| 1. |
- Heponiemi, Tarja, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Contractual and Subjective Job Insecurity With Sickness Presenteeism Among Public Sector Employees
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 52:8, s. 830-835
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:: We examined the associations of contractual job insecurity (fixed-term vs permanent employment contract) and subjectively assessed job insecurity with sickness presenteeism among those who had no sickness absences during the study year. METHODS:: Survey data from a sample of 18,454 Public sector employees were gathered in 2004 (the Finnish Public Sector study). RESULTS:: Fixed-term employees were less likely to report working while ill (odds ratio = 0.88, 95% confidence interval = 0.77 to 0.99) than permanent employees. Subjective insecurity was associated with higher levels of working while ill, and this association was stronger among older employees. These results remained after adjustments for demographics, health-related variables, and optimism. CONCLUSIONS:: Our results suggest that subjective job insecurity might be even more important than contractual insecurity when a public sector employee makes the decision to go to work despite feeling ill.
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| 2. |
- Anugwom, I, et al.
(författare)
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Selective Extraction of Hemicelluloses from Spruce using Switchable Ionic Liquids
- 2012
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 87:3, s. 2005-2011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Switchable Ionic Liquids (SILs) made from alcohols, either hexanol or butanol, and CO2 together with an amidine (1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)) were investigated as dissolution/fractionation solvents for wood material. Both native spruce (Picea abies), and pre-extracted spruce were treated with either butanol SIL (SIL1) or hexanol SIL (SIL 2) for 5 days at 55 °C under normal pressure. The SILs were formed by bubbling CO2 through an equimolar mixture of either 1-hexanol or 1-butanol and DBU. The viscosity of the mixture increased from 7.1 mPas to 2980 mPas for SIL 2 and 5.1 to 1600 mPas for SIL 1. Melting points of the SILs 1 and 2 were at 8 and 14 °C, respectively. After the treatment time (5 days), the undissolved fraction contained 38 wt % less hemicelluloses compared to native spruce. There was an increase in the glucose content of the milled spruce treated with both SILs, since the milling step reduced the cellulose crystallinity of the wood and facilitated an easier SIL access into the wood. The solvents were very neutral in terms of lignin removal. Consequently, only about 2% of the lignin was removed from native wood. Moreover, a priori removal of the wood extractives did not influence the lignin removal. Highlights► Switchable Ionic Liquids made from, either hexanol or butanol, and CO2 together with an amidine (DBU) were studies as dissolution/fractionation solvents for spruce wood. ► After the treatment undissolved fraction contained 38 wt-% less hemicelluloses. ► We conclude that Switchable ionic liquids are effective solvent for fractionation of wood material, and they are easily recycled and can be reused.
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| 3. |
- Anugwom, Ikenna, et al.
(författare)
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Switchable ionic liquids as delignification solvents for lignocellulosic materials
- 2014
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Ingår i: ChemSusChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 7:4, s. 1170-1176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transformation of lignocellulosic materials into potentially valuable resources is compromised by their complicated structure. Consequently, new economical and feasible conversion/fractionation techniques that render value-added products are intensely investigated. Herein an unorthodox and feasible fractionation method of birch chips (B. pendula) using a switchable ionic liquid (SIL) derived from an alkanol amine (monoethanol amine, MEA) and an organic super base (1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene, DBU) with two different trigger acid gases (CO2 and SO2 ) is studied. After SIL treatment, the dissolved fractions were selectively separated by a step-wise method using an antisolvent to induce precipitation. The SIL was recycled after concentration and evaporation of anti-solvent. The composition of undissolved wood after MEA-SO2 -SIL treatment resulted in 80 wt % cellulose, 10 wt % hemicelluloses, and 3 wt % lignin, whereas MEA-CO2 -SIL treatment resulted in 66 wt % cellulose, 12 wt % hemicelluloses and 11 wt % lignin. Thus, the MEA-SO2 -SIL proved more efficient than the MEA-CO2 -SIL, and a better solvent for lignin removal. All fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
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| 4. |
- Anugwom, Ikenna, et al.
(författare)
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Switchable ionic liquids (SILs) based on glycerol and acid gases
- 2011
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : The Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 1:3, s. 452-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New types of switchable ionic liquids (SILs), containing 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), glycerol and an acid gas (CO2, SO2), were synthesized and characterized in this study. [DBU][Carbonate] or [sulfonate] were easily synthesized from a non-ionic mixture of molecular organic polyol and amidine base upon bubbling of an acid gas (CO2, SO2). Moreover, they were switched back to the original molecular solvents by flushing out the acid gas (CO2, SO2) by heating and/or bubbling an inert gas such as N2 through it. The structures of the SILs were confirmed by NMR and FTIR. The change from low polarity (molecular solvent) to high polarity (Switchable Ionic Liquid, SIL) was also indicated by the changes in properties, such as viscosity and miscibility with different organic solvents. The decomposition temperatures of the SILs were determined by means of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and gave values in the range of 50 °C and 120 °C for DBU-glycerol-CO2 (SIL1) and DBU-glycerol-SO2 (SIL2), respectively. Due to the reasonable decomposition temperatures, these novel SILs can be employed in multiple applications.
