| 1. |
- Kristanl, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Seventh Visual Object Tracking VOT2019 Challenge Results
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 IEEE/CVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781728150239 ; , s. 2206-2241
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2019 is the seventh annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 81 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis as well as the standard VOT methodology for long-term tracking analysis. The VOT2019 challenge was composed of five challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOT-ST2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2019 challenge focused on "real-time" short-term tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2019 focused on long-term tracking namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. Two new challenges have been introduced: (iv) VOT-RGBT2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB and thermal imagery and (v) VOT-RGBD2019 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2019, VOT-RT2019 and VOT-LT2019 datasets were refreshed while new datasets were introduced for VOT-RGBT2019 and VOT-RGBD2019. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term, long-term tracking and tracking with multi-channel imagery. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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| 2. |
- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Sixth Visual Object Tracking VOT2018 Challenge Results
- 2019
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Ingår i: Computer Vision – ECCV 2018 Workshops. - Cham : Springer Publishing Company. - 9783030110086 - 9783030110093 ; , s. 3-53
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2018 is the sixth annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of over eighty trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis and a “real-time” experiment simulating a situation where a tracker processes images as if provided by a continuously running sensor. A long-term tracking subchallenge has been introduced to the set of standard VOT sub-challenges. The new subchallenge focuses on long-term tracking properties, namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. A new dataset has been compiled and a performance evaluation methodology that focuses on long-term tracking capabilities has been adopted. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term and the new long-term tracking subchallenges. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website (http://votchallenge.net).
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| 3. |
- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert, et al.
(författare)
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Multimodal levels of prominence : a preliminary analysis of head and eyebrow movements in Swedish news broadcasts
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings from Fonetik 2015 : Lund, June 8-10, 2015. Working Papers 55. 2015. - Lund, June 8-10, 2015. Working Papers 55. 2015.. - Lund : Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University. - 0280-526X. ; 55, s. 11-16, s. 11-16
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a first analysis of the distribution of head and eyebrow movements as a function of (a) phonological prominence levels (focal, non-focal) and (b) word accent (Accent 1, Accent 2) in Swedish news broadcasts. Our corpus consists of 31 brief news readings, comprising speech from four speakers and 986 words in total. A head movement was annotated for 229 (23.2%) of the words, while eyebrow movements occurred much more sparsely (67 cases or 6.8%). Results of χ2-tests revealed a dependency of the distribution of movements on the one hand and focal accents on the other, while no systematic effect of the word accent type was found. However, there was an effect of the word accent type on the annotation of ‘double’ head movements. These occurred very sparsely, and predominantly in connection with focally accented compounds (Accent 2), which are characterized by two lexical stresses. Overall, our results suggests that head beats might have a closer association with phonological prosodic structure, while eyebrow movements might be more restricted to higher-level prominence and information-structure coding. Hence, head and eyebrow movements can represent two quite different modalities of prominence cuing, both from a formal and functional point of view, rather than just being cumulative prominence markers.
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| 4. |
- Anwer, Rao Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Binary patterns encoded convolutional neural networks for texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification
- 2018
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Ingår i: ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing (Print). - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0924-2716 .- 1872-8235. ; 138, s. 74-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designing discriminative powerful texture features robust to realistic imaging conditions is a challenging computer vision problem with many applications, including material recognition and analysis of satellite or aerial imagery. In the past, most texture description approaches were based on dense orderless statistical distribution of local features. However, most recent approaches to texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification are based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The de facto practice when learning these CNN models is to use RGB patches as input with training performed on large amounts of labeled data (ImageNet). In this paper, we show that Local Binary Patterns (LBP) encoded CNN models, codenamed TEX-Nets, trained using mapped coded images with explicit LBP based texture information provide complementary information to the standard RGB deep models. Additionally, two deep architectures, namely early and late fusion, are investigated to combine the texture and color information. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to investigate Binary Patterns encoded CNNs and different deep network fusion architectures for texture recognition and remote sensing scene classification. We perform comprehensive experiments on four texture recognition datasets and four remote sensing scene classification benchmarks: UC-Merced with 21 scene categories, WHU-RS19 with 19 scene classes, RSSCN7 with 7 categories and the recently introduced large scale aerial image dataset (AID) with 30 aerial scene types. We demonstrate that TEX-Nets provide complementary information to standard RGB deep model of the same network architecture. Our late fusion TEX-Net architecture always improves the overall performance compared to the standard RGB network on both recognition problems. Furthermore, our final combination leads to consistent improvement over the state-of-the-art for remote sensing scene classification. (C) 2018 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Barratt, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Does the Kuleshov effect really exist? Revisiting a classic film experiment on facial expressions and emotional contexts
- 2016
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Ingår i: Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 0301-0066 .- 1468-4233. ; 45:8, s. 847-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to film mythology, the Soviet filmmaker Lev Kuleshov conducted an experiment in which he combined a close-up of an actor’s neutral face with three different emotional contexts: happiness, sadness, and hunger. The viewers of the three film sequences reportedly perceived the actor’s face as expressing an emotion congruent with the given context. It is not clear, however, whether or not the so-called “Kuleshov effect” really exists. The original film footage is lost and recent attempts at replication have produced either conflicting or unreliable results. The current paper describes an attempt to replicate Kuleshov’s original experiment using an improved experimental design. In a behavioral and eye tracking study, 36 participants were each presented with 24 film sequences of neutral faces across six emotional conditions. For each film sequence, the participants were asked to evaluate the emotion of the target person in terms of valence, arousal, and category. The participants’ eye movements were recorded throughout. The results suggest that some sort of Kuleshov effect does in fact exist. For each emotional condition, the participants tended to choose the appropriate category more frequently than the alternative options, while the answers to the valence and arousal questions also went in the expected directions. The eye tracking data showed how the participants attended to different regions of the target person’s face (in light of the intermediate context), but did not reveal the expected differences between the emotional conditions.
