and the local business cycle
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The business cycle is likely to be of importance for self-employment rates. When the economy is growing, business opportunities open up and encourage the set-up of new firms. In downturns, self-employment may be a way to avoid unemployment. The strength of these pull and push factors may depend on the amount of human capital a person has. The findings in this paper show that although the local business cycle is of minor importance for total self-employment rates in Sweden, there are heterogeneous effects across groups. People with higher human capital endowments are more likely to be pulled into self-employment, while those with lower human capital endowments are to a larger extent pushed into self-employment. This pattern is particularly strong for women
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| 37. |
- Svaleryd, Helena, 1970-
(författare)
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Self-employment and the local business cycle
- 2015
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 44:1, s. 55-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The business cycle is likely to be of importance for self-employment rates. When the economy is growing, business opportunities open up and encourage the set-up of new firms. In downturns self-employment may be a way to avoid unemployment. The strength of these pull and push factors may depend on the amount of human capital a person has. The findings in this paper show that although the local business cycle is of minor importance for total self-employment rates in Sweden there are heterogeneous effects across groups. People with higher human capital endowments are more likely to be pulled into self-employment, while those with lower human capital endowments are to a larger extent pushed into self-employment. This pattern is particularly strong for women. The study contributes to our knowledge of how individuals respond to business cycle changes as well as towards understanding why the association between the business cycle and self-employment rates differ across countries.
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| 38. |
- Svaleryd, Helena
(författare)
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Women’s Representation and Public Spending
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Political Economy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0176-2680 .- 1873-5703. ; 93, s. 355-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies whether the degree of women's representation in Swedish local councils affects local public expenditure patterns. To empirically address this question, I first analyze the differences in preferences between men and women expressed by elected local council representatives using survey data. This enables me to make precise predictions about the effects of women's representation on spending. The subsequent panel study on the composition of public spending supports the predictions that increased representation of women in the local council increases spending on childcare and education relative to elderly care.
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| 39. |
- Vlachos, Jonas, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Entrenched Managers Pay their Workers More?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Finance. - : Wiley. - 0022-1082 .- 1540-6261. ; 64:1, s. 309-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analyzing a panel that matches public firms with worker-level data, we find that managerial entrenchment affects workers' pay. CEOs with more control pay their workers more, but financial incentives through cash flow rights ownership mitigate such behavior. Entrenched CEOs pay more to employees closer to them in the corporate hierarchy, geographically closer to the headquarters, and associated with conflict-inclined unions. The evidence is consistent with entrenched CEOs paying more to enjoy private benefits such as lower effort wage bargaining and improved social relations with employees. Our results show that managerial ownership and corporate governance can play an important role for employee compensation.
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| 40. |
- Vlachos, Jonas, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Political Rents in a Non-Corrupt Democracy
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 93:3-4, s. 355-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fundamental problem in all political systems is that the people in power may extract rents to the detriment of the general public. In a democracy, electoral competition and information provided by the media may keep such rent extraction at bay.We develop a simple model where rents are decreasing in the degree of political competition and voter information. In line with our theoretical predictions, we fi nd that both increased political competition and increased local media coverage substantially reduce direct measures of legal political rents among local governments in a non-corrupt democracy (Sweden).
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| 41. |
- Vlachos, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of school closures on SARS-CoV-2 among parents and teachers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 118:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), most countries closed schools, despite uncertainty if school closures are an effective containment measure. At the onset of the pandemic, Swedish upper-secondary schools moved to online instruction, while lower-secondary schools remained open. This allows for a comparison of parents and teachers differently exposed to open and closed schools, but otherwise facing similar conditions. Leveraging rich Swedish register data, we connect all students and teachers in Sweden to their families and study the impact of moving to online instruction on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. We find that, among parents, exposure to open rather than closed schools resulted in a small increase in PCR-confirmed infections (odds ratio [OR] 1.17; 95% CI [CI95] 1.03 to 1.32). Among lower-secondary teachers, the infection rate doubled relative to upper-secondary teachers (OR 2.01; CI95 1.52 to 2.67). This spilled over to the partners of lower-secondary teachers, who had a higher infection rate than their upper-secondary counterparts (OR 1.29; CI95 1.00 to 1.67). When analyzing COVID-19 diagnoses from healthcare visits and the incidence of severe health outcomes, results are similar for teachers, but weaker for parents and teachers' partners. The results for parents indicate that keeping lower-secondary schools open had minor consequences for the overall transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in society. The results for teachers suggest that measures to protect teachers could be considered.
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