| 1. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
-
PHENIX detector overview
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment. - 0167-5087. ; 499:2-3, s. 469-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PHENIX detector is designed to perform a broad study of A-A, p-A, and p-p collisions to investigate nuclear matter under extreme conditions. A wide variety of probes, sensitive to all timescales, are used to study systematic variations with species and energy as well as to measure the spin structure of the nucleon. Designing for the needs of the heavy-ion and polarized-proton programs has produced a detector with unparalleled capabilities. PHENIX measures electron and muon pairs, photons, and hadrons with excellent energy and momentum resolution. The detector consists of a large number of subsystems that are discussed in other papers in this volume. The overall design parameters of the detector are presented. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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Centrality dependence of the high (PT) charged hadron suppression in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN)=130 GeV
- 2003
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - 0370-2693. ; 561:1-2, s. 82-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PHENIX has measured the centrality dependence of charged hadron p(T) spectra from Au +An collisions at root(s)NN = 130 GeV The truncated mean p(T) decreases with centrality for p(T) > 2 GeV/c, indicating an apparent reduction of the contribution from hard scattering to high p(T) hadrdn production. For central collisions the yield at high p(T) is shown to be suppressed compared to binary nucleon-nucleon collision scaling of p + p, data. This suppression is monotonically increasing with centrality, but most of the change occurs below 30% centrality, i.e., for collisions with less than similar to140 participating nucleons. The observed p(T) and centrality dependence is consistent with the particle production predicted by models including hard scattering and subsequent energy loss of the scattered partons in the dense matter created in the collisions. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
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| 3. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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Event-by-event fluctuations in mean p(T) and mean E(T) in root s(NN)=130 GeVAu+Au collisions
- 2002
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 66:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distributions of event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum and mean transverse energy near mid-rapidity have been measured in Au+Au collisions at roots(NN)=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. By comparing the distributions to what is expected for statistically independent particle emission, the magnitude of nonstatistical fluctuations in mean transverse momentum is determined to be consistent with zero. Also, no significant nonrandom fluctuations in mean transverse energy are observed. By constructing a fluctuation model with two event classes that preserve the mean and variance of the semi-inclusive p(T) or e(T) spectra, we exclude a region of fluctuations in roots(NN)=130 GeV Au+Au collisions.
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| 4. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Measurements via Two-Particle Azimuthal Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV
- 2002
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-particle azimuthal correlation functions are presented for charged hadrons produced in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV). The measurements permit determination of elliptic flow without event-by-event estimation of the reaction plane. The extracted elliptic flow values (v2) show significant sensitivity to both the collision centrality and the transverse momenta of emitted hadrons, suggesting rapid thermalization and relatively strong velocity fields. When scaled by the eccentricity of the collision zone ε, the scaled elliptic flow shows little or no dependence on centrality for charged hadrons with relatively low pT. A breakdown of this ε scaling is observed for charged hadrons with pT >1.0 GeV/c.
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| 5. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of Lambda and (Lambda)over-bar particles in Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=130 GeV
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 89:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results on the measurement of Lambda and (&ULambda;) over bar production in Au+Au collisions at roots(NN)=130 GeV with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The transverse momentum spectra were measured for minimum bias and for the 5% most central events. The (&ULambda;) over bar/Lambda ratios are constant as a function of p(T) and the number of participants. The measured net Lambda density is significantly larger than predicted by models based on hadronic strings (e.g., HIJING) but in approximate agreement with models which include the gluon-junction mechanism.
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| 6. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Measurement of single electrons and implications for charm production in Au+Au collisions at root(NN)-N-S=130 GeV
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 88:19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transverse momentum spectra of electrons from Au+Au collisions at roots(NN) = 130 GeV have been measured at midrapidity by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The spectra show an excess above the background from photon conversions and light hadron decays. The electron signal is consistent with that expected from semileptonic decays of charm. The yield of the electron signal dN(e)/dy for p(T) > 0.8 GeV/c is 0.025 +/- 0.004(stat) +/- 0.010( syst) in central collisions, and the corresponding charm cross section is 380 +/- 60(stat) +/- 200(syst ) mub per binary nucleon-nucleon collision.
