| 1. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Abe, O, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 365:9472, s. 1687-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy that began by 1995. Many trials involved CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil), anthracycline-based combinations such as FAC (fluorouracil, doxombicin, cyclophosphamide) or FEC (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), tamoxifen, or ovarian suppression: none involved taxanes, trastuzumab, raloxifene, or modem aromatase inhibitors. Findings Allocation to about 6 months of anthracycline-based polychemotherapy (eg, with FAC or FEC) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about 38% (SE 5) for women younger than 50 years of age when diagnosed and by about 20% (SE 4) for those of age 50-69 years when diagnosed, largely irrespective of the use of tamoxifen and of oestrogen receptor (ER) status, nodal status, or other tumour characteristics. Such regimens are significantly (2p=0 . 0001 for recurrence, 2p<0 . 00001 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than CMF chemotherapy. Few women of age 70 years or older entered these chemotherapy trials. For ER-positive disease only, allocation to about 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by 31% (SE 3), largely irrespective of the use of chemotherapy and of age (<50, 50-69, &GE; 70 years), progesterone receptor status, or other tumour characteristics. 5 years is significantly (2p<0 . 00001 for recurrence, 2p=0 . 01 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than just 1-2 years of tamoxifen. For ER-positive tumours, the annual breast cancer mortality rates are similar during years 0-4 and 5-14, as are the proportional reductions in them by 5 years of tamoxifen, so the cumulative reduction in mortality is more than twice as big at 15 years as at 5 years after diagnosis. These results combine six meta-analyses: anthracycline-based versus no chemotherapy (8000 women); CMF-based versus no chemotherapy (14 000); anthracycline-based versus CMF-based chemotherapy (14 000); about 5 years of tamoxifen versus none (15 000); about 1-2 years of tamoxifen versus none (33 000); and about 5 years versus 1-2 years of tamoxifen (18 000). Finally, allocation to ovarian ablation or suppression (8000 women) also significantly reduces breast cancer mortality, but appears to do so only in the absence of other systemic treatments. For middle-aged women with ER-positive disease (the commonest type of breast cancer), the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the next 15 years would be approximately halved by 6 months of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with a combination such as FAC or FEC) followed by 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. For, if mortality reductions of 38% (age <50 years) and 20% (age 50-69 years) from such chemotherapy were followed by a further reduction of 31% from tamoxifen in the risks that remain, the final mortality reductions would be 57% and 45%, respectively (and, the trial results could well have been somewhat stronger if there had been full compliance with the allocated treatments). Overall survival would be comparably improved, since these treatments have relatively small effects on mortality from the aggregate of all other causes. Interpretation Some of the widely practicable adjuvant drug treatments that were being tested in the 1980s, which substantially reduced 5-year recurrence rates (but had somewhat less effect on 5-year mortality rates), also substantially reduce 15-year mortality rates. Further improvements in long-term survival could well be available from newer drugs, or better use of older drugs.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Björk, Ingrid, 1961-
(författare)
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Relativizing linguistic relativity : Investigating underlying assumptions about language in the neo-Whorfian literature
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work concerns the linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which, in its most general form claims that ‘lan-guage’ influences ‘thought’. Past studies into linguistic relativity have treated various aspects of both thought and language, but a growing body of literature has recently emerged, in this thesis referred to as neo-Whorfian, that empirically investigates thought and language from a cross-linguistic perspective and claims that the grammar or lexicon of a particular language influences the speakers’ non-linguistic thought.The present thesis examines the assumptions about language that underlie this claim and criticizes the neo-Whorfian arguments from the point of view that they are based on misleading notions of language. The critique focuses on the operationalization of thought, language, and culture as separate vari-ables in the neo-Whorfian empirical investigations. The neo-Whorfian stud-ies explore language primarily as ‘particular languages’ and investigate its role as a variable standing in a causal relation to the ‘thought’ variable. Tho-ught is separately examined in non-linguistic tests and found to ‘correlate’ with language.As a contrast to the neo-Whorfian view of language, a few examples of other approaches to language, referred to in the thesis as sociocultural appro-aches, are reviewed. This perspective on language places emphasis on prac-tice and communication rather than on particular languages, which are vie-wed as secondary representations. It is argued that from a sociocultural per-spective, language as an integrated practice cannot be separated from tho-ught and culture. The empirical findings in the neo-Whorfian studies need not be rejected, but they should be interpreted differently. The findings of linguistic and cognitive diversity reflect different communicational practices in which language cannot be separated from non-language.