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| 5. |
- Anugwom, Ikenna, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of switchable ionic liquid (SIL) treatment on the composition and crystallinity of birch chips (Betula pendula) using a novel alkanol amine-organic superbase-derived SIL
- 2014
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Ingår i: Green Processing and Synthesis. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2191-9542 .- 2191-9550. ; 3:2, s. 147-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-step treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) was tested using diethanolamine (DEA)-1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)-CO2-switchable ionic liquid (SIL), resulting in a 23% weight reduction in 24 h. The weight of the chips was reduced to 32% of their initial weight upon the second treatment with fresh SIL. SIL to wood ratio of 5:1, at 100°C for 24 h, without stirring, was applied in both steps. The relative amount of wood lignin reduced from 24% to 14% after two treatment cycles. The relative amount of cellulose of the undissolved fraction after SIL treatment increased from 43% (native birch wood) to 68% after the second cycle. Also, the undissolved material was efficiently fibrillated. The dissolved materials recovered from spent SIL, after treatment, contained high xylan content, about 90% of the total hemicelluloses, which was 85% of the recovered material. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the crystallinity of the undissolved material increased slightly, indicating dissolution of the amorphous material. Moreover, transformation of cellulose form I to form II in the remaining undissolved chips was not observed.
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| 6. |
- Anugwom, Ikenna, et al.
(författare)
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Towards optimal selective fractionation for Nordic woody biomass using novel amine–organic superbase derived switchable ionic liquids (SILs)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 70, s. 373-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Improved fractionation process conditions for wood dissolution with switchable ionic liquids (SILs) were determined. The short time, high temperature (STHT) system was introduced as a selective and efficient way to extract components from lignocellulosic material. A SIL based on monoethanol amine (MEA) and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) formed via coupling with SO2, was applied as a solvent in a 1:3 weight ratio with water. In essence, selective dissolution of mainly lignin was achieved by means of the aqueous SIL at 160 °C (∼6.1 bar corresponding to the vapor pressure of water) in 2 h and in a pressure vessel, for both hard- and soft-wood. About 95 wt-% of wood lignin was extracted. The dissolved components in the spent SIL were recovered by the addition of an anti-solvent whereupon over 70% of the dissolved components were recovered; the recovered fraction contained 19 wt-% hemicellulose while the rest of the material was in essence lignin. The non-dissolved, fluffy material contained ∼70 wt-% cellulose and ∼20 wt-% hemicellulose – a consistency resembling that of Kraft pulp.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Anugwom, Ikenna, et al.
(författare)
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Treating birch wood with a switchable 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene-glycerol carbonate ionic liquid
- 2012
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 66:7, s. 809-815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The suitability of a new switchable ionic liquid (SIL) has been investigated as a solvent for fractionation of lignocellulosic materials. SIL was prepared from inexpensive chemicals, e. g., glycerol, CO2, and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU). Fresh Nordic birch wood (B. pendula) was treated with the SIL for a time period of 1-5 days at 100 degrees C and under atmospheric pressure. Upon SIL treatment, at best, 57 % of the hemicelluloses were dissolved and 50 % of lignins were dissolved from the native birch. The slightly fibrillated SIL treated chips contained about 55 % cellulose. Up to 76 % of the recovered species removed from the spent SIL liquor was originating from hemicelluloses, mainly from xylan. The spent SILs were reused for fresh wood dissolution in four consecutive cycles and each time the wood dissolution efficiency was similar. SILs could offer affordable (easy-to-synthesize) solvent systems for partial elimination of hemicelluloses and lignin from wood. SILs can also be prepared in-situ and on-site.
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| 9. |
- Eta, Valerie, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced mass transfer upon switchable ionic liquid mediated wood fractionation
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Industrial crops and products (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0926-6690 .- 1872-633X. ; 55, s. 109-115
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to its major components is the primary step towards the conversion of biomass-based biopolymers to commodity chemicals in the integrated biorefinery process. Wood chips encased in a SpinChem® device and attached to the stirrer of a batch autoclave were used together with switchable ionic liquids (SILs) for the selective fractionation of hemicelluloses and lignin. Stirring of the wood chips in the SpinChem® device facilitated the diffusion of SIL into the chips through forced recirculation and at the same time avoiding mechanical fibrillation. The treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) with SILs comprising 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), monoethanolamine (MEA) and CO2 at 120 °C in a SpinChem® device resulted in the fractionation of 82 wt.% hemicelluloses and 90 wt.% lignin, leaving the cellulose-rich non-dissolved material partially fibrillated and softened. The dissolved hemicelluloses and lignin were selectively precipitated using isopropanol and recovered from the spent SIL.
