| 1. |
- Ferneborg, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pulstation ratios on teat and udder health and productivity in dairy cows in AMS
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of pulsation ratios on teat and udder health and productivity in dairy cows in AMS Ferneborg, Sabine and Svennersten Sjaunja, Kerstin. Kungsängens Research Centre, Sw. Univ. Agric. Sci., SE-753 23 Uppsala, Sweden The pulsation ratio of a milking machine affects not only milk flow and milking time, but has also been reported to cause oedema in the teats and increased somatic cell count. However, most of the studies comparing pulsation ratios have been performed on traditional cluster milking, and the effects are likely to be caused by over milking. A large part of the milking today is performed on quarter level using automatic milking systems (AMS), where the risk of over milking is reduced. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of different pulsation ratios on teat and udder health, productivity and milking parameters in AMS, where each quarter is individually milked. 356 cows on 5 privately owned farms were included in the study, which was performed in a split-udder design where three pulsation ratios; 60:40, 70:30 and 75:25 were compared to the standard pulsation 65:35. Teat score and teat thickness were measured on three occasions during the trial. Milk samples were taken from strip milk for the analysis of milk SCC. Milk yield, milking time and milk flow were registered automatically by the AMS for each milking. All statistical analysis was performed on the differences between control and treated fore- and hind quarter respectively. Data was analyzed using procedures MIXED and GLIMMIX in SAS 9.3. The MIXED model included the fixed effects of treatment and week, as well as treatment by week interaction and the random effect of cow. We found that the pulsation ratios 70:30 and 75:25 increased peak and average flow, and that machine-on-time was shorter on 75:25, while both peak and average flow were lower and machine-on-time shorter on 60:40. We found no support for negative effects on teat or udder health from any of the pulsation ratios applied, and do therefore conclude that increased pulsation ratios can be used to increase productivity in automatic milking systems where quarter milking is applied.
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| 2. |
- Forsbäck, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Day-to-day variation in milk yield and milk composition at udder quarter level
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 93, s. 3569-3577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automatic in-line measurement of milk composition and milk yield could be a useful tool in management of the dairy herd. Data on milk components and milk yield provide information on milk quality alterations and cow health status but are also useful in planning feeding and breeding. In automatic milking systems, udder quarters are milked individually, enabling analysis and recording at the udder-quarter level. Frequent records of components require knowledge about day-today variations. A component with greater day-to-day variation needs more frequent sampling when used as a diagnostic tool and for management decisions. Earlier studies have described the day-to-day variations in milk components for cow composite milk, but with the quarter milking technique and the possible sampling at the udder-quarter level, knowledge about day-to-day variations at the udder-quarter level is needed. In this study, udder-quarter and cow composite milk samples were collected from 42 consecutive milkings of 10 cows during 21 d. Milk yield was recorded and the milk was analyzed for total protein, whey protein, casein, fat, lactose, and somatic cell count. The results showed that the day-to-day variations and mean values for 4 healthy udder quarters within a cow were similar. In addition, different milk components had different levels of day-to-day variation, the least variation being found in lactose (0.9%) and the greatest in fat (7.7%). This suggests that repeated milk sampling and analysis at the udder-quarter level can be used to detect alterations in composition and cow health and would, thus, be helpful in the management of the dairy herd.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Forsbäck, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of quality changes in udder quarter milk from cows with low-to-moderate somatic cell counts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 4, s. 617-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much emphasis has been put on evaluating alterations in milk composition caused by clinical and subclinical mastitis. However, little is known about changes in milk composition during subclinical mastitis in individual udder quarters with a low-to-moderate increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC). This information is needed to decide whether milk from individual udder quarters with a moderate-to-high increase in milk SCC should be separated or not. The aim of this study was to determine how milk composition in separate udder quarters is affected when cow composite milk has low or moderately increased SCC levels. Udder quarter and cow composite milk samples were collected from 17 cows on one occasion. Milk yield was registered and samples were analyzed for SCC, fat, total protein, whey proteins, lactose, citric acid, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), lactoferrin, protein profile, free fatty acids (FFAs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), proteolysis, sodium and potassium. Bacteriological samples were collected twice from all four quarters of all cows. The cows were divided into three groups depending on their SCC at udder quarter level. The first group comprised healthy cows with four udder quarters with low SCC, < 50 000 cells/ml; composition was equal when opposite rear and front quarters were compared. In the second and the third groups, cows had one udder quarter with 101 000 cells/ml < SCC < 600 000 cells/ml and SCC > 700 000 cells/ml, respectively The remaining udder quarters of these cows had low SCC (<100 000 cells/ml). Despite the relatively low average cow composite SCC = 100 000 cells/ml of Group 2, milk from affected udder quarters exhibited lower casein number, content of lactose and beta-casein (beta-CN, while the content of whey protein, sodium, LDH and (alpha-lactoalbumin (alpha-la) were higher compared to healthy opposite quarters. In addition to these changes, milk from affected udder quarters in Group 3 also exhibited lower values of potassium and alpha(s1)-casein (alpha(s1)-CN) and higher values of lactoferrin when compared to milk from opposite healthy quarters. This indicates that even when the SCC in cow composite milk is low, there might exist individual quarters for which milk composition is changed and milk quality impaired.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Fröberg, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of free suckling dairy calves in an automatic milking system and their behaviour at weaning