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| 9. |
- Cosgrove, John W., et al.
(författare)
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A train of kink folds in the surficial salt of Qom Kuh, Central Iran
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Structural Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8141 .- 1873-1201. ; 31:10, s. 1212-1222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The many subaerial extrusions of salt current in Iran are smaller and faster versions of steady state extrusions of metamorphic rocks from crustal channels in mountain chains. The extruded salt develops a variety of internal folds as the salt accumulates ductile displacements that can reach metres a year. Weather-induced elastic strains de-stress the outer layers of salt extrusions to a brittle carapace of broken dilated salt. Qom Kuh, situated in Central Iran, is a comparatively small and slow example of a viscous salt fountain and, as a result, its brittle elastic carapace may be thicker than most This may account for Qom Kuh being the only salt fountain known to have a train of 10 m scale kink folds in its surficial salt. We attribute these folds to lateral shortening and back-shear of a surface-parallel planar mechanical anisotropy in the surficial salt induced by gravitationally driven ductile flow of the underlying salt. When it is dry, the elastic carapace is relatively strong and acts as a stiff corset impeding gravity spreading of the underlying confined salt. However, the carapace weakens and kinks on wetting, allowing the underlying salt to gravity spread. These folds illustrate how the weather can affect gravity spreading of surficial salt masses and how complex the interplay of tectonic and climatic signals can be in "steady state" mountains.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ghasemi, A, et al.
(författare)
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A new tectonic scenario fro the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1367-9120 .- 1878-5786. ; 26:6, s. 683-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent geochemical studies of volcanic rocks forming part of the ophiolites within the Zagros and Naien-Baft orogen indicate that most of them were developed as supra-subduction ophiolites in intra-oceanic island arc environments. Intra-oceanic island arcs and ophiolites now forming the Naien-Baft zone were emplaced southwestward onto the northeastern margin of the South Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, while those now in the High Zagros were emplaced southwestward onto the northern margin of Arabia. Thereafter, subduction continued on opposite sides of the remnant oceans. The floor of Neo-Tethys Ocean was subducted at a low angle beneath the entire Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, and the floor of the Naien-Baft Ocean was subducted beneath the Central Iranian Micro-continent. The Naien-Baft Ocean extended into North-West Iran only temporarily. This failed ocean arm (between the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage and the main Zagros Thrust) was filled by thick Upper Triassic-Upper Jurassic sediments. The Naien-Baft Ocean finally closed in the Paleocene and Neo-Tethys closed in the Early to Middle Eocene. After Arabia was sutured to Iran. the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage recorded slab break-off in the Middle Eocene.
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| 12. |
- Ghebreab, W, et al.