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| 10. |
- Eta, Valerie, et al.
(författare)
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Loop vs. batch reactor setups in the fractionation of birch chips using switchable ionic liquids
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 238, s. 242-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fractionation of lignocellulosic feedstock into its major components with high purity represents an important commercialization milestone in the transformation of lignocellulosic forest derived products into fuels and commodity chemicals. A comparison between the traditionally used batch reactor and loop reactor systems demonstrates that improved dissolution of hemicelluloses and lignin are obtained using switchable ionic liquids in a loop reactor system which facilitates decreased heat and mass transfer restrictions. The treatment of birch chips using switchable ionic liquid (SIL) based on 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene, CO2 and diethanolamine at 120 °C for 30 h in a loop reactor resulted in 24% loss of original weight of wood corresponding to dissolution of 52 wt.% of hemicelluloses and 42 wt.% of lignin, respectively, as opposed to 20% weight loss corresponding to 43 wt.% dissolution of hemicelluloses and 38 wt.% of lignin in the batch system. The non-dissolved material obtained from both reactors was efficiently fibrillated and softened cellulose fibres. The flow of switchable ionic liquid through the loop reactor and agitation of the chips enhanced the dissolution of hemicelluloses and lignin. The dissolved fractions recovered from spent SIL after treatment contained both hemicelluloses and lignin.
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| 11. |
- Gustafsson, Per E., et al.
(författare)
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The association between long-term accumulation of temporary employment, the cortisol awakening response and circadian cortisol levels
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 37:6, s. 789-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporary employment is an increasingly common contract type, which has not been investigated in a psychoneuroendocrinological context despite previous observations of associations between adverse work and employment conditions and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulations. The present study aims to examine whether the 12-year accumulation of temporary employment is related to circadian cortisol levels, and if any association is independent of current employment conditions. Participants were drawn from the prospective Northern Swedish Cohort (n = 791, 74% of the original cohort). At age 43 years, retrospective reports of employments over the last 12 years and of current social conditions were collected by questionnaire, and one-day salivary cortisol profile was measured (at awakening, +15 min post-awakening, pre-lunch, bedtime). Results indicated a gradually higher magnitude of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in subjects with no (0 months in temporary employment; mean CAR = 34%), moderate (1-25 months in temporary employment; mean CAR = 41%) and heavy (>25 months in temporary employment; mean CAR = 51%) exposure (p = .020), remaining after adjustment for potential confounders and for current employment conditions (p = .028). The higher CAR was explained by lower awakening rather than higher post-awakening cortisol levels. Cortisol levels at all times of the day except post-awakening displayed tendencies to negative relations to temporary employment; as indicated by a lower Area Under of Curve (regression coefficient = 5.0%, p = .038 after adjustment). This study thus suggests that the long-term exposure to temporary employment might confer HPA dysregulations in the form of increased dynamics of the CAR and circadian suppression. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Hammarström, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Are the health consequences of temporary employment worse among low educated than among high educated?
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 21:6, s. 756-761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Despite the inconsistent findings of the growing amount of research analysing the possible health consequences of temporary employment, there is a lack of heterogeneous perspectives. The aim of the study was to analyse whether the health consequences of temporary employment are worse among low educated compared with high educated, after control for health-related selection.Methods: A 26-year follow-up study of a cohort of all school leavers in a middle-sized industrial town in northern Sweden was performed between 1981 and 2007. Of those still alive of the original cohort, 94% participated during the whole period. For this study, a sample of participants with temporary and permanent employment contracts between the age of 30 and 42 years was selected (n = 660).Results: In multivariate logistic regression analyses, an additive synergistic interaction effect was found for low education and high exposure to temporary employment in relation to suboptimal self-rated health, after controlling for health-related selection and sex. An additive antagonistic interaction was found between low education in combination with high exposure to temporary employment in relation to psychological distress, whereas no interaction was found for depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Our hypothesis regarding worse health effects of temporary employment among low educated was partly confirmed. Our results indicate the need to analyse temporary employment from a more heterogeneous perspective as well as in relation to different health outcomes.
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| 13. |
- Hammarström, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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It´s no surprise! Men are not hit more than women by the health consequences of unemployment in the Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 39:2, s. 187-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Research often fails to ascertain whether men and women are equally hit by the health consequences of unemployment. The aim of this study was to analyze whether men’s self-reported health and health behaviour were hit more by unemployment than women’s in a follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort.Methods: A follow-up study of a cohort of all school leavers in a middle-sized industrial town in northern Sweden was performed from age 16 to age 42. Of those still alive of the original cohort, 94% (n = 1,006) participated during the whole period. A sample was made of participants in the labour force and living in Sweden (n = 916). Register data were used to assess the length of unemployment from age 40 to 42, while questionnaire data were used for the other variables.Results: In multivariate logistic regression analyses significant relations between unemployment and mental health/smoking were found among both women and men, even after control for unemployment at the time of the investigation and indicators of health-related selection. Significant relations between unemployment and alcohol consumption were found among women, while few visits to a dentist was significant among men.Conclusions: Men are not hit more by the health consequences of unemployment in a Swedish context, with a high participation rate of women in the labour market. The public health relevance is that the study indicates the need to take gendered contexts into account in public health research.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hyvärinen, S, et al.