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| 6. |
- Bernardini, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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On the direction of cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of object clitics in French and Italian
- 2017
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Ingår i: LIA Language, Interaction and Acquisition. - 1879-7865. ; 8:2, s. 204-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Placement errors of object clitics (OCL) in French have been documented in 2L1 and L2 but not in L1 acquisition (Granfeldt, 2012; Hamann & Belletti, 2006). In the present study, we investigate whether placement errors of third person singular OCLs may be due to cross-linguistic influence. We exposed bilingual children (successive L1 French/L2 Italian and L1 Italian/L2 French and simultaneous 2L1 Italian/French) to an OCL elicitation task. The results showed significant differences between the 2L1 and L2 groups in comparison with the L1 groups, and between the languages, thus corroborating the findings of previous studies. Production accuracy of OCLs in general was highest in L1, and higher in Italian than in French. However, OCL placement errors were found in 2L1 French and L2 Italian as well as in the L1 French of children who had Italian as L2. These findings suggest that cross-linguistic influence is bidirectional (Foroodi-Nejad & Paradis, 2009; Chenjie Gu, 2010; Nicoladis, 1999). We discuss these results in relation to the proposal that cross-linguistic influence should occur only in one direction, i.e. only in one language, and only under certain conditions (Hulk & Müller, 2000; Müller & Hulk, 2001).
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| 7. |
- Bianchi, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of opposites and intermediates by eye and by hand
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - 1873-6297. ; 180, s. 175-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this eye-tracking and drawing study, we investigate the perceptual grounding of different types of spatial dimensions such as DENSE–SPARSE and TOP–BOTTOM, focusing both on the participants’ experiences of the opposite regions, e.g., O1: DENSE; O2: SPARSE, and the region that is experienced as intermediate, e.g., INT: NEITHER DENSE NOR SPARSE. Six spatial dimensions expected to have three different perceptual structures in terms of the point and range nature of O1, INT and O2 were analysed. Presented with images, the participants were instructed to identify each region (O1, INT, O2), first by looking at the region, and then circumscribing it using the computer mouse. We measured the eye movements, identification times and various characteristics of the drawings such as the relative size of the three regions, overlaps and gaps. Three main results emerged. Firstly, generally speaking, intermediate regions were not different from the poles on any of the indicators: overall identification times, number of fixations, and locations. Some differences emerged with regard to the duration of fixations for point INTs and the number of fixations for range INTs between two range poles (O1, O2). Secondly, the analyses of the fixation locations showed that the poles support the identification of the intermediate region as much as the intermediate region supports the identification of the poles. Finally, the relative size of the three areas selected in the marking task were consistent with the classification of the regions as points or ranges. The analyses of the gaps and the overlaps between the three areas showed that the intermediate is neither O1 nor O2, but an entity in its own right.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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The Cultural Lexicon of Indo-European in Europe : Quantifying Stability and Change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Talking Neolithic : Proceedings of the workshop on Indo-European origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2-3, 2013 - Proceedings of the workshop on Indo-European origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2-3, 2013. - 0895-7258. - 9780998366920 - 9780984535347 ; 65, s. 39-68
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we have investigated, by means of quantitative and statistical methods, stability and change in cultural vocabulary of Indo-European in Europe, with a focus on agriculture. For this purpose we have created a culture vocabulary list with lexical head words, organized into subcategories based on their role and function in a cultural system, the purpose of which is to give a representative selection of culture vocabulary terms for a specific system and a certain geographic area. Thereupon, we have collected data from a number of Indo-European languages of Europe, removed languages with too little data, omitted post-colonial borrowings, organized the lexemes into cognate sets and divided lexemes according to whether they are inherited (reconstructed or derived from Proto-Indo-European roots), loaned, or have an uncertain origin. For each term we have kept track of number of cognates, number of lexemes in languages, as well as number of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. The data sets were analyzed by the R statistical tool, basically by means of principal component analysis biplots, but also by calculating standardized residuals for each of the terms and the subgroups. The results demonstrated that there is, from a geographical perspective, relatively little convergence effect on cultural vocabulary. Further, we could see a clear tendency in which manufactured objects (implements, produce) as well as the activities accompanying them (activities) were inherited to a larger extent, whereas objects belonging to the environment (game), as well as the cultural environment (domestic animals, produce) was much more uncertain. The category of predator was most loaned in our set, which could, to a certain extent, be due to the inclusion of partly non-European species. We were also able to identify a stable core vocabulary, consisting mainly of implements, some produce and domestic animal terms, which were rich in cognates and leaning towards being inherited.
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| 10. |
- Clement, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing information on food packages
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Marketing. - 0309-0566. ; 51:1, s. 219-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study which aims at assessing the potentially misleading effect of graphic elements on food packaging. The authors call these elements potentially misleading elements (PMEs) as they can give customers false expectations. They are either highlighted numerical information (30 per cent fibre, 8 per cent fat, 100 per cent natural […]) or pictorial information with no relation to the product (e.g. images of happy people).Design/methodology/approachIn a combined decision task monitored by eye-tracking and a subsequence survey, the authors tested the impact of PMEs on common products. Combining different pairs of products, where one product had a PME, whereas the other did not, the authors could evaluate if preference correlated with the presence of a PME.FindingsThe authors found both types of PMEs to have analogous effects on participants’ preferences and correlate with participants’ visual attention. The authors also found evidence for a positive influence on a later explicit justification for the specific choice.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted in a lab environment and solely related to health-related decisions. The authors still need to know if these findings are transferable to real in-store decisions and other needs such as high quality or low price. This calls for further research.Practical implicationsThe topic is important for food companies, and it might become a priority in managing brand equity, combining consumer preferences, loyalty and communicative fairness.Originality/valueUsing eye-tracking and retrospective interviews brings new insights to consumer’s decision-making and how misleading potentially occurs.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Colonna Dahlman, Roberta, et al.