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| 7. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Net charge fluctuations in Au+Au interactions root s(NN)=130 GeV
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data from Au+ Au interactions at s(NN)=130 GeV, obtained with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider, are used to investigate local net charge fluctuations among particles produced near midrapidity. According to recent suggestions, such fluctuations may carry information from the quark-gluon plasma. This analysis shows that the fluctuations are dominated by a stochastic distribution of particles, but are also sensitive to other effects, like global charge conservation and resonance decays.
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| 8. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Suppression of hadrons with large transverse momentum in central Au+Au collisions at root s(NN)=130 GeV
- 2002
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 88:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and for neutral pions in the range 1 Gev/c < P-T < 5 GeV/c have been measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au + Au collisions at rootS(NN) = 130 GeV. At high p(T) the spectra from peripheral nuclear collisions are consistent with scaling the spectra from p + p collisions by the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The spectra from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to the binary-scaled p + p expectation, and also when compared to similarly binary-scaled peripheral collisions, indicating a novel nuclear-medium effect in central nuclear collisions at RHIC energies.
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| 9. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Transverse-mass dependence of two-pion correlations in Au+Au collisions at root(NN)-N-S=130 GeV
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 88:19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-pion correlations in roots(NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC have been measured over a broad range of pair transverse momentum k(T) by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. The k(T) dependent transverse radii are similar to results from heavy-ion collisions at roots(NN) = 4.1 , 4.9, and 17.3 GeV, whereas the longitudinal radius increases monotonically with beam energy. The ratio of the outwards to sidewards transverse radii (R-out/R-side) is consistent with unity and independent of k(T) .
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| 10. |
- Davidov, Eugene, et al.
(författare)
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Methods for the differential integrative omic analysis of plasma from a transgenic disease animal model
- 2004
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Ingår i: Omics. - : Mary Ann Liebert. - 1536-2310 .- 1557-8100. ; 8:4, s. 267-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multitiered quantitative analysis of biological systems is rapidly becoming the desired approach to study hierarchical functional interactions between proteins and metabolites. We describe here a novel systematic approach to analyze organisms with complex metabolic regulatory networks. By using precise analytical methods to measure biochemical constituents and their relative abundance in whole plasma of transgenic ApoE*3-Leiden mice and an isogenic wild-type control group, simultaneous snapshots of metabolic and protein states were obtained. Novel data processing and multivariate analysis tools such as Impurity Resolution Software (IMPRESS) and Windows-based linear fit program (WINLIN) were used to compare protein and metabolic profiles in parallel. Canonical correlations of the resulting data show quantitative relationships between heterogeneous components in the TG animals. These results, obtained solely from whole plasma analysis allowed us, in a rapid manner, to corroborate previous findings as well as find new events pertaining to dominant and peripheral events in lipoprotein metabolism of a genetically modified mammalian organism in relation to ApoE3, a key mediator of lipoprotein metabolism.
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| 11. |
- Rioux, John D., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation in the 5q31 cytokine gene cluster confers susceptibility to Crohn disease
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 29:2, s. 223-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping provides a powerful method for fine-structure localization of rare disease genes, but has not yet been widely applied to common disease1. We sought to design a systematic approach for LD mapping and apply it to the localization of a gene (IBD5) conferring susceptibility to Crohn disease. The key issues are: (i) to detect a significant LD signal (ii) to rigorously bound the critical region and (iii) to identify the causal genetic variant within this region. We previously mapped the IBD5 locus to a large region spanning 18 cM of chromosome 5q31 (P<10−4). Using dense genetic maps of microsatellite markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the entire region, we found strong evidence of LD. We bound the region to a common haplotype spanning 250 kb that shows strong association with the disease (P<2×10−7) and contains the cytokine gene cluster. This finding provides overwhelming evidence that a specific common haplotype of the cytokine region in 5q31 confers susceptibility to Crohn disease. However, genetic evidence alone is not sufficient to identify the causal mutation within this region, as strong LD across the region results in multiple SNPs having equivalent genetic evidence—each consistent with the expected properties of the IBD5 locus. These results have important implications for Crohn disease in particular and LD mapping in general.
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| 12. |
- White, Eric J., et al.