(författare)
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Towards ionic liquid fractionation of lignocellulosics for fermentable sugars
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. - 0576-9787. ; 44:4-6, s. 187-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates wood fractionation through ionic liquid (IL) mediated pretreatment, for obtaining simple fermentable sugars, namely oligo- and monosaccharides, and in particular hexoses (andpentoses). The study focuses on softwood, Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies), exposed to ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EmimCl). Since both EmimCl and the monosaccharides are water-soluble and dissolve readily in similar solvents, the separation of this hydrophilic IL from sugars is difficult. Moreover, the analytics of monosaccharides released from lignocellulosics with the help of EmimCl is challenging. Sufficiently diluted samples, with low enough EmimCl concentrations, tolerated by GC sugar columns, can be also analyzed by GC. The results obtained suggest that some IL-tolerating HPLC columns can be utilized for a quantitative determination of monosaccharides. However, frequently, these columns have low separation ability for monosaccharides and, consequently, the retention time values are very close to each other. So far, the best results on HPLC utilization were obtained with isocratic elution, using a refractive index detector and a diode array UV detector in series.
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| 16. |
- Lietzen, R., et al.
(författare)
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Stressful life events and the onset of asthma
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 37:6, s. 1360-1365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The status of stressful life events as a risk factor for asthma is unclear and may be dependent on pre-existing allergic rhinitis. This study examined whether exposure to stressful life events predicted the onset of asthma in adults. This is a prospective, population-based cohort study of 16,881 males and females, aged 20-54 yrs and free of diagnosed asthma at the beginning of the follow-up (January 1, 2004). Data about stressful life events were gathered with a postal survey. The onset of asthma was ascertained through national registers until December 31, 2005. During the follow-up period, 192 incident cases of asthma were identified. High total exposure to stressful life events, as indicated by a cumulative severity score, predicted the onset of asthma (hazard ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.22-3.13). This association was robust to adjustment for demographics, smoking and having a cat/dog at home and it was observed both among those with and without allergic rhinitis at baseline. Of the 10 most stressful life events, the illness of a family member, marital problems, divorce or separation and conflicts with a supervisor were associated with the onset of asthma. Our study suggests that stressful life events may increase the onset of asthma.
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| 17. |
- Mäki-Arvela, P, et al.
(författare)
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Dissolution of lignocellulosic materials and its constituents using ionic liquids - a review
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Industrial crops and products (Print). - : Elseier B.V.. - 0926-6690 .- 1872-633X. ; 32:3, s. 175-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The state of art from the dissolution of cellulose, lignin and wood using ionic liquids is presented in this work. The emphasis is put on the relationship between the properties of ionic liquids and the dissolution capacity. The impact of the following solvation parameters, namely Hildebrand solubility parameter and hydrogen bond basicity are related to the dissolution of lignocellulosic material. Good solvents for cellulose are 1-butyl- and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides as well as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, whereas for lignocellulosic material the best solvents are 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. In allyl group the ethylene functionality facilitates B-interactions with the aromatic lignin structure. Furthermore, small polarizable anions are also powerful when aiming at dissolution of cellulose. The properties of regenerated cellulose and reconstituted lignin are also given and compared with those of the native materials. Furthermore, the results from the regeneration and reuse of ionic liquids are presented here.
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| 18. |
- Mäki-Arvela, Päivi, et al.
(författare)
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The challenge of efficient synthesis of biofuels from lignocellulose for future renewable transportation fuels
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Chemical Engineering. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1687-806X .- 1687-8078. ; , s. 674761-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dehydration of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has recently been under intensive study by a multitude of research groups. On the other hand, when lignocellulosic biomass is applied as the starting material, very few studies can be found in the open literature. The direct synthesis of HMF, in line with the idea of “one-pot” synthesis strategy from lignocellulose, is demanding since the overall process should encompass dissolution, hydrolysis, and dehydration steps in a single processing unit. Ionic liquid-assisted methods to produce hydroxymethyl-furfural directly from lignocellulosic biomass are reported here together with a short overview of the most important biofuels. In reality, HMF is not suitable to be used as a single-component fuel as such, and, consequently, methods to produce HMF derivatives suitable as liquid fuels are reported.