(författare)
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Testing factivity in Italian : Experimental evidence for the hypothesis that Italian sapere is ambiguous
- 2019
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Ingår i: Language sciences (Oxford). - : Elsevier BV. - 0388-0001 .- 1873-5746. ; 72, s. 93-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In linguistics and in the philosophy of language it is standardly assumed that know is a factive verb, meaning that a sentence such as X knows that p, when uttered in its positive declarative form, presupposes, in fact entails, the truth of its complement. A problem for this analysis is the fact that the verb know can be used non-factively in contexts where it is evident that the proposition expressed by the subordinate clause is not true. In order to account for non-factive uses of know, two main solutions have been advanced in the literature. Hazlett (2009, 2010, 2012) proposes that know is not semantically factive and a sentence such as X knows that p does not entail, but only pragmatically implies p. On the other hand, Tsohatzidis (2012) argues that know is lexically ambiguous between a factive and a non-factive sense: when know is used in its factive sense, a sentence such as X knows that p entails p, whereas, when know occurs in its non-factive sense, it does not.As shown in recent works by Colonna Dahlman (2015, 2016, 2017b), the phenomenon at issue―the possibility for a speaker to use know in cases where the proposition expressed by the clause embedded under ‘knows’ is not true―is not unique to English, but occurs, for instance, also in Italian. We carried out a Truth Judgment Task to test the hypothesis that the Italian lexical item ‘sa’ (‘knows’) is ambiguous. Our findings are consistent with the lexical ambiguity hypothesis, and cannot be explained by Hazlett’s pragmatic solution.
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| 13. |
- Debreslioska, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Addressees are sensitive to the presence of gesture when tracking a single referent in discourse
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10:1775
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production studies show that anaphoric reference is bimodal. Speakers can introduce a referent in speech by also using a localizing gesture, assigning a specific locus in space to it. Referring back to that referent, speakers then often accompany a spoken anaphor with a localizing anaphoric gesture (i.e., indicating the same locus). Speakers thus create visual anaphoricity in parallel to the anaphoric process in speech. In the current perception study, we examine whether addressees are sensitive to localizing anaphoric gestures and specifically to the (mis)match between recurrent use of space and spoken anaphora. The results of two reaction time experiments show that, when a single referent is gesturally tracked, addressees are sensitive to the presence of localizing gestures, but not to their spatial congruence. Addressees thus seem to integrate gestural information when processing bimodal anaphora, but their use of locational information in gestures is not obligatory in every discourse context.
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| 14. |
- Einfeldt, Marieke, et al.
(författare)
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The production of geminates in Italian-dominant bilinguals and heritage speakers of Italian
- 2019
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Ingår i: LIA Language, Interaction and Acquisition. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1879-7865 .- 1879-7873. ; 10:2, s. 177-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in adult Italian-German bilinguals based on the production of gemination, a phenomenon that exists in Italian but not in German. We analyzed the spontaneous Italian speech of two groups of Italian-German bilinguals (heritage speakers of Italian and Italian-dominant bilinguals) and a monolingual Italian control group. The results show that the geminates produced by the speakers in both bilingual groups were longer than their singletons. From this it seems that gemination is not affected by CLI. Based on our results, we discuss whether CLI is determined by (1) markedness, (2) frequency of Italian input during acquisition, (3) language dominance or (4) relevance (e.g. phonemic status), concluding that the latter is most crucial.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Farshchi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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ERP studies of visual and auditory processing of negated sentences
- 2019
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Ingår i: [Presented at] The XIV International Symposium of Pshycholinguistics. - Tarragona : Rovira i Virgili University. ; , s. 85-85
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two event-related potential studies, we investigated the processing of sentences with prefixal negation (unauthorized), sentential negation (not authorized) and no negation (authorized). We asked whether prefixal and sentential negation resulted in delayed processing. In Experiment 1, sentences such as “The White House announced that the new Obama biography was authorized/unauthorized/not authorized therefore the details in the book were correct/wrong in actual fact” were presented visually word by word and were followed by a forced binary-choice task (“Did the sentence make sense?”). The underlined words indicate the manipulations and the bold words indicate the critical words. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were presented auditorily. In both experiments, ERPs to the critical words were analyzed. The results suggest that in both experiments, the False version of non-negated sentences (authorized combined with wrong) elicited a larger N400 and P600 than the True version (authorized combined with correct). Sentences with prefixal and sentential negation in the visual experiment were related to slower processing suggesting a delay in integrating negation. However, in the auditory study, False sentences elicited increases in the P600 suggesting that both negation forms were successfully processed. The difference in processing the negated forms between the two modalities could be explained by the fact that the auditory paradigm allowed for a faster presentation and participants could thus keep the negated forms in working memory, while the visual study was, due to a slower presentation, more demanding on the working memory requiring an activation of the negated meanings as the critical words appeared.