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 61, s. 145-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of dairy calves allowed to suckle freely (FS) until eight weeks of age in a cubicle system with automatic milking was compared to automatic teat-feeding with low milk (LM) or high milk (HM) substitute allowances. Weight gain and feed intake of FS (n = 13), LM (n = 23) and HM (n = 22) calves were recorded until two weeks after abrupt weaning, and their behaviour was studied during weaning. FS calves had higher weight gain, but much lower solid feed intake until weaning, than LM and HM calves and their advantage in weight remained throughout the study despite very low post-weaning gain. During the first 24 hours after weaning, FS calves displayed more behavioural signs of stress. However, at 72 hours after weaning, behaviour was similar for all treatments. Methods to stimulate solid feed intake before weaning need to be developed to draw advantage of the FS system.
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| 7. |
- Hernandez, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Time lag between peak concentrations of plasma and salivary cortisol following a stressful procedure in dairy cattle
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Measurement of salivary cortisol has been used extensively as a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling to assess adrenal activity in ruminants. However, there is evidence suggesting a considerable delay in the transfer of cortisol from plasma into saliva. Previous studies in cattle have used long sampling intervals making it difficult to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol (PLCort and SACort, respectively) concentrations at different time points and determine whether or not such a time lag exist in large ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol and determine if there is a significant time lag between reaching peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva across a 4.25 h time-period, using short sampling intervals of 10-15 min, following social separation in dairy cattle.Five cows were separated from their calves at 4 days after calving, and six calves were separated from a group of four peers at 8 weeks of age. Following separation, the animals were moved to an unfamiliar surrounding where they could not see their calves or pen mates. The animals were catheterised with indwelling jugular catheters 1 day before sampling. Blood and saliva samples were obtained simultaneously before and after separation.Results: In response to the stressors, PLCort and SACort increased reaching peak concentrations 10 and 20 min after separation, respectively. This suggested a 10 min time lag between peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva, which was further confirmed with a time-series analysis. Considering the 10 min time lag, SACort was strongly correlated with PLCort (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Salivary cortisol correlates well with plasma cortisol and is a good indicator of the time-dependent variations in cortisol concentrations in plasma following acute stress. However, there is a time lag to reach peak cortisol concentrations in saliva compared to those in plasma, which should be considered when saliva samples are used as the only measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in cattle.
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| 8. |
- Lakic, Branislav, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of a single prolonged milking interval on inflammatory parameters, milk composition and yield in dairy cows
- 2011
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 140, s. 110-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A technical stop in automatic milking systems may result in a severely prolonged milking interval (PMI) with subsequent impact on milk somatic cell count (SCC). This study investigated the inflammatory reaction, milk composition and yield during SCC peak observed in composite milk after exposing cows to a single PMI of 24h. At the first milking after the PMI, a sharply increased proportion of milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) but marginally increased SCC were observed. The peak in SCC was not seen until morning milking day 2 after the PMI, notably, concomitantly with a decreased PMN proportion. An increase in blood lactose, milk bovine serum albumin and serum amyloid A (SAA) and a drop in milk alpha lactalbumin (ALA) were seen concomitantly with the peak in PMN. All parameters mentioned, had returned to base line after day 2. The changes in SCC and SAA had the longest duration. Lactate dehydrogenase in afternoon milk was decreased during the whole study as was also afternoon milk yield. Interleukin-1 beta could not be detected in milk at any time. SAA and ALA, respectively, may influence chemotaxis and the changed concentrations observed after the PMI might have contributed to the increased migration of PMN to milk. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Millogo, Vinsoun, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of different hand-milking techniques on milk production and teat treatment in Zebu dairy cattle
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tropical Animal Health and Production. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4747 .- 1573-7438. ; 44, s. 1017-1025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to test three different hand-milking techniques ("pull down", "thumb in", and "full hand grip") and their effects on milk production and teat treatment. This is important since milk production in many tropical areas still rely on hand-milking. The study was carried out at a peri-urban farm in the Bobo-Dioulasso area in Burkina Faso. Twelve indigenous Zebu cows in early lactation were used in the study. The sequences of the treatments (hand-milking techniques) and the milkers were balanced for carry-over effects between successive periods and days, respectively. The sequences were constructed by using special Latin squares. Yield and composition of saleable milk was not affected by milking technique but there were differences between the milkers in milk yield. There was also a significant interaction for saleable milk yield between milker and milking technique. Hemoglobin in milk was measured as an indicator of teat damage. The hemoglobin content was numerically higher in post-milking strip milk samples than in saleable milk. It was concluded that the amount of milk removed depends mainly on the milker and how well the milking technique works for the individual milker. No effect of milking technique was observed on teat treatment.
