| 1. |
- Nijkamp, P., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a regional science academy : A manifesto
- 2016
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Ingår i: Region. - : European Regional Science Association. - 2409-5370. ; 3:1, s. R1-R16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Manifesto provides a joint proposal to create a Regional Science Academy as a think-tank support platform for a strategic development of the spatial sciences. The Regional Science Academy is a strategic spatial knowledge catalyst: it acts as a global intellectual powerhouse for new knowledge network initiatives and scholarly views on regions and cities as vital centrepieces of interconnected spatial systems. This contribution highlights its role and presents various activity plans.
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| 2. |
- Zetterberg, P., et al.
(författare)
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Initial multi-node and antenna transmitter and receiver architectures and schemes; Deliverable D5.1
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable provides the initial concepts and solutions from the technical work related to multi-antenna and multi-node transceiver schemes in millimetre wave (denoted as 6-100GHz) spectrum. It also briefly presents the use cases on which the work will be based and categorises the solutions in terms of their applicability to access, backhaul and relay deployments. Another important contribution from this report is the modelling of the hardware impairments in millimetre wave transceivers and the analysis of their impact on system performance.
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| 3. |
- Hakansson, P., et al.
(författare)
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A direct simulation of EPR slow-motion spectra of spin labelled phospholipids in liquid crystalline bilayers based on a molecular dynamics simulation of the lipid dynamics
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 3:23, s. 5311-5319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- EPR line shapes can be calculated from the stochastic Liouville equation assuming a stochastic model for the reorientation of the spin probe. Here we use instead and for the first time a detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to generate the stochastic input to the Langevin form of the Liouville equation. A 0.1 mus MD simulation at T = 50 degreesC of a small lipid bilayer formed by 64 dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecules at the water content of 23 water molecules per lipid was used. In addition, a 10 ns simulation of a 16 times larger system consisting of 32 DPPC molecules with a nitroxide spin moiety attached at the sixth position of the sn2 chain and 992 ordinary DPPC molecules, was used to investigate the extent of the perturbation caused by the spin probe. Order parameters, reorientational dynamics and the EPR FID curve were calculated for spin probe molecules and ordinary DPPC molecules. The timescale of the electron spin relaxation for a spin-moiety attached at the sixth carbon position of a DPPC lipid molecule is 11.9 x 10(7) rad s(-1) and for an unperturbed DPPC molecule it is 3.5 x 10(7) rad s(-1).
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Allen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Structural responses of high performance sailing yachts to slamming loads
- 2011
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Ingår i: 11th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation, FAST 2011 - Proceedings. - 9780985066000 ; , s. 585-592
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental measurements of transient strains, local accelerations and pressure were undertaken on the IMOCA Open 60' class sailing yacht Paprec-Virbac III, and on a replica hull panel section tested in a laboratory slam testing facility. The approximately 1m x 0.7m panel for laboratory testing was manufactured on a mould taken from the plug used for the vessel construction, ensuring that the panel had identical curved geometry to the vessel. The laboratory panel included two stringers as on the same region of the vessel. An instrumentation layout including arrays of resistance strain gauges, accelerometers and a transient pressure transducer was used. Linear displacement transducers were used to measure panel deformations during the laboratory tests. The laboratory testing was undertaken at a range of constant impact velocities from 0.5 to 3m/s using a Servohydraulic Slam Testing System. Sea-trials were undertaken in the Hauraki Gulf, Auckland New Zealand. There was good qualitative agreement between the field and laboratory measurements in regard to timing and relative magnitudes of strains at different positions on the structure. Results demonstrate that the hull structure undergoes very complex transient deformations during the slamming events.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Derefeldt, G., et al.
(författare)
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Improvement of tactical situation awareness with colour-coded horizontal-situation displays in combat aircraft
- 1999
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 20:4, s. 171-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the multi-role combat aircraft Gripen, the monochrome head-down displays in the cockpit are to be upgraded in colour. In the present study, the effects of colour-coded displays on visual search and situation awareness (SA) were studied in a real-time simulation of an air-to-air mission with test pilots as subjects. Gripen's monochrome colour scheme was compared to two chromatic (dichrome, polychrome) colour schemes. A 3×2×2 factorial within subjects design was used; the three colour schemes each with two different background conditions (simple and complex) and two different symbol configurations. The pilot had two tasks during the simulation: (1) to track a manoeuvring aircraft within specified limits by using the head-up display (HUD), and (2) to detect the appearance of a priority target on the head-down horizontal-situation display (HSD). Deviations in flight path angle and reaction times for target detection were recorded. After the test runs, the pilot answered questions and ranked the colour schemes in different respects. The pilot also rated them for SA using a subjective rating technique on cognitive compatibility (CC-SART). The results show that colour is advantageous in comparison to the monochrome display: The ranks on situation awareness and preference ratings were higher for the chromatic schemes, and with the complex background, the reaction times were significantly lower for the polychrome colour code. In summary, the results indicate that colour can improve tactical SA in combat aircraft.
