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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Bourlat, Sarah J., et al.
(författare)
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A red listing gap analysis of molluscs and crustaceans in Northern Europe : What has happened in the last 10 years?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the current rates of species extinction on a global level, Red List assessments need to speed up to inform conservation management in a timely manner. This study analyzed the progress made over the last 10 years in red listing aquatic invertebrates in Northern Europe. A survey of 43 freshwater molluscs and 1492 marine crustaceans was carried out for their Red List status in twelve countries during a twenty year interval (2003−2022). Our survey demonstrated that many countries have no national Red List or outdated Red Lists for the freshwater molluscs and only four countries have assessed their existing crustacean species. Alarmingly, we find 13 % fewer occurrence records for the crustaceans and 48 % fewer records for the freshwater molluscs in GBIF in the last 10 years (2013−2022) than in the 10 years previously (2003−2012). A barcode gap analysis reveals more barcodes for the 16S gene (77 %) than for the COI gene (63 %) for the freshwater molluscs and even fewer barcodes for the marine crustaceans (17 % for 16S and 40 % for the COI gene). With the current methods, regular comprehensive red listing of aquatic invertebrates is unrealistic. Here we present a set of scripts that allow automated occurrence and barcode gap analyses on unrepresented species groups. Finally, we discuss ways to increase the number of occurrence records and speed up red listing under existing European frameworks through whole community screening of ecosystems using molecular and other emerging tools.
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| 4. |
- Tschan, Georg F., et al.
(författare)
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Credneria and Platanus (Platanaceae) from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) of Quedlinburg, Germany
- 2008
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Ingår i: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-6667 .- 1879-0615. ; 152:04-mar, s. 211-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Foliage and reproductive structures of Platanaceae from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) of Quedlinburg, Central Germany, were comparatively studied and their systematic affinities established. One type of foliage preserved in sandstone and rarely in clayish siltstone belongs to the extinct genus Credneria. The leaves are typically obovate with a pinnate-actinodromous venation and distinct suprabasal veins. In addition, a substantial number of leaves preserved in siltstone and rarely in sandstone are identical to modern Platanus based on leaf architecture and epidermal features. As in modern Platanus leaf margin and size were found to be of no systematic significance in both fossil leaf types. Further, staminate flower heads preserved as cleavage compressions in siltstone were found in association with Platanus leaves; they contain pollen that is identical to modern Platanus in size and type of tectum. In addition. a few three-dimensionally preserved staminate flower heads with ca. 50 flowers on a receptaculum are described. Each flower appears to have a two-whorled perianth and six or seven stamens. The organs of the outer perianth whorl show a distinct epidermal cell pattern different from the inner ones. All perianth organs have the same length as the stamens. Stamens are bithecate and contain pollen identical to that found in compression fossils. Pistillate heads preserved in siltstone consist of numerous achenes with persistent styles, which show close similarity to modern Platanus. It remains unclear, whether additional inflorescence heads of uncertain sex found in sandstone that are slightly larger than those preserved in siltstone belong to the leaves of Credneria. Association evidence links vegetative and reproductive structures preserved in siltstone and indicates the presence of the modern genus Platanus in the Santonian.
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- Tschan, Georg F., 1979-
(författare)
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Invasiva arter och transportinfrastruktur : en internationell kunskapsöversikt med fokus på vägar och växter
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med ikraftträdandet av en ny EU-förordning i 2015 har alla medlemsstater ansvaret att vidta åtgärder mot invasiva främmande arter (IAS). Eftersom transportsektorn bidrar särskilt mycket till spridning och etablering av IAS behövs det att upprätta anpassade forsknings- och åtgärdsplaner. Denna rapport granskar den internationella litteraturen om IAS inom transportrelaterade miljöer, identifierar nationella forskningsbehov i Sverige och rekommenderar strategier för framgångsrika åtgärder mot IAS. Den grundläggande terminologin och principer för invasionsbiologi förklaras först i rapporten, följt av en omfattande genomgång av spridning genom transportnät på land. Motorfordon konstateras bidra särskilt till långdistansspridning och spridning av främmande och invasiva arter. Variationer i metoder, omfattning och spridda studielokaler i publicerade studier försvårar direkta jämförelser. Nya, empiriska och mer systematiska studier behövs för att undersöka spridningen av IAS via transportnätet. För att illustrera behovet av en individuell bedömning presenteras tre arter i detalj (Heracleum mantegazzianum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Dessutom diskuteras andra problematiska grupper. Befintliga verktyg och informationssystem som kan användas för dokumentation och kontroll presenteras. Det är viktigt att främmande och inte bara redan invasiva arter beaktas. Dessutom bör en nationell svartlista skapas som uppdateras regelbundet. Både specialister och allmänheten behöver involveras för att motverka de negativa konsekvenserna av IAS.
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| 6. |
- Tschan, Georg F., et al.
(författare)
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Trichome types, foliar indumentum and epicuticular wax in the Mediterranean gall oaks, Quercus subsection Galliferae (Fagaceae) : implications for taxonomy, ecology and evolution
- 2012
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Ingår i: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4074 .- 1095-8339. ; 169:4, s. 611-644
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trichome characters are often considered to be taxonomically important in oak species. In this article, we investigate a group of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus subsection Galliferae and Q. pubescens, using a large dataset and covering the entire distribution range of the group. As a result of the different interpretations of terms in previous studies, trichome terminology was re-assessed aiming to obtain a practicable nomenclature. In contrast with previous studies, we found that acicular, bifurcate, fasciculate, stellate, uniseriate and capitate trichomes are represented in all taxa. One exception is the lack of bifurcate trichomes in Q. canariensis. This suggests that seemingly taxonomically informative presence/absence data for trichome types, as reported previously, may be the result of too small a sample size, and this may be unrepresentative. In combination with other morphological characters (leaf shape, size and texture), features of the indumentum, such as the floccose, easily removable trichomes in Q. canariensis, can be important in species delimitation. The use of trichome characteristics in Quercus subsection Galliferae requires exhaustive sampling of all taxa in order to extract a reproducible taxonomic signal from quantitative characters. This is the prerequisite for building datasets that can be used for phylogenetic analyses, investigations of character evolution and comparative morphological studies. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 611644.
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