(författare)
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Time constraints on exhumation of the East African Orogen from field observations and Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages of low-angle mylonites in Eritrea, NE Africa
- 2005
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Ingår i: Precambrian Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-9268. ; 139:1-2, s. 20-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neoproterozoic high-grade metamorphic rocks of the lower to middle crust are exposed along parts of the East African Orogen (EAO). However, the mechanisms and rates of exhumation of these deep orogenic rocks remain unclear. In eastern Eritrea, the rocks of the EAO comprise two lithotectonic domains: Ghedem and Bizen. The Ghedem domain consists of low-angle mylonites among lower to middle crustal gneisses and schists that were metamorphosed at amphibolite facies conditions before being retrogressed locally. Here we quantitatively constrain time increments in the exhumation history of the low-angle Ghedem mylonites using Ar-40/Ar-39-cooling ages for metamorphic homblende and white mica samples extracted from them. The hornblende samples gave an average plateau age of about 579 6 Ma and the white mica samples an average plateau age of about 567 +/- 5 Ma. Geothermobarometry had already shown that these rocks experienced progressive syn-deformation metamorphism that peaked when P-T conditions were near 12 kbar and 650 degrees C at 593 +/- 5 Ma. These P-T conditions and the new Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages indicate that cooling and exhumation of the low-angle mylonites of the Ghedem domain were accomplished in three increments of different rate as they progressively rose from as deep as 45 km while the orogen was collapsing during the late Neoproterozoic. In the first increment, the rocks cooled similar to 11 degrees C/Ma as they rose at about 1.07 km/Ma to cool through 500 degrees C at a depth of 30 km at 579 5 Ma. In the second increment, the rocks cooled about similar to 10 degrees C/Ma after their exhumation rate increased to about 1.25 km/Ma so that they cooled through 300 degrees C at 567 5 Ma. A third increment, poorly constrained by unconformable Permo-Carboniferous sediments, implies minimum cooling rates of 1.4 degrees C/Ma and exhumation rates of only 0.06 km/Ma. The first two increments of exhumation occurred when the EAO in eastern Eritrea was undergoing gravitational collapse probablymuch faster and later than in the southern EAO. Such regional differences in gravitational collapse rates map local differences in maximum lithospheric thickness built by the final convergence of East and West Gondwana.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hessami, Khaled, et al.
(författare)
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Active deformation within the Zagros Mountains deduced from GPS measurements
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of the Geological Society. - : Geological Society of London. - 0016-7649 .- 2041-479X. ; 163:1, s. 143-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present and interpret the results of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at 35 stations in and beside the Zagros Mountain belt, SW Iran, for three campaigns ending March 1998, December 1999 and June 2001. Preliminary motion estimates show clearly the change in character along the strike of the belt. Stations to the SE move at 13–22 ± 3 mm a–1 towards N 7 ± 5°E with respect to Eurasia. Most of the shortening indicated by the GPS velocities seems to occur in the SE Zagros along two major seismic zones and along the Zagros front. To the NW, stations move oblique to the trend of the belt towards N 12 ± 8°W, at 14–19 ± 3 mm a–1. Most of the shortening in the NW Zagros seems to occur along the Mountain Front Fault with its major earthquakes as well as along the Zagros front. The change in direction and magnitude of the velocity vectors across the north–south-trending Kazerun and Karebas faults involves extension of up to 4 mm a–1 along the strike of the Zagros belt.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Mukherjee, Soumyajit, et al.
(författare)
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Estimation of salt Viscosity in the Hormuz- & the Namakdan Salt Diapirs, Persian Gulf
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annual Transactions - The Nordic Rheology Society. - 1601-4057. ; 15, s. 189-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Hormuz- and the Namakdan salt diapirs extrude as parabolic profiles in the last 10 4 years. Velocity profiles of salts extruding through these diapirs are derived assuming Newtonian viscous flow of salts. Viscosity of salt in these diapirs are calculated to be 10 18-10 21 Pa s and10 17-10 21 Pa s, respectively.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Talbot, Christopher J.
(författare)
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Hydrothermal salt - but how much?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Marine and Petroleum Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8172 .- 1873-4073. ; 25:2, s. 191-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Talbot, Christopher J.