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| 10. |
- Millogo, Vinsoun, et al.
(författare)
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Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units and local markets in Burkina Faso
- 2010
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Ingår i: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 21, s. 1070-1074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate raw milk hygiene and composition along the dairy chain in Burkina Faso. Milk samples were taken during the rainy and dry seasons from individual cows, farm tanks, milk collectors' churns, dairy processing unit tanks and at local markets. The results showed lower total bacteria count (10-10(4) cfu/ml) in individual cow milk than later in the dairy chain. The total bacteria count in farm tank milk was 10(6) cfu/ml and 10(7) cfu/ml in tank milk at dairy processing units, in milk collectors' churns and in market buckets. Somatic cell count (100,000-150,000 cells/ml) did not show significant variation between individual cow milk and in the rest of the chain. Higher pH and lower milk fat and lactose contents were found in market bucket milk than in farm and processing unit tank milks. It was concluded that milk from the cow is of good hygienic quality, but milk is often contaminated after milking, and the hygienic quality is very low when it reaches the consumers. Also, milk sold at local markets had low fat and lactose contents and high pH during the rainy season, indicating that the milk may have been diluted, which may further increase the hazards for human health. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Nielsen, Per Peetz, et al.
(författare)
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Technical note: Variation in daily milk yield calculations for dairy cows milked in an automatic milking system
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 93, s. 1069-1073
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An accurate estimation of the daily milk yield of dairy cows milked in an automatic milking system is not obvious because of variations in milking intervals and frequencies. Daily harvested milk varies substantially, and developing a method to be used for estimating daily milk production is of great importance. Three calculation methods (simple, semiadvanced, and advanced) were used. The simple method calculated rough daily milk production by summing up the yield per day. The semiadvanced used yield in combination with time since last milking to calculate the milk production per hour between milking; an average of the milk production per hour over the day was calculated and multiplied by 24. The advanced method calculated the milk production from midnight to midnight by using information about yield and time since last milking to calculate the exact milk production. The results show a clear preference for the advanced calculation method because the variation [variation for the advanced method = ln(1.79) for first lactation and ln(2.28) for later lactations] between days was reduced significantly (3 to 4 times lower compared with the simple method). Variation in daily harvested milk can be used as a management tool.
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| 12. |
- Pettersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between milking frequency, lactation persistency and milk yield in Swedish Red heifers and cows milked in a voluntary attendance automatic milking system
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 78, s. 379-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large dataset comprising output from an automatic milking (AM) system between 1999 and 2006 was examined and a total of 172 cow lactation curves and 68 heifer lactation curves were identified for further analysis. Relationships between milking frequency at different stages of lactation and lactation persistency and total lactation yield were determined. Cows had higher peak and total milk yields than heifers, but heifers had higher persistency (defined as the rate of decline in milk yield between days 100 and 300 post calving). Milking frequency did not differ significantly between cows and heifers in early lactation, but thereafter decreased significantly more in cows than in heifers. The effect of milking frequency on yield characteristics was analysed by comparing the highest and lowest quartiles for milking frequency. High milking frequency in early lactation was consistently associated with increased peak yield. High milking frequency averaged across the whole lactation was associated with increased peak yield in both cows and heifers, and with improved lactation persistency in cows only. This resulted in total lactation yield that was 21% greater in the high quartile cows compared with the low.