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| 19. |
- Norström, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? : A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 14:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Almost all studies on the effect on health from unemployment have concluded that unemployment is bad for your health. However, only a few review articles have dealt with this relation in recent years, and none of them have focused on the analysis of subgroups such as age, gender, and marital status. The objective of our article is to review how unemployment relates to self-assessed health with a focus on its effect on subgroups.METHODS: A search was performed in Web of Science to find articles that measured the effect on health from unemployment. The selection of articles was limited to those written in English, consisting of original data, and published in 2003 or later. Our definition of health was restricted to self-assessed health. Mortality- and morbidity-related measurements were therefore not included in our analysis. For the 41 articles included, information about health measurements, employment status definitions, other factors included in the statistical analysis, study design (including study population), and statistical method were collected with the aim of analysing the results on both the population and factor level.RESULTS: Most of the studies in our review showed a negative effect on health from unemployment on a population basis. Results at the factor levels were most common for gender (25 articles), age (11 articles), geographic location (8 articles), and education level (5 articles). The analysis showed that there was a health effect for gender, age, education level, household income, and geographic location. However, this effect differed between studies and no clear pattern on who benefits or suffers more among these groups could be determined. The result instead seemed to depend on the study context. The only clear patterns of association found were for socioeconomic status (manual workers suffer more), reason for unemployment (being unemployed due to health reasons is worse), and social network (a strong network is beneficial).CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment affects groups of individuals differently. We believe that a greater effort should be spent on specific groups of individuals, such as men or women, instead of the population as a whole when analysing the effect of unemployment on health.
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| 20. |
- Salminen, Eero, et al.
(författare)
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Alkaline ionic liquids applied in supported ionic liquid catalyst for selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Chemistry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2646. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a suitable cation which can tolerate the harsh conditions induced by the anion. In this study, a commercial quaternary ammonium compound (quat) benzalkonium [ADBA] (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium) was used as a cation in the synthesis of different alkaline ionic liquids. In fact, the precursor, benzalkonium chloride, is a mixture of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides of various alkyl chain lengths and is commonly used in the formulation of various antiseptic products. The prepared ionic liquids were utilized as Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs). Typically, a SILCA contains metal nanoparticles, enzymes, or metal complexes in an ionic liquid layer which is immobilized on a solid carrier material such as an active carbon cloth (ACC). The catalysts were applied in the selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal which is an important perfumery chemical. Interestingly, 70% molar yield toward citronellal was achieved over a catalyst containing the alkaline ionic liquid benzalkonium methoxide.
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| 21. |
- Salminen, Eero, et al.
(författare)
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Alkaline modifiers as performance boosters in citral hydrogenation over supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Catalysis Today. - : Elsevier. - 0920-5861 .- 1873-4308. ; 196:1, s. 126-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs) consist of nano-scale catalytic species immobilized in an ionic liquid layer which, in turn, is immobilized on a solid support. In this work, novel SILCAs containing various inorganic alkaline modifiers (e.g. potassium hydroxide) were prepared and applied in citral hydrogenation reactions. The supported ionic liquid catalyst systems demonstrated enhanced reaction rates and improved selectivities toward citronellal in citral hydrogenation. With the addition of an alkaline modifier into ionic liquid layer, the catalyst selectivity increased from 16% to 74%. In fact, a highly selective reaction route toward citronellal was accomplished.
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| 22. |
- Salminen, Eero, et al.
(författare)
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Etherification of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to a Biodiesel Component Over Ionic Liquid Modified Zeolites
- 2013
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Ingår i: Topics in catalysis. - : Springer. - 1022-5528 .- 1572-9028. ; 56:9-10, s. 765-769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, ionic liquid (IL) modified H-Beta zeolites were prepared and the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated. IL modified zeolites were applied in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) etherification to tert-butoxymethylfurfural (tBMF) which is a potential (bio)diesel component. The best catalyst, IL-H-Beta-25, yielded at BMF selectivity of 76 % corresponding to a HMF conversion of 46 %.
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| 23. |
- Salminen, Eero, et al.
(författare)
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Isomerisation of a-Pinene Oxide to Campholenic Aldehyde OverSupported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Topics in catalysis. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1022-5528 .- 1572-9028. ; 57:17-20, s. 1533-1538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The isomerisation of α-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde, an expensive ingredient utilized by e.g. flavor industry, was studied over Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCAs) consisting of catalytically active species residing in ionic liquid. The ionic liquid, in turn, was immobilized on a solid support material. SILCAs were demonstrated as efficient catalysts for the transformation of α-pinene oxide into campholenic aldehyde, with the product distribution and activity being dependent on the nature of the ionic liquid.
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| 24. |
- Salminen, Eero, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics upon Isomerization of α,β-Pinene Oxides over Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts Containing Lewis Acids
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1226-086X .- 1876-794X .- 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 53:52, s. 20107-20115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood extractives such as α-pinene oxide and β-pinene oxide are important renewable chemicals for the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and value-added intermediates. In this work, catalytic transformations of biomass derived extractives, isomerization of α,β-pinene oxides were studied over supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCAs). SILCAs consist of catalytic species (e.g., metal nanoparticles or metal complexes) in a thin layer of ionic liquid which is immobilized on a solid support material (e.g., active carbon cloth). The reaction kinetics of the isomerization reactions over supported ionic liquid catalysts were studied and modeled. Mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in selectivity and activity of the catalysts containing different ionic liquids were developed, and the models described the reaction rates and product distributions very well.