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| 17. |
- Farshchi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Event-related potentials to visual processing of incongruities in negated and affirmative sentences
- 2019
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Ingår i: Presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language Meeting (SNL 2019), Helsinki, Finland, October 21-23, 2019. - Helsinki : Society for the Neurobiology of Language.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In spite of the fact that negation has been the focus of many studies, the way it is processed in human communication still eludes us. Previous studies of negation using event-related potentials (ERPs) have reported inconclusive results as to whether or not negation poses a difficultiesy for processing. While some have found that negation was initially is ignored and incongruities in negated sentences did do not modulate the N400 effect (Fischler et al., 1983; Lüdtke et al., 2008), others have found that the N400 was is modulated in incongruent negated sentences similarly to affirmative sentences (Nieuwland & Kuperberg, 2008). Moreover, Tthis research, however, has been limited to sentential negators, such as not and no while other forms, such as prefixally negated forms with un are largely unexplored despite their frequency of use (Tottie, 1980). To remedy this, tTwo questions are at the core, namely whether 1) there is a difficulty in the processing of negation as measured by ERPs, and 2) prefixally negated forms are processed similarly to sententially negated forms or to affirmative forms.In order to answer these questions, the processing of sentences with affirmative (authorized), prefixally negated (unauthorized) and sententially negated (not authorized) forms adjectives was investigated in sentential contextsces, such as The details in the new Obama biography were correct/wrong because the book was authorized/unauthorized/not authorized by the White House. In each sentence, aA member of an opposite pair (underlined) in the first part of the sentence in combinationwas combined with the a negated or affirmative adjective (bold; critical word) in the second part creatinged a semantically congruent or incongruent context. The amplitudes of the ERP effects, N400 (300-500 ms) and the P600 (500-700 ms), as well as accuracy rates and response times to sentences were recorded and analyzed using mixed-effects modelling. The behavioral results (analyseis of accuracy and response times) revealed suggested that sentential negation was more difficult to process than prefixal negation and affirmative forms. The ERP analyses were in line with the behavioralwere consistent with these results in that the most effortless processing was observed for affirmatives where incongruities elicited a larger N400, indicating a successful detection of the incongruities. Prefixal negation was more difficult than affirmative forms, resulting in a parietal N400 combined with a centro-parietal P600, indicating a re-evaluation of the content of the sentence. Sentential negation was seemed to be the most difficult form to process as the ERP effects of congruency were restricted to a P600, suggesting that incongruities in these sentences were processed differently to the other two conditions and were concentrated on re-evaluation processes.In line with previous research, we show conclude that sentential negation (not) is more difficult to process than affirmatives and prefixal negation (un). However, we do not find that not has been entirely ignored in processing. We present two novel findings: 1. Different mechanisms are involved in processing incongruities in negated sentences (P600) than in affirmative sentences (N400), 2. No differences are observed between prefixal negation and affirmative forms in the behavioral results but the ERP patterns indicate that the course of processing of these formsprefixal negation is more demanding than affirmative forms.
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| 18. |
- Farshchi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Event-related potentials to visual processing of incongruities in negated and affirmative sentences
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In spite of the fact that negation has been the focus of many studies, the way it is processed in human communication still eludes us. Previous studies of negation using event-related potentials (ERPs) have reported inconclusive results as to whether or not negation poses difficulties for processing. While some have found that negation is initially ignored and incongruities in negated sentences do not modulate the N400 effect (Fischler et al., 1983; Lüdtke et al., 2008), others have reported that the N400 is modulated in incongruent negated sentences similarly to affirmative sentences (Nieuwland & Kuperberg, 2008). This research, however, has been limited to negators, such as “not” and “no” while prefixally negated forms with “un” are largely unexplored despite their frequency of use (Tottie, 1980). To make up for this, we pose two questions: 1) Is there a difficulty in the processing of negation as measured by ERPs? and 2) Are prefixally negated forms processed similarly to sententially negated forms or to affirmative forms? In order to answer these questions, the processing of affirmative (e.g., authorized), prefixally negated (e.g., unauthorized) and sententially negated (e.g., not authorized) adjectives was investigated in sentences such as "The details in the new Obama biography were correct/ wrong because the book was authorized/unauthorized/ not authorized by the White House". A member of an opposite pair (correct/wrong) in the first part of the sentence was combined with a negated or affirmative adjective (critical word) in the second part creating a semantically congruent or incongruent context. The amplitudes of the N400 (300-500 ms) and the P600 (500- 700 ms) to the critical words, as well as accuracy rates and response times to sentences were recorded and analyzed using mixed-effects modelling. The analyses of accuracy and response times suggested that sentential negation was more difficult to process than prefixal negation and affirmative forms. The ERP analyses were consistent with these results in that the most effortless processing was observed for affirmatives where incongruities elicited a larger N400, indicating a successful detection of the incongruities. Prefixal negation was more difficult than affirmative forms, resulting in an N400 combined with a P600 that indicated a re-evaluation of the sentence. Sentential negation seemed to be the most difficult form to process as the ERP effects of congruency were restricted to a P600, suggesting that incongruities in these sentences were processed differently compared to the other two conditions. In line with previous research, we conclude that sentential negation is more difficult to process than affirmatives and prefixal negation. We present two novel findings: 1) Different mechanisms are involved in processing incongruities in negated sentences (P600) than in affirmative sentences (N400), 2) Participants are as fast and accurate to judge prefixally negated sentences as they do affirmative sentences, but the neurocognitive processing patterns for prefixally negated forms are different suggesting a more demanding processing for these forms than affirmative forms.