(författare)
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DNA replication-timing analysis of human chromosome 22 at high resolution and different developmental states
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 101:51, s. 17771-17776
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Duplication of the genome during the S phase of the cell cycle does not occur simultaneously; rather, different sequences are replicated at different times. The replication timing of specific sequences can change during development; however, the determinants of this dynamic process are poorly understood. To gain insights into the contribution of developmental state, genomic sequence, and transcriptional activity to replication timing, we investigated the timing of DNA replication at high resolution along an entire human chromosome (chromosome 22) in two different cell types. The pattern of replication timing was correlated with respect to annotated genes, gene expression, novel transcribed regions of unknown function, sequence composition, and cytological features. We observed that chromosome 22 contains regions of early- and late-replicating domains of 100 kb to 2 Mb, many (but not all) of which are associated with previously described chromosomal bands. In both cell types, expressed sequences are replicated earlier than nontranscribed regions. However, several highly transcribed regions replicate late. Overall, the DNA replication-timing profiles of the two different cell types are remarkably similar, with only nine regions of difference observed. In one case, this difference reflects the differential expression of an annotated gene that resides in this region. Novel transcribed regions with low coding potential exhibit a strong propensity for early DNA replication. Although the cellular function of such transcripts is poorly understood, our results suggest that their activity is linked to the replication-timing program.
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| 13. |
- Blane, Caroline E, et al.
(författare)
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Decreasing rate of fatty involution at screening mammography
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Academic Radiology. - 1878-4046. ; 9:8, s. 895-898
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to document the perceived decrease in fatty involution at screening mammography during the past decade and evaluate the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In December 1996, the mammograms of 261 consecutive screening patients with a comparison study obtained 5 years earlier were evaluated, and their breasts were categorized according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories for breast density. The women, aged 50-59 years, included 119 who had been receiving HRT for 0.25-15 years (mean, 3 years). From the files, 261 age-matched screening mammograms from 1986 were obtained; these patients also had comparison mammograms from 1981. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the 1980s group, the 1990s group receiving HRT, and the 1990s group not receiving HRT. Scheffe tests were used for post hoc comparisons. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the relative influence of age, decade, score of the first mammogram, and HRT. RESULTS: Breast density for the 1991 mammograms did not differ significantly from that in 1981 (P < .05). Initial breast density was the best predictor of final breast density in both decades (P < .001), regardless of HRT status. The change in breast density (toward fatty) over the 5-year interval in the 1980s (mean, 0.48) was significantly greater than that in both 1990s groups (mean for HRT group, 0.11; no HRT, 0.30; P < .05). CONCLUSION: These results confirm that breast density at screening mammography in the 1990s did not decrease with age at the same rate as in the 1980s, even in patients not receiving HRT.
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| 14. |
- Blusch, Jürgen H, et al.
(författare)
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The novel early region 3 protein E3/49K is specifically expressed by adenoviruses of subgenus D : implications for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and adenovirus evolution
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Virology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0042-6822 .- 1096-0341. ; 296:1, s. 94-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The early transcription unit 3 (E3) of adenoviruses (Ads) encodes immunomodulatory functions. We previously described a novel gene of 49K within the E3 region of Ad19a, an Ad of subgenus D that is similar to Ad8 and Ad37 causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Interestingly, 49K was reported not to be present in Ad9 and Ad17, other subgenus D Ads not causing EKC. Therefore, we investigated whether 49K is selectively expressed in EKC-causing Ads. Using specific DNA probes, we detect 49K-homologous genes in all subgenus D Ads tested. Moreover, 49K-specific antibodies recognize a high molecular weight protein in cells infected with all subgenus D serotypes irrespective of their ability to cause EKC. Sequencing of several 49K genes reveals a high homology without a distinct feature recognizable for those of EKC-associated Ad strains. Thus, E3/49K is a subgenus D specific E3 protein whose expression does not correlate with the EKC-causing phenotype and thus may rather be implicated in illnesses commonly caused by this subgenus. Interestingly, the 49K sequences of Ad19a and Ad37 are identical. To estimate the extent of the sequence identity between these two viruses, we initially sequenced the right ITR and the hexon. This analysis revealed that the right ITR of Ad19a is identical to Ad37, while the hexon sequence is Ad19p-like. This suggested that the region of identity is much larger and that Ad19a arose by recombination of Ad37 with an Ad19p-like Ad. Further sequencing mapped the crossover within the DNA binding protein. Thus, Ad19a contains a large sequence block ( approximately 13 kb), from the 100K gene to the right ITR, identical to Ad37. The implications of these findings in light of the temporal appearance of the EKC-causing Ad strains are discussed.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Crabtree, Judy S, et al.
