| 1. |
- Brihuega, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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On the Power and Beam Dependency of Load Modulation in mmWave Active Antenna Arrays
- 2020
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Ingår i: 2020 50TH EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (EUMC). - 2325-0305.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linearization of active antenna arrays is gaining increasing interest due to their wide applicability in 5G New Radio (NR) networks. As direct access to the output ports of the power amplifiers (PAs) in highly integrated millimeter-wave (mmW) active arrays is difficult, different over-the-air (OTA) digital predistortion (DPD) solutions have been recently proposed. Large majority of such solutions build on the assumption that the nonlinear behaviors of the parallel PA units are independent of the beam direction. However, in this paper, we show through comprehensive OTA measurements on a commercial 64-element active array operating at 28 GHz, that the nonlinear distortion characteristics and the involved load modulation phenomenon largely depend on the beam direction as well as on the considered transmit power, and also that the beam-dependence increases with increasing transmit power. The findings of the measurements are also connected to the state-of-the-art PA models, paving the way towards the development of more efficient DPD solutions and the associated parameter learning methods for mmW active antenna array transmitters.
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| 2. |
- Brihuega, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Piecewise Digital Predistortion for mmWave Active Antenna Arrays: Algorithms and Measurements
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. - 0018-9480 .- 1557-9670. ; 68:9, s. 4000-4017
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we describe a novel framework for digital predistortion (DPD)-based linearization of strongly nonlinear millimeter-wave active antenna arrays. Specifically, we formulate a piecewise (PW) closed-loop (CL) DPD solution and low-complexity gradient-adaptive parameter learning algorithms, together with a region partitioning method, which can efficiently handle deep compression of the PA units. The impact of beamsteering on the DPD performance is studied, showing strong beam-dependence, thus necessitating frequent updating of the DPD. In order to facilitate fast adaptation, an inexpensive, noniterative, pruning algorithm is introduced, which allows us to significantly reduce the number of model coefficients. The proposed methods are validated with extensive over-the-air RF measurements on a 64-element active antenna array transmitter operating at 28-GHz carrier frequency and transmitting a 400-MHz 5G new radio (NR) standard-compliant orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing waveform. The obtained results demonstrate the excellent linearization capabilities of the proposed solution, conforming to the new 5G NR requirements for frequency range 2 (FR2) in terms of both in-band waveform quality and out-of-band emissions. The proposed PW-CL DPD is shown to outperform the state-of-the-art PW DPD based on the indirect learning architecture, as well as the classical single-polynomial-based DPD solutions in terms of linearization performance and computational complexity by a clear margin.
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| 3. |
- Finnilä, Mikko A J, et al.
(författare)
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Mineral Crystal Thickness in Calcified Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Knees
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 1523-4681 .- 0884-0431. ; 37:9, s. 1700-1710
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, where articular cartilage degradation is often accompanied with sclerosis of the subchondral bone. However, the association between OA and tissue mineralization at the nanostructural level is currently not understood. In particular, it is technically challenging to study calcified cartilage, where relevant but poorly understood pathological processes such as tidemark multiplication and advancement occur. Here, we used state-of-the-art microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering with a 5-μm spatial resolution to determine the size and organization of the mineral crystals at the nanostructural level in human subchondral bone and calcified cartilage. Specimens with a wide spectrum of OA severities were acquired from both medial and lateral compartments of medial compartment knee OA patients (n = 15) and cadaver knees (n = 10). Opposing the common notion, we found that calcified cartilage has thicker and more mutually aligned mineral crystals than adjoining bone. In addition, we, for the first time, identified a well-defined layer of calcified cartilage associated with pathological tidemark multiplication, containing 0.32 nm thicker crystals compared to the rest of calcified cartilage. Finally, we found 0.2 nm thicker mineral crystals in both tissues of the lateral compartment in OA compared with healthy knees, indicating a loading-related disease process because the lateral compartment is typically less loaded in medial compartment knee OA. In summary, we report novel changes in mineral crystal thickness during OA. Our data suggest that unloading in the knee might be involved with the growth of mineral crystals, which is especially evident in the calcified cartilage.
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