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| 10. |
- Driver, G. W., et al.
(författare)
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Correlated/non-correlated ion dynamics of charge-neutral ion couples : The origin of ionicity in ionic liquids
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 19:7, s. 4975-4988
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proton/fluoride spin-lattice (T1) nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) measurements of 1-butyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C4mim][PF6], have been carried out using high field spectrometers and a fast-field-cycling instrument at proton Larmor frequencies ranging from 10 kHz to 40 MHz, at different temperatures. The NMRD profiles are interpreted by means of a simple relaxation model based on the inter- and intra-ionic dipole-dipole relaxation mechanism. Using an atomic molecular-ion dynamic simulation at 323 K the relevant spin dipole-dipole (DD) correlation functions are calculated. The results indicate that the NMRD profiles can be rationalized using intra- and inter-ionic spin DD interactions, however, anions are mainly modulated by ionic reorientation because of temporary correlations with cations, where modulation by translational diffusion plays a minor role. Reorientational dynamics of charge-neutral ion couples (i.e. [C4mim]⋯[PF6]) and [C4mim]+ ions are in the nano-second (ns) time range whereas the reorientation of [PF6]- is characterized by a reorientational correlation time in the pico-second (ps) regime. Based on the NMRD profiles we conclude that the main relaxation mechanism for [PF6]- is due to fast internal reorientational motion, a partially averaged F-F intra- and F-H inter-ionic DD coupling as the anion resides in close proximity to its temporary oppositely charged cation partner. The F-T1-NMRD data display a ns dispersion which is interpreted as being due to correlated reorientational modulations resulting from the H-containing charge-neutral ion couple [C4mim]⋯[PF6]. The analysis of ionicity is based on the free anion fraction, f, and it increases with temperature with f → 1 at the highest temperatures investigated. The fraction is obtained from the H-F NMRD profiles as correlated-non-correlated dynamics of the ions. The analysis of T1 relaxation rates of C, H, F and P at high fields cannot generally give the fraction of ions but is consistent with the interpretation based on the NMRD profiles with relaxation contributions due to DD-intra and -inter, CSA-intra (and -inter for C), including spin rotation for P. The investigation has led to a description of the mechanics governing ion transport in the title ionic liquid via identification of transient correlated/non-correlated ion dynamics.
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| 11. |
- Ducournau, G., et al.
(författare)
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200 GHz communication system using unipolar InAs THz rectifiers
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz. - 2162-2027 .- 2162-2035. - 9781467347174
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the first use of a THz detector based on InAs rectifying nanochannels in a communication system. The transmitter is composed of an electronic multiplication chain, externally amplitude modulated at the input signal. The system has been driven at 200 GHz and up to 500 Mbps data signals have been transmitted in an indoor configuration. In contrast to most nanodevices, the InAs detector has a low impedance (580 ω) and is therefore easily loaded by 50 ω electronics. The data rate limitation is mainly coming from parasitics coupled in the board. © 2013 IEEE.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hunukumbure, M., et al.
(författare)
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Multi-antenna, Multi-node, Multi-RAT Architectures to Provide an Immersive Experience to the Early 5G Adopters
- 2016
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Ingår i: ETSI Workshop on future radio technologies - Air Interfaces 27-28 January 2016, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses transceiver radio architectures for the 5G immersive experience and for three extended use cases that will be studied in the WP5 of the EU funded mmMAGIC project. The need to provide multi-antenna and multi-node solutions in the mm-wave spectrum is emphasized, as well as the need to encompass legacy and other complementary RATs in this 5G system. The hardware imperfections that should be tackled or worked around in these challenging radio systems are also highlighted.
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| 16. |
- Håkansson, P, et al.