(författare)
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Of mice and MEN1 : Insulinomas in a conditional mouse knockout.
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Molecular and Cellular Biology. - 0270-7306 .- 1098-5549. ; 23:17, s. 6075-6085
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) develop multiple endocrine tumors, primarily affecting the parathyroid, pituitary, and endocrine pancreas, due to the inactivation of the MEN1 gene. A conditional mouse model was developed to evaluate the loss of the mouse homolog, Men1, in the pancreatic beta cell. Men1 in these mice contains exons 3 to 8 flanked by loxP sites, such that, when the mice are crossed to transgenic mice expressing cre from the rat insulin promoter (RIP-cre), exons 3 to 8 are deleted in beta cells. By 60 weeks of age, >80% of mice homozygous for the floxed Men1 gene and expressing RIP-cre develop multiple pancreatic islet adenomas. The formation of adenomas results in elevated serum insulin levels and decreased blood glucose levels. The delay in tumor appearance, even with early loss of both copies of Men1, implies that additional somatic events are required for adenoma formation in beta cells. Comparative genomic hybridization of beta cell tumor DNA from these mice reveals duplication of chromosome 11, potentially revealing regions of interest with respect to tumorigenesis.
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| 17. |
- Florez, Jose C., et al.
(författare)
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Haplotype Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of the Sulfonylurea Receptor and the Islet ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Region.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 53:5, s. 1360-1368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genes for the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1; encoded by ABCC8) and its associated islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel (Kir6.2; encoded by KCNJ11) are adjacent to one another on human chromosome 11. Multiple studies have reported association of the E23K variant of Kir6.2 with risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether and how E23K itself—or other variant(s) in either of these two closely linked genes—influences type 2 diabetes remains to be fully determined. To better understand genotype-phenotype correlation at this important candidate gene locus, we 1) characterized haplotype structures across the gene region by typing 77 working, high-frequency markers spanning 207 kb and both genes; 2) performed association studies of E23K and nearby markers in >3,400 patients (type 2 diabetes and control) not previously reported in the literature; and 3) analyzed the resulting data for measures of insulin secretion. These data independently replicate the association of E23K with type 2 diabetes with an odds ratio (OR) in the new data of 1.17 (P = 0.003) as compared with an OR of 1.14 provided by meta-analysis of previously published, nonoverlapping data (P = 0.0002). We find that the E23K variant in Kir6.2 demonstrates very strong allelic association with a coding variant (A1369S) in the neighboring SUR1 gene (r2 > 0.9) across a range of population samples, making it difficult to distinguish which gene and polymorphism in this region are most likely responsible for the reported association. We show that E23K is also associated with decreased insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant control subjects, supporting a mechanism whereby β-cell dysfunction contributes to the common form of type 2 diabetes. Like peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ, the SUR1/Kir6.2 gene region both contributes to the inherited risk of type 2 diabetes and encodes proteins that are targets for hypoglycemic medications, providing an intriguing link between the underlying mechanism of disease and validated targets for pharmacological treatment.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Götherström, Anders, 1969-
(författare)
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Acquired or inherited prestige? : molecular studies of family structures and local horses in Central Svealand during the Early Medieval period
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a study of the role of inheritance among the élite in Early Medieval central Svealand and the possibility to study it by molecular genetic methods. The study is a part of the research project Svealand in the Vendel and Viking periods (SIV). The study rests on classical as well as a new type of source material.Hypotheses are built on the results from a research tradition resting on more than a century of data gathering and analysis. The boat cemeteries in central Svealand hold a central position in this work. Several models have been constructed over the years to explain the appearance of these special and often rich remains. In this work they are discussed in terms of inherited or acquired status, the status that gave the individual the right to such burial. Since these sites have often been discussed in terms of control of northern trade routs, a discussion on ethnicity is inevitable. A distinction between genetic and cultural belonging is made.To test the models, built upon classic archaeological research, molecular genetics is applied to the material. A variety of such molecular systems exist for studies on modern material. Some of them have been selected and heavily modified to be applicable to archaeological material. Systems based on maternally