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| 19. |
- Farshchi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of negation in sentence comprehension : An ERP study
- 2019
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Ingår i: SALC7 - book of abstracts. - Aarhus : Aarhus University. ; , s. 41-43
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the integration of negation in sentences. It compares the affirmative forms with two forms of negation: 1. Prefixal negation (unauthorized) and 2. Sentential negation (not authorized). The aim is to determine (i) whether there is a delay in the integration of negation, and (ii) whether prefixal negation is processed in a similar way to the negated form or the affirmative form.Previous studies using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have shown that negation is ignored in early processing in the presence of semantic priming effects and incongruent world knowledge (Ferguson, Sanford & Leuthold, 2008, Fischler, Bloom, Childers, Roucos & Perry, 1983; Lüdtke, Friedrich, De Filippis & Kaup, 2008). Based on these findings, the “two-step simulation hypothesis” was developed (Kaup, Lüdtke, & Zwaan, 2006; Lüdtke et al., 2008). According to this hypothesis, language users first simulate the affirmative concept and only later integrate negation (e.g. ‘open door’ and ‘closed door’, respectively, in The door is not open) (Kaup et al., 2006). Other studies have provided evidence suggesting negation can be integrated immediately if the context in which it occurs is optimal and negation fulfills its most natural function of rejecting a plausible statement (Nieuwland & Kuperberg, 2008; Nieuwland & Martin, 2012). The present study. Using ERPs, this study revisited this issue by investigating the integration of negation in a sentence comprehension task. Participants (N=26) read sentences such as The White House announced that the new Obama biography was authorized/unauthorized/not authorized therefore the details in the book were correct/wrong in actual fact, where the first part of the sentence contained the negated adjective and the second part contained one member of an antonym pair (correct/wrong), according to which the sentence was either congruent or incongruent. ERPs were time-locked to the antonym in the second part of the sentence and amplitudes were analyzed in two time-windows of 300-400-msec and 500-700-msec.Results and discussion. In affirmative sentences, Incongruent condition resulted in a larger N400 followed by a larger P600 in the Parietal region and Central region. For Prefixal negation, a larger negativity was observed in both time-windows in the Frontal and Central regions. For sentential negation, no effect of Congruency was found between 300-400 msec. However, in the 500-700-msec time-window, a larger negativity was observed for Incongruent compared to Congruent sentences in the Parietal region.Conclusion. These findings suggest that while participants react to anomalies in affirmative sentences, they have difficulty processing sentences with prefixal and sentential negation. Both negation types elicit a larger negativity different from the typical N400 which suggests that negation has not been fully integrated at that point in time.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Farshchi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Processing negation in a miniature artificial language
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1551-6709 .- 0364-0213. ; 43:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two miniature artificial language learning experiments, we compare the processing of narrow and broad negation, corresponding to prefixal negation (unhappy) and free-standing negation (not happy) respectively, with that of non-negation (happy). Three artificial prefixes were invented to express the three meanings above. The meaning scope expressed by the negation types was manipulated in the experiments, and the processing of the three forms was tested through a picture– word verification task. In Experiment 1, the scope expressed by prefixal negation was included in the scope expressed by free-standing negation, while in Experiment 2, there was no overlap between the two negation types and the scope of free-standing negation was limited to the intermediate range of a scale. Experiment 1 showed that narrow negation is more difficult to process than the non-negated meanings, but not as difficult as broad negation. Experiment 2 showed that when the meaning scope of broad negation was restricted to the middle range, the processing difficulty found in Experiment 1 disappeared, as it did not take longer for participants to identify the middle range compared to the ends of the scale. We show that the chunking of the negated meanings relative to one another plays a role in the processing cost of these forms.
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| 22. |
- Fuoli, Matteo, et al.
(författare)
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Denial outperforms apology in repairing organizational trust despite strong evidence of guilt
- 2017
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Ingår i: Public Relations Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0363-8111. ; 43:4, s. 645-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous work in the areas of organizational trust repair and crisis communication has provided conflicting answers to the question of whether denial can be more effective than apology in repairing stakeholder trust in a company following an integrity-based violation. This article reportsthe results of an experiment designed to (i) test the effects of these two strategies on individuals’ trust in a company accused of corruption, and (ii) determine whether and how evidence of the company’s guilt influences stakeholder reactions to its trust repair message. The results demonstrate that, when evidence against the company is weak, trust is restored moresuccessfully with a denial than an apology. Contrary to our hypothesis, denial was found to outperform apology in repairing perceptions of the company’s integrity and benevolence even in the face of strong evidence, and it was as effective as apology in restoring perceived ability and trusting intentions. These results provide empirical evidence for the ‘paradoxical effect’ that anopen and honest attitude can, in the short term, be more detrimental to organizations than a defensive strategy. More research on the factors that determine the credibility and persuasiveness of corporate denial is called for.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Grenner, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Observational learning and narrative writing : improving text quality for children with and without hearing impairment