(författare)
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Itô diffusions on hypersurfaces with application to the Schwarz-P surface and nuclear magnetic resonance theory
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Journal of Chemical Physics. ; 117:19, s. 8634-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents a new Brownian dynamics simulation method of translational diffusion on curved surfaces. This new method introduce any implicit defined surface into the stochastic differential equation describing Brownian motion on that surface. The surface curvature will thus enter the force term (A) in the stochastic differential equation dXt = A(Xt)dt + B(Xt)dWt describing an Itô process. We apply the method calculating time correlation functions relevant in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation and translational diffusion studies of cubic phases of lyotropic systems. In particularly we study some bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phases which can be described as triply periodic minimal surfaces. The curvature dependent spin relaxation of the Schwarz-P minimal surface is calculated. A comparison of relaxation is made with the more complex topology of the Neovius surface which is another minimal surface in the same space group, and with parallel displacement of the minimal surface which thus results in a nonminimal surface. The curvature dependent relaxation effects are determined by calculating the translational diffusion modulated time-correlation function which determine the relaxation rates of a quadrupole nuclei residing in the water–lipid interface. The results demonstrates that spin relaxation data can provide quantitative information about micro-structure of biocontinuous cubic phases and that it is sensitive to the topology of the surface and to parallel displacement of the model surface. Consequently, spin relaxation may be used as a complement to x-ray diffraction in order to discriminate between different microstructures. It is concluded that fast and accurate computer simulations experiments is needed to be able to interpret NMR relaxation experiments on curved surfaces. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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| 17. |
- Kourtit, K., et al.
(författare)
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A roadmap for a new mindset in regional science : The regional science academy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional. - : Universidade de Taubate. - 1809-239X. ; 11:4, s. 27-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This contribution argues that the great many spatial challenges of our world and the emerging spatial dynamics call for new modes of thinking on regional science research. The creation of a Regional Science Academy may be helpful in meeting this novel demand. The much needed radical and new perspective on the future of our space economy is illustrated by a concise challenging exposition on the consequences of the ongoing ‘New Urban World’ which might eventually turn into a ‘Post-Urban World’. The Regional Science Academy may be instrumental in developing such ideas.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Naldi, Lucia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable Swedish municipalities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. - : Routledge. - 0898-5626 .- 1464-5114.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small- and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) not integrated into expanding metropolitan regions often face industrial decline and depopulation. As a result, many of them lack resilience to change and may be classified as vulnerable. While research holds that a local government’s efforts to act in an entrepreneurial way are important for the development of vulnerable SMSTs, entrepreneurship behaviours in the local public sector remain under-investigated. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by investigating whether and how vulnerable SMSTs differ in their entrepreneurial behaviours. Based on the concepts of policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, we performed a survey of Swedish local communities about their work on strengthening and renewing local business life and improving their own administrations. We analyse factors associated with these activities and examine differences between the policy entrepreneurship of vulnerable and nonvulnerable places, as well as differences within the vulnerable group. Vulnerable places rank low in entrepreneurial orientation, which may contribute to regional lock-in. Cluster analysis reveals that the vulnerable municipalities are a heterogeneous group, which we classify into “entrepreneurs’ ‘local innovators’, and ‘disengaged risktakers’. Regression analysis indicates that local social capital may increase entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable places by strengthening the focus on innovation.
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| 21. |
- Olsson, Amy Rader, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial governance and local growth
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do local development policies influence local employment growth? Based on a survey to municipal managers in all Swedish municipalities, this is one of the first studies to empirically assess the relationship between reported local development initiatives (entrepreneurial governance (EG) and growth of local employment. We find a weak but significant association between EG and employment growth for urban municipalities. This suggests that EG is more effective in larger, growing municipalities than in smaller, declining rural areas. Urban municipalities may of course have more resources for entrepreneurial governance than rural ones as they have grown substantially faster for a long period of time. The result thus indicates that EG and growth are in a positive interplay of interaction. When the EG index was divided into three sub-indexes after the entrepreneurial process (discover or create opportunities, collect resources and exploit opportunities) the analyses also showed positive correspondence between some sub-indexes and employment growth for the rural municipalities, indicating that EG is not solely a phenomenon connected to growth in urban, growing municipalities. In sum, the article indicates several avenues through which entrepreneurial governance at local level might be linked to local growth.