as well as paternally and Mendelian inheritances are used. One of the goals in the methodological work has been to establish which of the methods that may reveal relevant information if applied to archaeological material.Bone material from humans as well as from horses was used to test the models. The human material was mainly gathered from excavations of boat cemeteries in central Svealand, but also from an early Christian site in southern Norrland. The horse material was from a wider geographical area, including central Svealand as well as the Baltic islands Öland and Gotland, and sites in Estonia. The material was mainly from contexts of a high social status, but also, to a much lesser extent, from more common society levels. The results reveal an archaeological potential in the genetic studies of ancient bones. Genetic relations were identified on several cemeteries (Badelunda, Alsike and Björned), but also individuals with no genetic relation to the others were identified (Alsike and Björned). Horses of different sexes and with different maternal origin were also identified.The results indicate that the kin was an important feature in the upper class during the Early Medieval period in central Svealand. The kin probably had a higher importance than gender belonging. The studied horses reveal a similar situation where features other than the sex seems to have been important. However, the family seems to have been an open unit where it was possible for outsiders to enter and become a part. Thus, inheritance was important, but it was possible for an individual with deviating background to reach a desired position in other ways. There was no absolute connection between social status and genetics. As for one of the main status object, the horse, a dynamic and continuous distribution is suggested, either based on trade or on a gift system.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Hoffland, Ellis, et al.
(författare)
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The role of fungi in weathering
- 2004
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. - 1540-9295 .- 1540-9309. ; 2:5, s. 258-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- No rock at the Earth’s surface escapes weathering. This process is the primary source of all the essential elements for organisms, except nitrogen and carbon. Since the onset of terrestrial life, weathering has been accelerated under the influence of biota. The study of biological weathering started at the end of the 19th century. Although the role of bacteria (Eubacteria, Archaea) has attracted a lot of interest, until recently the role of fungi has largely been neglected. More recently, however, fungal weathering has become an increasingly important focus of biogeochemical research.
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| 22. |
- Kleywegt, Gerard J, et al.
(författare)
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The Uppsala Electron-Density Server
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallographica Section D. - 0907-4449 .- 1399-0047. ; 60:Pt 12 Pt 1, s. 2240-2249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Uppsala Electron Density Server (EDS; http://eds.bmc.uu.se/) is a web-based facility that provides access to electron-density maps and statistics concerning the fit of crystal structures and their maps. Maps are available for approximately 87% of the crystallographic Protein Data Bank (PDB) entries for which structure factors have been deposited and for which straightforward map calculations succeed in reproducing the published R value to within five percentage points. Here, an account is provided of the methods that are used to generate the information contained in the server. Some of the problems that are encountered in the map-generation process as well as some spin-offs of the project are also discussed.
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| 23. |
- Lundin, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Different Roles for Nonhomologous End Joining and Homologous Recombination following Replication Arrest in Mammalian Cells
- 2002
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Ingår i: Molecular and Cellular Biology. - : American Society of Microbiology. - 0270-7306. ; 22:16, s. 5869-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) play overlapping roles in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during the S phase of the cell cycle. Here, we characterized the involvement of HR and NHEJ in the rescue of DNA replication forks arrested or slowed by treatment of hamster cells with hydroxyurea or thymidine. We show that the arrest of replication with hydroxyurea generates DNA fragmentation as a consequence of the formation of DSBs at newly replicated DNA. Both HR and NHEJ protected cells from the lethal effects of hydroxyurea, and this agent also increased the frequency of recombination mediated by both homologous and nonhomologous exchanges. Thymidine induced a less stringent arrest of replication and did not generate detectable DSBs. HR alone rescued cells from the lethal effects of thymidine. Furthermore, thymidine increased the frequency of DNA exchange mediated solely by HR in the absence of detectable DSBs. Our data suggest that both NHEJ and HR are involved in repair of arrested replication forks that include a DSB, while HR alone is required for the repair of slowed replication forks in the absence of detectable DSBs.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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