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emily Grenner & Joost van de Weijer & Lena Asker-Árnason & Victoria Johansson & Viktoria Åkerlund & Birgitta S.M. Sahlén The aim of this intervention study is to investigate if observational learning can improve narrative writing skills in 11-year-olds with and without hearing impairment. Observational learning occurs when people learn new skills from observing others, who act as models (Bandura 1997). Observing peers’ reading and writing is especially important since these processes often are invisible, and children therefore lack models for their own processes. This study was theoretically and methodologically inspired by Rijlaarsdam et al. 2008. Participants consisted of Swedish 5th-graders from two schools (School A, n=33; and School B, n= 26) with normal hearing children (NH), and from 3rd to 8:th-grade children with hearing-impairment (HI), from “hearing classes” (n=18). Prior to the intervention, background data e.g., on working memory and linguistic background was collected. In the research design the two schools with NH children (School A and B) functioned as each other's controls. The HI-school followed the School A order. All participants first wrote a personal narrative on the computer, using keystroke-logging. Then the intervention followed for School A and HI-school, while School B received ordinary lessons (with no writing instructions). After the first intervention period, all participants wrote a new narrative. Thereafter, the intervention was replicated for School B, while School A and the HI-school had ordinary tutoring. After the second intervention period, all participants wrote new narratives. The intervention consisted of 5 thematically different lessons: Lesson themes were: reader perspective, chronological structure, closing elements, revising of a peer’s text and online revision. To evaluate the text quality, all texts (n=231) were holistically rated by three independent, trained evaluators. The results showed an improvement in quality between text 1 and text 2 for School A and the HI-School, while School B had an improvement between text 2 and text 3. This shows that narrative text quality can be improved by a short series of carefully designed intervention lessons using observational learning, which contributes to the discussion about educational methods for teaching writing. Further analyses will address quantitative measures of text length, lexicon, syntactic complexity, pausing and editing, as well as a comparison between the NH and HI group.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Gunnarsson, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Multilingual students' self-reported use of their language repertoires when writing in English
- 2015
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Ingår i: Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies. - 1457-9863. ; 9:1, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research suggests that multilingual students tend to use their complete language repertoires, particularly their L1, when writing in a non-native language (e.g. Cenoz & Gorter 2011; Wang 2003). While there is some international research on the L2 and L3 writing process among bilinguals, the L2/L3 writing process of bilingual and multilingual individuals in the Swedish context remains unexplored (Tholin 2012). This study, carried out in a Swedish secondary school, focuses on 131 bi- and multilingual students’ (age 15-16) self-reported languages of thought while writing an essay in English, which is a non-native language. Drawing on the translanguaging framework (Blackledge & Creese 2010; García 2009) and a model of the L2 writing process (Wang & Wen 2002), the questionnaire data of the present study reveal that the participants’ L1 is reported to be heavily activated during the L2 writing process, particularly at the prewriting, planning stage. Additionally, the emergent bilingual participants who grew up as monolinguals (L1 Swedish) report a greater tendency to transition to thinking in the target language (English, their L2) once they have reached the actual writing stage than some of the emergent trilingual participants who grew up as bilinguals (of Swedish and another L1, used primarily in the home). On the basis of these findings, we suggest a need to move away from the monolingual teaching practices common in Swedish schools, allowing space for students to translanguage as they are engaging with writing tasks in a non-native language.
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| 33. |
- Kabadayi, Can, et al.
(författare)
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Are parrots poor at motor self‐regulation or is the cylinder task poor at measuring it?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-9456 .- 1435-9448. ; 20:6, s. 1137-1146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to inhibit unproductive motor responses triggered by salient stimuli is a fundamental inhibitory skill. Such motor self-regulation is thought to underlie more complex cognitive mechanisms, like self- control. Recently, a large-scale study, comparing 36 species, found that absolute brain size best predicted competence in motor inhibition, with great apes as the best performers. This was challenged when three Corvus species (corvids) were found to parallel great apes despite having much smaller absolute brain sizes. However, new analyses suggest that it is the number of pallial neurons, and not absolute brain size per se, that correlates with levels of motor inhibition. Both studies used the cylinder task, a detour-reaching test where food is presented behind a transparent barrier. We tested four species from the order Psittaciformes (parrots) on this task. Like corvids, many parrots have relatively large brains, high numbers of pallial neurons, and solve challenging cogni- tive tasks. Nonetheless, parrots performed markedly worse than the Corvus species in the cylinder task and exhibited strong learning e ects in performance and response times. Our results suggest either that parrots are poor at control- ling their motor impulses, and hence that pallial neuronal numbers do not always correlate with such skills, or that the widely used cylinder task may not be a good measure of motor inhibition.
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| 34. |
- Khan, Fahad, et al.
(författare)
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Recognizing Actions Through Action-Specific Person Detection
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1057-7149 .- 1941-0042. ; 24:11, s. 4422-4432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Action recognition in still images is a challenging problem in computer vision. To facilitate comparative evaluation independently of person detection, the standard evaluation protocol for action recognition uses an oracle person detector to obtain perfect bounding box information at both training and test time. The assumption is that, in practice, a general person detector will provide candidate bounding boxes for action recognition. In this paper, we argue that this paradigm is suboptimal and that action class labels should already be considered during the detection stage. Motivated by the observation that body pose is strongly conditioned on action class, we show that: 1) the existing state-of-the-art generic person detectors are not adequate for proposing candidate bounding boxes for action classification; 2) due to limited training examples, the direct training of action-specific person detectors is also inadequate; and 3) using only a small number of labeled action examples, the transfer learning is able to adapt an existing detector to propose higher quality bounding boxes for subsequent action classification. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to investigate transfer learning for the task of action-specific person detection in still images. We perform extensive experiments on two benchmark data sets: 1) Stanford-40 and 2) PASCAL VOC 2012. For the action detection task (i.e., both person localization and classification of the action performed), our approach outperforms methods based on general person detection by 5.7% mean average precision (MAP) on Stanford-40 and 2.1% MAP on PASCAL VOC 2012. Our approach also significantly outperforms the state of the art with a MAP of 45.4% on Stanford-40 and 31.4% on PASCAL VOC 2012. We also evaluate our action detection approach for the task of action classification (i.e., recognizing actions without localizing them). For this task, our approach, without using any ground-truth person localization at test time, outperforms on both data sets state-of-the-art methods, which do use person locations.
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| 35. |
- Khan, Fahad Shahbaz, et al.