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| 22. |
- Rader Olsson, Amy, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial governance for local growth
- 2015
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Ingår i: The rise of the city. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781783475353 - 9781783475360 ; , s. 135-159
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
- Sköld, Mats, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Quasi-Real-Time Optical Sampling Scheme for High-Speed Signal Acquisition and Processing
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. - 1041-1135 .- 1941-0174. ; 25:5, s. 504-507
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a quasi-real-time coherent sampling approach that combines the high-bandwidth and high-fidelity signal acquisition of equivalent-time optical sampling with real-time digital signal processing and equalization algorithms. The quasi-real-time concept enables feasibility studies of optical communication at symbol rates beyond the bandwidth of conventional digitizer approaches. Here we demonstrate the technique using a 107-GBd polarization-division-multiplexed quadrature phase shift keyed signal.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Westlund, Andreas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Nanochannel diodes based on InAs/Al80Ga20Sb heterostructures: Fabrication and zero-bias detector properties
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Nanotechnology and Microelectronics. - : American Vacuum Society. - 2166-2746 .- 2166-2754. ; 33:2, s. 021207-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors present a novel process for fabrication of deep submicron isolation patterns in InAs/Al80Ga20Sb heterostructures. The process is demonstrated by processing InAs/Al80Ga20Sb self-switching diodes (SSDs). SSDs require high-resolution isolation patterns, which presents a major fabrication challenge because of the oxidation sensitivity of Al(Ga)Sb alloys. The presented fabrication process completely avoided exposure of Al(Ga)Sb to air and resulted in an isolation pattern with a feature size down to 35 nm. The process was based on a dry etch of isolating trenches, in situ removal of the resist etch mask followed by in situ encapsulation of etched surfaces by silicon nitride. The applicability of the InAs/Al80Ga20Sb SSD process was demonstrated with on-wafer RF measurements of zero-bias detection up to 315 GHz. Below 50 GHz, the detector's noise equivalent power was estimated to less than 100 pW/Hz½ .
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| 27. |
- Westlund, Andreas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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On the effect of delta-doping in self-switching diodes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 105:9, s. Article Number: 093505 -
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lowering the carrier concentration is presented as a way to considerably improve the performance of self-switching diode (SSD) detectors. A physics-based theoretical model was used to derive an expression for the responsivity of SSDs as a function of carrier concentration, mobility, and design parameters. Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the modeled effect of varying carrier concentration and channel width. SSDs were fabricated in InAs heterostructures with different delta-doping levels. Radio frequency (RF) characterization at 50 GHz reproduced the modeled trends. By reducing the carrier concentration in InAs SSDs with 40 nm wide channels from 2.7 x 10(12) cm(-2) to 1.5 x 10(12) cm(-2) (-44%), the noise equivalent power (NEP) improved from 130 pW/Hz(1/2) to 87 pW/Hz(1/2) (-33%).
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| 28. |
- Westlund, Andreas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization and small-signal modeling of zero-bias InAs self-switching diode detectors
- 2015
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Ingår i: Solid-State Electronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-1101. ; 104:Feb, s. 79-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design optimization of the InAs self-switching diode (SSD) intended for direct zero-bias THz detection is presented. The SSD, which consists of nanometer-sized channels in parallel, was described using an equivalent small-signal circuit. Expressions for voltage responsivity and noise equivalent power (NEP) were derived in terms of geometrical design parameters of the SSD, i.e. the channel length and the number of channels. Modeled design dependencies were confirmed by RF and DC measurements on InAs SSDs. In terms of NEP, an optimum number of channels were found with the detector driven by a 50 Omega source. With a matched source, the model predicted a responsivity of 1900 V/W and NEP of 7.7 pW/Hz(1/2) for a single-channel InAs SSD with 35 nm channel width. Monte Carlo device simulations supported observed design dependencies. The proposed small-signal model can be used to optimize SSDs of any material system for low-noise and high-frequency operation as zero-bias detectors. In large signal measurements, the responsivity of the InAs SSDs exhibited a 1 dB deviation from linear responsivity at an input power of -3 dBm from a 50 Omega source.
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| 29. |
- Westlund, Andreas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Terahertz detection in zero-bias InAs self-switching diodes at room temperature
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 103:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RF characterization of InAs self-switching diodes (SSDs) is reported. On-wafer measurements revealed no roll-off in responsivity in the range of 2-315 GHz. At 50 GHz, a responsivity of 17 V/W and a noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 150 pW/Hz(1/2) was observed for the SSD when driven by a 50 Omega source. With a conjugately matched source, a responsivity of 34 V/W and an NEP of 65 pW/Hz(1/2) were estimated. An antenna-coupled SSD demonstrated a responsivity of 0.7 V/W at 600 GHz. The results demonstrate the feasibility of zero-bias terahertz detection with high-electron mobility InAs SSDs up to and beyond 100 GHz.
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| 30. |
- Westlund, Andreas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Zero-Bias Self-Switching In65Ga35As channel Diodes for Terahertz Detection
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials Conference Proceedings 2015. ; CSW 2015, s. 82-83
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An alternative to the transistor for high-frequency detector applications is the two-terminal self-switching diode (SSD). The SSD is based on a nanometer-wide channels and a lateral gate connected to a drain. SSDs with In65Ga35As channels were fabricated and characterized. The design was optimized for low noise detection. In on-wafer measurements 2-315 GHz, a responsivity >150 V/W and noise-equivalent power (NEP) 50-100 pW/Hz½ was measured with a 50 Ω source. In the measured frequency range, this is the lowest NEP for SSDs demonstrated.