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| 25. |
- Saloniemi, Antti, et al.
(författare)
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Training for the unemployed : Differential effects in white- and blue-collar workers with respect to mental well-being
- 2014
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Ingår i: Work, Employment and Society. - London, England : Sage Publications. - 0950-0170 .- 1469-8722. ; 28:4, s. 533-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we investigate the effects of active labour market policy measures on health and well-being and how these effects are connected with socioeconomic status. The data were collected among the participants (n = 212) in 24 conventional vocational training courses in Finland. According to the results, training was accompanied by improvements in health and well-being among participants with a higher socioeconomic status, whereas for blue-collar workers the changes were neutral or even detrimental. The results raise questions about the role of active labour market policy measures as a public service. There seems to be a risk that these types of measures maintain or even produce health differences between socioeconomic groups.
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| 26. |
- Virtanen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to nonpermanent employment and health : analysis of the associations with 12 health indicators
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 53:6, s. 653-657
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To clarify the associations of nonpermanent employment with poor health in longitudinal setting with different health outcomes.METHODS: A population cohort (n = 1071) was surveyed at the age of 30 and then again at the age of 42. They were classified according to exposure to nonpermanent employment. The outcomes included indicators of mental and somatic health and health behavior.RESULTS: When adjusted for baseline level of the outcome under study, the odds ratio of the heavily exposed was 1.90 (1.25 to 2.88) for nervous symptoms, 1.77 (1.03 to 2.05) for psychological distress, and 1.52 (1.03 to 2.25) for suboptimal mood. Among the lightly exposed, the odds ratio for psychological distress was 1.94 (1.10 to 2.10).CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress is particularly sensitive to exposure to nonpermanent employment. The effects on somatic health or health behavior should be studied only with carefully specified hypotheses.
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| 27. |
- Virtanen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to temporary employment and job insecurity : a longitudinal study of the health effects
- 2011
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 68:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective This study analysed interactions between job insecurity and temporary employment and health. We tested the violation hypothesis (whether permanent employment increases the health risk associated with job insecurity) and the intensification hypothesis (whether temporary employment increases the health risk associated with job insecurity) in a longitudinal setting. Previous research on this topic is scarce and based on cross-sectional data.Methods A population cohort (n=1071) was surveyed at age 30 and age 42. Exposure to temporary employment during this 12-year period was elicited with a job-time matrix and measured as the score of 6-month periods. Exposure to job insecurity was measured according to the perceived threat of unemployment. Health at follow-up was assessed as optimal versus suboptimal self-rated health, sleep quality and mental health. In addition to sociodemographics and baseline health, the analyses were adjusted for exposure to unemployment, non-employment and self-employment during the 12-year period.Results 26% of participants had been exposed to temporary employment. The effect of job insecurity on health was the same in the exposed and unexposed groups, that is the violation hypothesis was not supported. Non-significant interactions between the exposures and all health outcomes also indicated null findings regarding the intensification hypothesis.Conclusions These findings suggest that perceived job insecurity can lead to adverse health effects in both permanent and temporary employees. Policies should aim to improve work-related well-being by reducing job insecurity. Efforts towards 'flexicurity' are important, but it is equally important to remember that a significant proportion of employees with a permanent contract experience job insecurity.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Virtanen, Pasi, et al.
(författare)
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Selective hydrogenation for fine chemical synthesis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Supported ionic liquids. - Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 9783527324293 - 9783527654819 - 9783527654802 - 9783527654796 - 9783527654789 ; , s. 251-262
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogenation is an important and widely applied reaction in chemical industry. Supported ionic liquid (IL) type catalysts have shown good performance in various hydrogenation reactions. This chapter introduces a few case studies where supported IL catalysis has been applied in hydrogenation reactions. The case studies highlight the novelty of supported IL catalyst (SILCA) catalysts. Selective hydrogenation of α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters, in general, is a versatile pathway to obtain many interesting products that can be used in perfumes, hardening of fats, preparation of pharmaceuticals, and synthesis of organic intermediates. SILCAs have been successfully demonstrated to act as catalysts in chemoselective hydrogenations, and thus an analogous concept has been applied for the synthesis of chiral metal complexes in ILs supported on heterogeneous catalysts.