(författare)
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Compact color–texture description for texture classification
- 2015
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Ingår i: Pattern Recognition Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0167-8655 .- 1872-7344. ; 51, s. 16-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Describing textures is a challenging problem in computer vision and pattern recognition. The classification problem involves assigning a category label to the texture class it belongs to. Several factors such as variations in scale, illumination and viewpoint make the problem of texture description extremely challenging. A variety of histogram based texture representations exists in literature. However, combining multiple texture descriptors and assessing their complementarity is still an open research problem. In this paper, we first show that combining multiple local texture descriptors significantly improves the recognition performance compared to using a single best method alone. This gain in performance is achieved at the cost of high-dimensional final image representation. To counter this problem, we propose to use an information-theoretic compression technique to obtain a compact texture description without any significant loss in accuracy. In addition, we perform a comprehensive evaluation of pure color descriptors, popular in object recognition, for the problem of texture classification. Experiments are performed on four challenging texture datasets namely, KTH-TIPS-2a, KTH-TIPS-2b, FMD and Texture-10. The experiments clearly demonstrate that our proposed compact multi-texture approach outperforms the single best texture method alone. In all cases, discriminative color names outperforms other color features for texture classification. Finally, we show that combining discriminative color names with compact texture representation outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 7.8%,4.3%7.8%,4.3% and 5.0%5.0% on KTH-TIPS-2a, KTH-TIPS-2b and Texture-10 datasets respectively.
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| 36. |
- Khan, Fahad Shahbaz, et al.
(författare)
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Deep Semantic Pyramids for Human Attributes and Action Recognition
- 2015
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Ingår i: Image Analysis. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196657 - 9783319196640 ; , s. 341-353
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Describing persons and their actions is a challenging problem due to variations in pose, scale and viewpoint in real-world images. Recently, semantic pyramids approach [1] for pose normalization has shown to provide excellent results for gender and action recognition. The performance of semantic pyramids approach relies on robust image description and is therefore limited due to the use of shallow local features. In the context of object recognition [2] and object detection [3], convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or deep features have shown to improve the performance over the conventional shallow features.We propose deep semantic pyramids for human attributes and action recognition. The method works by constructing spatial pyramids based on CNNs of different part locations. These pyramids are then combined to obtain a single semantic representation. We validate our approach on the Berkeley and 27 Human Attributes datasets for attributes classification. For action recognition, we perform experiments on two challenging datasets: Willow and PASCAL VOC 2010. The proposed deep semantic pyramids provide a significant gain of 17.2%, 13.9%, 24.3% and 22.6% compared to the standard shallow semantic pyramids on Berkeley, 27 Human Attributes, Willow and PASCAL VOC 2010 datasets respectively. Our results also show that deep semantic pyramids outperform conventional CNNs based on the full bounding box of the person. Finally, we compare our approach with state-of-the-art methods and show a gain in performance compared to best methods in literature.
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| 37. |
- Khan, Fahad, et al.
(författare)
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Scale coding bag of deep features for human attribute and action recognition
- 2018
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Ingår i: Machine Vision and Applications. - : SPRINGER. - 0932-8092 .- 1432-1769. ; 29:1, s. 55-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most approaches to human attribute and action recognition in still images are based on image representation in which multi-scale local features are pooled across scale into a single, scale-invariant encoding. Both in bag-of-words and the recently popular representations based on convolutional neural networks, local features are computed at multiple scales. However, these multi-scale convolutional features are pooled into a single scale-invariant representation. We argue that entirely scale-invariant image representations are sub-optimal and investigate approaches to scale coding within a bag of deep features framework. Our approach encodes multi-scale information explicitly during the image encoding stage. We propose two strategies to encode multi-scale information explicitly in the final image representation. We validate our two scale coding techniques on five datasets: Willow, PASCAL VOC 2010, PASCAL VOC 2012, Stanford-40 and Human Attributes (HAT-27). On all datasets, the proposed scale coding approaches outperform both the scale-invariant method and the standard deep features of the same network. Further, combining our scale coding approaches with standard deep features leads to consistent improvement over the state of the art.
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| 38. |
- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The Visual Object Tracking VOT2014 Challenge Results
- 2015
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Ingår i: COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2014 WORKSHOPS, PT II. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319161808 - 9783319161815 ; , s. 191-217
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge 2014, VOT2014, aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 38 trackers are presented. The number of tested trackers makes VOT 2014 the largest benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the appendix. Features of the VOT2014 challenge that go beyond its VOT2013 predecessor are introduced: (i) a new VOT2014 dataset with full annotation of targets by rotated bounding boxes and per-frame attribute, (ii) extensions of the VOT2013 evaluation methodology, (iii) a new unit for tracking speed assessment less dependent on the hardware and (iv) the VOT2014 evaluation toolkit that significantly speeds up execution of experiments. The dataset, the evaluation kit as well as the results are publicly available at the challenge website (http://votchallenge.net).
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| 39. |
- Kupisch, Tanja, et al.
(författare)
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Foreign accent in adult simultaneous bilinguals
- 2015
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Ingår i: Heritage Language Journal. - 1550-7076. ; 11:2, s. 123-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study reported in this paper examines foreign accent (FA) in adult simultaneous bilinguals (2L1ers). Specifically, we investigate how accent is affected if a first language is acquired as a minority (heritage) language as compared to a majority (dominant) language. We compare the perceived FA in both languages of 38 adult 2L1ers (German-French and German-Italian) to that of monolingual native speakers (L1ers) and late second language learners (L2ers). Naturalistic speech samples are judged by 84 native speakers of the respective languages. Results indicate that the majority language is always spoken without an FA, while results for the heritage language fall between those of L1 and L2 speakers. For the heritage language, we further show that a native accent correlates with length of residence in the heritage country during childhood but not during adulthood. Furthermore, raters have comparatively more difficulties when judging the accent of a heritage speaker. The results of this study add to our current understanding of what factors shape the phonology of a heritage language system in adulthood.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Lein, Tatjana, et al.