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| 31. |
- Westlund, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Entrepreneurship, Startups and their Effects on Local development : The Case of Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Uddevalla Symposium 2011. - Trollhättan : Department of Economics and IT, University West. ; , s. 451-470
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current empirical entrepreneurship literature mainly shows a positive correlation between entrepreneurship (measured as the number of startups) and economic growth. However, the mechanisms by which entrepreneurship exerts its positive influence are not obvious. This paper studies the connections between startups and local development at the municipal level in Sweden 2000-2008. We use a unique database including not only total startups, but data on startups divided in six branches to study the impact of entrepreneurship on population and employment growth. Analyses are performed on all municipalities as well as by municipality type and by growth rate. In contrast to previous research, our results indicate that for several branch groups startup effects on growth may be more pronounced in low density areas than in urban agglomerations. This paper also contains one of the first empirical attempts to investigate the influence of local norms, values, networks and other spacebound assets on entrepreneurship propensity. We find that this “local Entrepreneurial Social Capital” (ESC) is highly correlated with startup frequency in Swedish municipalities.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Local Social Capital and Regional Development
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbook of Regional Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Nature. ; , s. 721-735
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, we review the advances of recent decades in the field of local social capital research. We conceive of social capital as a multidimensional and ubiquitous concept. This “capital” may be embodied in people, firms, governments, and in civil society. It may be studied as a stock (networks) or flow (network transactions), and it may be good or bad in a normative sense. We review and take stock of the literature and trace out the role of social capital in regional development and its relations to national and regional institutions. We further discuss implications for empirical applications and how social capital is a context-dependent phenomenon that bedevils one-size-fits-all measurement. We conclude that data derived from different forms of social media provide a particularly fruitful avenue for the analysis of social capital and its effects in the twenty-first century.
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| 35. |
- Westlund, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Start-ups and Local Entrepreneurial Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Regional studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 48:6, s. 974-994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contains one of the first empirical attempts to investigate the influence of local entrepreneurial social capital (ESC) on start-up propensity. A unique database, including not only total start-ups but also data on start-ups divided into six sectors, is used to study the impact of ESC on start-ups per capita. The results support the hypothesis that social capital, measured both as (1) firm perception of local public attitudes to entrepreneurship and (2) the share of small businesses influences start-up propensity in Swedish municipalities. The findings also support previous results suggesting that social capital has a somewhat stronger influence in rural areas than in urban areas.
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| 36. |
- Westlund, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Startups and their effects on local development : the case of Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurial knowledge, technology and the transformation of regions. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9780203486634 - 9781135055899 ; , s. 51-67
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current empirical entrepreneurship literature mainly shows a positive correlation between entrepreneurship (measured as the number of startups) and economic growth. However, the mechanisms by which entrepreneurship exerts its positive influence are not obvious. This chapter studies the connections between startups and local development at the municipallevel in Sweden 2000-08. Weuse a unique database including not only total startups, but also data on startups divided into six branches to study the impact of entrepreneurship on population and employment growth. Analyses are performed on all municipalities as well as by municipality type. in contrast to previous research, our results indicate that for several branch groups startup effects on growth may be more pronounced in low density areas than in urban agglomerations.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Åman, Ken, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and dynamics of interfacial water in an L-alpha phase lipid bilayer from molecular dynamics simulations
- 2003
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Ingår i: Biophysical Journal. - 0006-3495 .- 1542-0086. ; 84, s. 102-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on molecular dynamics simulations, an analysis of structure and dynamics is performed on interfacial water at a liquid crystalline dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine/water system. Water properties relevant for understanding NMR relaxation are emphasized. The first and second rank orientational order parameters of the water O-H bonds were calculated, where the second rank order parameter is in agreement with experimental determined quadrupolar splittings. Also, two different interfacial water regions (bound water regions) are revealed with respect to different signs of the second rank order parameter. The water reorientation correlation function reveals a mixture of fast and slow decaying parts. The fast (ps) part of the correlation function is due to local anisotropic water reorientation whereas the much slower part is due to more complicated processes including lateral diffusion along the interface and chemical exchange between free and bound water molecules. The 100-ns-long molecular dynamics simulation at constant pressure (1 atm) and at a temperature of 50degreesC of 64 lipid molecules and 64 x 23 water molecules lack a slow water reorientation correlation component in the ns time scale. The (H2O)-H-2 powder spectrum of the dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine/water system is narrow and consequently, the NMR relaxation time T-2 is too short compared to experimental results.
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