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| 13. |
- Wredle, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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Smallholder dairy production in Southern Vietnam: Production, management and milk quality problems
- 2010
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Ingår i: African Journal of Agricultural Research. - 1991-637X. ; 5, s. 2668-2675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the prerequisites for dairy production at smallholder farms in Southern Vietnam and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in management at farm level. Data on milk production, management routines and heat stress were collected during farmer interviews and field observations on 120 smallholder dairy farms. Individual milk samples were taken from 360 cows. The average herd contained 12 animals (ranging from 2 to 17), dominated by lactating cows. The main dairy breeds were Holstein Friesian crossbreeds, mostly at F2, F3 and F4. The mean Temperature-Humidity Index was 81 (range 75 to 97) in the morning and 85 (range 72 to 104) in the afternoon and the mean respiration rates for cows were 54 (range 30 to 102) and 70 (range 35 to 116) breaths per minute, with mean rectal temperatures of 38.8 degrees C (range 38 to 39) and 39.3 degrees C (range 38.3 - 40.9). The milk somatic cell count (SCC) was high in all farms, averaging 1, 300, 000 cells/mL. The strength of the dairy producers was their willingness for further education, as 80% of the farmers attended training courses, while poor udder health and heat stress were the most pronounced problems.
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| 14. |
- Wredle, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pasture turnout on milk somatic cell count, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and milk composition in cows housed in tie stalls
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 64, s. 226-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated milk somatic cell count (SCC), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and milk composition in dairy cows, which were kept in tie stalls, during the first days after pasture turnout. Thirty-five cows of the Swedish Red Breed, free of clinical signs of mastitis and with a geometric mean of SCC 67 x 10(3) cells/mL, were turned out to pasture after the morning milking on day 0 and then monitored for the next five days on pasture. Samples of cow composite milk were taken at every milking and analysed for SCC, PMN percentage of the total SCC and milk composition. There was a marked increase in both PMN proportion and SCC with the highest SCC value during the study recorded at the evening milking on day 0. The highest value in morning milk was observed on day 1. Milk SCC values in evening and morning milk declined after day 0 and day 1, respectively, but remained on a higher level compared with before turnout to pasture. Milk composition was only slightly altered. Since the changes in SCC and milk composition were of low magnitude, although statistically significant, these effects of pasture turnout can be considered as of minor importance for the milk quality.
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| 15. |
- Åkerstedt, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Natural variation in biomarkers indicating mastitis in healthy cows
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 78, s. 88-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dairy herds are expanding and, with increasing numbers of animals in each herd, there is a need for automatic recording of indicators in milk in order to detect mastitis, inflammation of the udder. A number of biomarkers for mastitis have been suggested over the years. Mastitis usually occurs in one of the four udder quarters and since it is now possible to milk each udder quarter separately in automated milking systems, it is important to evaluate the normal variation in the biomarkers at udder quarter level. This study evaluated the normal variations between milkings for some biomarkers in clinically healthy cows, determined by repeated somatic cell count and bacteriological analysis. The biomarkers studied were serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), parameters that have been suggested as markers for mastitis. Ten cows were monitored on 42 consecutive milking occasions through collection of udder quarter milk samples and representative cow composite milk samples, giving a total of 2100 individual milk samples. Each cow had its individual profile for the concentrations and variations in the parameters analysed. Although there was relatively large variation between cows for the biomarkers analysed, the variation between milkings in clinically healthy quarters within cows was often below 10%. The biomarker with the lowest variation in this study was LDH. The results suggest that comparing quarters within an individual cow can identify deviations from the natural variations between milkings. This could be a valuable tool instead of, or in combination with, a cut-off value for each parameter in order to detect changes in the milk indicating mastitis.
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| 16. |
- Östensson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Management Factors Influencing Milk Somatic Cell Count and Udder Infection Rate in Smallholder Dairy Cow Herds in Southern Vietnam
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal Of Animal And Veterinary Advances. - : Medwell Publications. - 1680-5593. ; 10, s. 847-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study was conducted to investigate management factors influencing milk Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and udder infection rate in lactating cows housed at smallholder farms in Southern Vietnam. In total 115 lactating cows at 20 farms were included in the study. Management and milking routines were registered and quarter milk samples were taken for analysis of SCC and bacterial species. Watering routine was found to significantly influence herd milk SCC (p = 0.008) and the method of teat cup cleaning showed a tendency to influence herd milk SCC (p = 0.078). Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common bacteria species in all management groups. Cleaning teat cups with detergent at every milking was a routine observed to be associated with lower infection rate of Streptococcus agalactiae. The results of this study show the presence of several in-adequate management and hygienic practices associated with high SCC which if improved could lead to improved udder health and subsequently higher milk yield.
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