(författare)
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Palaeoproterozoic crustal building in NE Uto, southern Svecofennides, Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: GFF. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863. ; 130, s. 49-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence is presented that the greywackes of Uto were recycled by mass flows in an accretionary prism subducting the floor of an ocean open to the east. The prism built a shelf of siliclastic sediments capped by carbonate banks that were episodically smothered by falls of silicic pyroclastic rocks as intrusions of mixed andesitic to rhyolitic melts from the follow-up magmatic arc began to convert the accretionary prism into crystalline Svecofennia at about 1904 Ma. The NE trending Uto Shear Zone (USZ) juxtaposes greywackes tectonised in two major phases at different structural levels. Two generations of porphyroblasts (andalusite cordierite garnet) indicate that greywackes south-east of the USZ were never sufficiently deep to melt. Three generations of migmatites (Migs(1-3) +/- fibrolite) indicate that similar greywackes north-west of the USZ were subducted to temperatures that partially melted them. Mig(1) leucosomes fed the older sheet granites that were foliated and deformed by the first nappes that verged westward across N-S axes during open-ocean crustal building. Mig(2) leucosomes are axial planar to upright NE trending second folds and fed the graphic pegmatites and younger granites as the region thickened during continental convergence. Mig(3) neosomes axial planar to the third folds are only local and probably contemporaneous with the late Li-RE pegmatites (1820-1815 Ga). Lateral tectonic escape along the USZ occurred along gneiss and schist zones hundreds of m wide before localising to metre-wide mylonite zones and then millimetre-wide seismic pseudotachylites. Kinking of these structures indicate the onset of tectonic constraint as Uto rose through the ductile-brittle transition zone.
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| 23. |
- Talbot, Christopher J., et al.
(författare)
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Potash in a salt mushroom at Hormoz Island, Hormoz Strait, Iran
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 35:3-4, s. 317-332
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing volumes of potash are currently being discovered in a cluster of diapirs of Hormoz (formerly Hormuz) salt near Bandar Abbas, Iran. Most of the potash beds studied so far occur in complex recumbent folds in a salt mountain that would be difficult to exploit safely. However, Holocene marine erosion removed any salt mountains from a sub-group of near-shore Zagros diapirs and exposed their deeper structural levels. Even though these diapirs are still active, their potash deposits are likely more tractable to safe exploitation than in a salt mountain - as we make clear here for Hormoz Island. Geochemical surveys on Hormoz Island reveal two separate potash anomalies that are valuable pseudostratigraphic markers. Integrating field measurements of the attitudes of bedding with lineaments on air photos suggests that Hormoz Island consists of a mature bell- or plume-shaped mushroom diapir with potash beds wound around a toroidal axis of rotation near current exposure levels. 2D numerical models simulate the salt mushroom on Hormoz Island and its internal circulation. They also suggest that the diapir has a wide overhand above a narrow stem in this gas-rich region. We use the mushroom diapir model to outline a regional exploration strategy that has the potential of influencing the world potash market thereafter.
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| 24. |
- Talbot, Christopher J., et al.
(författare)
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Potash in salt extruded at Sar Pohl diapir, Southern Iran
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 35:3-4, s. 352-366
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent progress in the search for potassium salts in Iran is outlined. After reviewing how most potassium ores form by the evaporation of seawater +/- hydrothermal brines, we focus on how most ores are deformed within salt diapirs. We summarise the history of the 150 or so diapirs of Hormoz salt emergent in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and then consider in detail the nature of potash at Sar Pohl, 60 km west of Bandar Abbas. These deposits are unique in that they occur in salt that extruded sub-aerially and spread over the surrounding ground surface via gravity-driven collapse. Mapping and drilling of the complex structural geology of Sar Pohl found the potash beds to be dispersed in distal salt but concentrated in piles of recumbent folds with axes circumferential to the mountain over lows in the vent rim. Equivalents of the curtain folds surviving in the stems of German diapirs presumably still exist beneath Sar Pohl and would be safer to mine than the recumbent folds in this soluble mountain. However, it should be possible to continuously pump water onto the exposed salt and guide the resulting brines through evaporation ponds and then a crystallization plant on the adjacent plains. This approach would accelerate natural degradation processes but harvest potash currently draining into the gulf.
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