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| 30. |
- Virtanen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Suboptimal health as a predictor of non-permanent employment in middle age : a 12-year follow-up study of the Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 86:2, s. 139-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier research on health-related selection in the labour market has concentrated on selection of those with poor health into unemployment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if suboptimal health also predicts non-permanent employment. A population cohort of 517 men and 477 women was surveyed at age 30 and at age 43 about their health and yearly employment. Non-permanent employment during the follow-up was assessed for its occurrence with Cox regression and for the amount (accumulation in months) with generalised linear models. Suboptimal self-rated health, sense functioning and sleep quality in women and suboptimal mood in men predicted high accumulation of non-permanent employment. By contrast, in men, suboptimal self-rated health and sense functioning predicted low accumulation. The gender differences were statistically significant. Smoking predicted high occurrence and accumulation of non-permanent employment equally in men and women, whereas no associations were seen with overweight and alcohol consumption. Selection into non-permanent employment was shown for several indicators of suboptimal health. A gendered pattern was found, with more health selection among women. The findings of this pioneering study should be tested with further research.
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| 31. |
- Virtanen, Pasi, et al.
(författare)
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Supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCA) for preparation of organic chemicals
- 2010
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Ingår i: Topics in catalysis. - : SpringerLink. - 1022-5528 .- 1572-9028. ; 53:15-18, s. 1096-1103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species residing in an ionic liquid layer, which in turn was immobilized on a solid support, were applied on the selective hydrogenation of citral in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. Different ionic liquids with and without addition of acid modificators were studied in terms of the catalyst activity and product selectivity. Consequently, mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts consisting different ionic liquids, were developed.
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| 32. |
- Virtanen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Tracks of labour market attachment in early middle age : A trajectory analysis over 12 years
- 2011
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Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 16:2, s. 55-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The predominant aim of this study was to contribute to the methodology in research on work trajectories as essential element of the life course in adulthood. Data on the labour market attachment of a population cohort (n = 1005) from age 30 to age 42 were collected with a questionnaire. We applied trajectory analysis in order to define different attachment tracks. According to the information criteria, six tracks were discerned: in addition to those who are in permanent employment (high-level attachment), in temporary employment (medium-level attachment) and out of work (poor-level attachment) throughout early middle age, we were able to define subgroups that move from temporary to permanent employment (strengthening attachment) or vice versa (weakening attachment), and also some who enter working life and attain permanent employment at a relatively high age (delayed attachment). On average, attachment was high and strengthened with time, indicating that no major de-standardization of employment occurred during the follow-up years (1995-2007) in the studied labour market and age cohort. Given longitudinal data with at least ordinal scale variables, the applied trajectory analysis may be recommended as a "method of choice" in clustering the diverse and non-standard work-life courses into a meaningful set of tracks. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 33. |
- Waenerlund, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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History of labour market attachment as a determinant of health status: a 12-year follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 4:2, s. e004053-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective The present study aims at using trajectory analysis to measure labour market attachment (LMA) over 12years and at examining whether labour market tracks relate to perceived health status.Design Data were retrieved from a 26-year prospective cohort study, the Northern Swedish Cohort.Setting and participants All ninth grade students (n=1083) within the municipality of Lulea in northern Sweden were included in the baseline investigation in 1981. The vast majority (94%) of the original cohort participated at the fourth follow-up. In this study, 969 participants were included.Measures Perceived health status (psychological distress and non-optimal self-rated health) at age 42 and the data obtained from questionnaires.Results We have identified four tracks in relation to LMA across the 12-year period: permanent', high level', strengthening' and poor level' of attachment. LMA history relates to psychological distress. High level (OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.27)), strengthening (OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.29 to 2.93)) and poor attachment (OR 3.14 (95% CI 2.10 to 4.70) involve higher OR for psychological distress compared with permanent attachment. The overall p value remained significant in the final model (p=0.001). Analyses regarding non-optimal self-rated health displayed a similar pattern but this was not significant in the final model.Conclusions Our results suggest that health status in mid-life, particularly psychological distress, is related to patterns of LMA history, to a large part independently of other social risk factors and previous health. Consideration of heterogeneity and time in LMA might be important when analysing associations with perceived health.
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| 34. |
- Waenerlund, Anna-Karin, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Is temporary employment related to health status? : Analysis of the Northern Swedish Cohort.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : Sage Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 39:5, s. 533-539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate whether temporary employment was related to non-optimal self-rated healthand psychological distress at age 42 after adjustment for the same indicators at age 30, and to analyze the effects of jobinsecurity, low cash margin and high job strain on this relationship.Methods: A subcohort of the Northern Swedish Cohortthat was employed at the 2007 follow-up survey (n¼907, response rate of 94%) was analyzed using data from 1995 and 2007questionnaires.Results: Temporary employees had a higher risk of both non-optimal self-rated health and psychologicaldistress. After adjustment for non-optimal self-rated health at age 30 and psychological distress at age 30 as well as forsociodemographic variables, the odds ratios decreased but remained significant. However, after adjustment for job insecurity,high job strain and low cash margin the odds ratio dropped for non-optimal self-rated health but remained significant forpsychological distress.Conclusions: Temporary employment may have adverse effects on self-rated health andpsychological health after adjustment for previous health status and sociodemographic variables. Our findingsindicate that low cash margin and job insecurity may partially mediate the association between temporaryemployment and health status.