(författare)
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Voice onset time and global foreign accent in German-French simultaneous bilinguals during adulthood
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 20:6, s. 732-749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims and objectives: In this study, we investigated crosslinguistic influence in the phonetic systems of simultaneous bilinguals (2L1s) during adulthood. Methodology: Specifically, we analyzed the voice onset time (VOT) of the voiceless stop /k/ in the spontaneous speech of 14 German–French bilinguals who grew up in France or Germany. We looked at both languages, first comparing the groups, second comparing their VOT to their global accent. Data and analysis: The material consisted of interviews, lasting for about half an hour. Findings/conclusions: Most 2L1s showed distinct VOT-ranges in their two languages, even if they were perceived to have a foreign accent in the minority language of their childhood environment. We conclude that the phonetic systems of 2L1s remain separate and stable throughout the lifespan. However, the 2L1s from France had significantly shorter VOTs in German than the 2L1s from Germany, and their speech was overall more accented. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of intra- and extra-linguistic factors. Originality: Our study adds a new perspective to existing VOT studies of bilinguals by using naturalistic speech data and by comparing two groups of 2L1s who have the same language combination but grew up in different countries, which allows us to evaluate the impact of their childhood environment on VOT development. Significance/implications: Language exposure during childhood seems to be beneficial for pronunciation during adulthood.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Louhema, Karoliina, et al.
(författare)
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Translating from monosemiotic to polysemiotic narratives : A study of Finnish speech and gestures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sign Systems Studies. - 1406-4243. ; 47:3/4, s. 480-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human communication can be either monosemiotic or polysemiotic, depending on whether it combines ensembles of representations from one or more semiotic systems such as language, gesture and depiction. Each semiotic system has its unique storytelling potentials, which makes intersemiotic translation from one system to another challenging. We investigated the influence of the source semiotic system, realised in speech and a sequence of pictures, respectively, on the way the same story was retold using speech and co-speech gestures. The story was the content of the picture book Frog, where are you? A group of Finnish speakers saw the story in pictures, and another group heard it in matched oral narration. Each participant retold the story to an addressee and all narrations were video-recorded and analysed for both speech and gestures. Given the high degree of iconicity in depiction, we expected more iconic gestures (especially enactments) in the narratives translated from pictures than from speech. Conversely, we expected greater narrative coherence in the narratives translated from speech. The results showed that more iconic gestures were produced in the narratives translated from speech, but these were primarily not from the enactment subtype. As expected, iconic enactments were more frequent in the narratives translated from the story presented in pictures. The narratives produced by participants who had only heard the story did not have a greater variety of connective devices, but the type of devices differed slightly between the groups. Together with some additional differences between the groups that had not been anticipated, the results indicate that a story presented in different semiotic systems tend to be translated into different polysemiotic narratives.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Muhammad Anwer, Rao, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Holistic and Part-based Deep Representations for Computational Painting Categorization
- 2016
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Ingår i: ICMR16: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2016 ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMEDIA RETRIEVAL. - New York, NY, USA : ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. - 9781450343596 ; , s. 339-342
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automatic analysis of visual art, such as paintings, is a challenging inter-disciplinary research problem. Conventional approaches only rely on global scene characteristics by encoding holistic information for computational painting categorization. We argue that such approaches are sub-optimal and that discriminative common visual structures provide complementary information for painting classification. We present an approach that encodes both the global scene layout and discriminative latent common structures for computational painting categorization. The region of interests are automatically extracted, without any manual part labeling, by training class-specific deformable part-based models. Both holistic and region-of-interests are then described using multi-scale dense convolutional features. These features are pooled separately using Fisher vector encoding and concatenated afterwards in a single image representation. Experiments are performed on a challenging dataset with 91 different painters and 13 diverse painting styles. Our approach outperforms the standard method, which only employs the global scene characteristics. Furthermore, our method achieves state-of-the-art results outperforming a recent multi-scale deep features based approach [11] by 6.4% and 3.8% respectively on artist and style classification.
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| 48. |
- Naidu, Viswanatha, et al.
(författare)
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Holistic spatial semantics and post-Talmian motion event typology : A case study of Thai and Telugu
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognitive Semiotics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2235-2066 .- 1662-1425. ; 11:2, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leonard Talmy’s influential binary motion event typology has encountered four main challenges: (a) additional language types; (b) extensive “type-internal” variation; (c) the role of other relevant form classes than verbs and “satellites;” and (d) alternative definitions of key semantic concepts like Motion, Path and Manner. After reviewing these issues, we show that the theory of Holistic Spatial Semantics provides analytical tools for their resolution. In support, we present an analysis of motion event descriptions by speakers of two languages that are troublesome for the original typology: Thai (Tai-Kadai) and Telugu (Dravidian), based on the Frog-story elicitation procedure. Despite some apparently similar typological features, the motion event descriptions in the two languages were found to be significantly different. The Telugu participants used very few verbs in contrast to extensive case marking to express Path and nominals to express Region and Landmark, while the Thai speakers relied largely on serial verbs for expressing Path and on prepositions for expressing Region. Combined with previous research in the field, our findings imply (at least) four different clusters of languages in motion event typology with Telugu and Thai as representative of two such clusters, languages like French and Spanish representing a third cluster, and Swedish and English a fourth. This also implies that many other languages like Italian, Bulgarian, and Basque will appear as “mixed languages,” positioned between two or three of these clusters.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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