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| 35. |
- Waenerlund, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Is the core-periphery labour market structure related to perceived health? Findings of the Northern Swedish Cohort.
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 11, s. 956-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There is controversy as to whether peripheral employment is related to poor health status or not. This study aims at examining whether 1) the accumulation of time in peripheral labour market positions is associated with psychological distress and poor or average self-rated health; 2) the proposed association is different among women than among men.Method: Participants in the 1995 and 2007 follow-up surveys of the Northern Swedish Cohort (n = 985) completed self-administered questionnaires about psychological and general health and about employment positions during the follow-up years. Associations between 12 year peripheral labour market positions (no, low, medium and high exposure) and health were examined using logistic regression.Results: Exposure to peripheral employment was positively related to psychological distress in both women and men (p-values for trend < 0.001). Adjustment for sociodemographics and psychological distress at baseline, as well as for unemployment and being out of the labour market at the follow-up, resulted in attenuation of the odds ratios, particularly in the group with high exposure to peripheral employment, although results remained significant in men in the fully adjusted model. Women and men with high exposure to peripheral employment had high odds of poor or average self-rated health, but the association was rendered non-significant after adjustment for the covariates.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that exposure to peripheral employment positions has an impact particularly on mental health, partly due to the over-representation of other unfavourable social and employment conditions among those with substantial exposure to peripheral employment.
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| 36. |
- Waenerlund, Anna-Karin, 1982-
(författare)
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Temporary employment and illness
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: It is debated whether temporary employment compared to permanent employment entails an elevated risk of illness or not, as the empirical studies have not shown a unified picture. Since a significant part of the Swedish workforce is currently working under temporary employment contracts, it is important for public health research to pay close attention to what the implications in terms of illness might be. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to explore the relationship between temporary employment and illness.Methods: This thesis was based on data from the Northern Swedish Cohort, consisting of all pupils in grade 9 in Luleå in 1981 (n=1083). The cohort was followed with extensive questionnaires. The latest follow-up was performed in year 2007, when 94% participated. To analyse the quantitative questionnaire data, logistic regression and trajectory analysis were used. A qualitative method, Grounded Theory, was also applied in this thesis to analyse interviews performed in 2011, with a strategic selection of 12 participants from the cohort.Results: Quantitative data showed that temporary employees had overall higher odds ratios for illness in terms of psychological distress and non-optimal self-rated health compared to permanent employees. This general difference in odds ratios was evident irrespective of how temporary employment was measured as well as after control for earlier health status and confounders. The qualitative analysis gained insight into temporary employment as social processes of: underling the driving force for employment; working hard for a job. The structural conditions emerged in terms of, being used and exploited on the labour market and these conditions were related to the individual strategies of adaptation and coping. In the intersection of agency, structural conditions and adaption, emotional and bodily reactions emerged, such as being worn out, worried and wrathful.Conclusion: Illness is unevenly distributed between temporary and permanent employees, with temporary employees being the unfavourable group. Striving for good and evenly distributed health conditions in the population, policy makers should aim at reducing the number of employees working in temporary contracts. In addition, there is a need to improve surveillance of the health situation among temporary employees and to reduce unfavourable conditions, such as job and financial insecurity and unemployment, among temporary employees.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Wennberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Myocardial infarction in relation to mercury and fatty acids from fish : a risk-benefit analysis based on pooled Finnish and Swedish data in men
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 96:4, s. 706-713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Exposure to methylmercury from fish has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in some studies. At the same time, marine n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs are an inherent constituent of fish and are regarded as beneficial. To our knowledge, no risk-benefit model on the basis of data on methylmercury, PUFA, and MI risk has yet been presented.Objective: The objective of this study was to describe how exposure to both marine n-3 PUFAs and methylmercury relates to MI risk by using data from Finland and Sweden.Design: We used matched case-control sets from Sweden and Finland that were nested in population-based, prospective cohort studies. We included 361 men with MI from Sweden and 211 men with MI from Finland. MI risk was estimated in a logistic regression model with the amount of mercury in hair (hair-Hg) and concentrations of n-3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) in serum (S-PUFA) as independent variables.Results: The median hair-Hg was 0.57 mu g/g in Swedish and 1.32 mu g/g in Finnish control subjects, whereas the percentage of S-PUFA was 4.21% and 3.83%, respectively. In combined analysis, hair-Hg was associated with higher (P = 0.005) and S-PUFA with lower (P = 0.011) MI risk. Our model indicated that even a small change in fish consumption (ie, by increasing S-PUFA by 1%) would prevent 7% of MIs, despite a small increase in mercury exposure. However, at a high hair-Hg, the modeled beneficial effect of PUFA on MI risk was counteracted by methylmercury.Conclusions: Exposure to methylmercury was associated with increased risk of MI, and higher S-PUFA concentrations were associated with decreased risk of MI. Thus, MI risk may be reduced by the consumption of fish high in PUFAs and low in methylmercury.Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:706-13.
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