| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 2. |
- Xu, Bing, et al.
(författare)
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Clinicopathological significance of caspase-8 and caspase-10 expression in rectal cancer
- 2008
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Ingår i: Oncology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0890-9091 .- 0030-2414 .- 1423-0232. ; 74:3-4, s. 229-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate the expression of caspase-8 and -10 in rectal adenoma, adenocarcinoma and the corresponding normal mucosa tissue, and to clarify the relationship between their expression and clinicopathological parameters of rectal cancer. Methods: The expression of caspase-8 and -10 was determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in 36 rectal adenomas, 93 rectal cancers and 93 corresponding normal rectal mucosa samples. Results: Compared with normal mucosa, the mRNA expression of caspase-8 was higher in adenomas (p = 0.003), while that of caspase-10 was lower in adenomas (p = 0.035) and cancers (p = 0.001). Immunohistochemical results showed caspase-8 up-regulation in adenomas (p = 0.014), and caspase-10 down-regulation in adenomas (p = 0.034) and cancers (p < 0.001) compared with normal mucosa samples. Cancers with poor differentiation had lower caspase-10 mRNA and protein levels than those with better differentiation (p = 0.041 and p = 0.046, respectively). The protein expression of caspase-8 and -10 was in accordance with the mRNA expression (p = 0.043 and p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusions: Caspase-8 expression was up-regulated in rectal adenomas. Caspase-10 expression was down-regulated in both rectal adenomas and cancers, and was further related to differentiation. Caspase-8 and -10 may be involved in the pathogenesis of rectal cancer. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Zhi-Yong, et al.
(författare)
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Nup88 expression in normal mucosa, adenoma, primary adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis in the colorectum
- 2007
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Ingår i: Tumor Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1010-4283 .- 1423-0380. ; 28:2, s. 93-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: It was the aim of this study to investigate Nup88 expression in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma, adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis, as well as the relationship between Nup88 expression and clinicopathological features. Methods: Nup88 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 84 normal mucosa samples, 32 adenomas, 181 primary adenocarcinomas, and 18 lymph node metastases from colorectal tumour patients. Results: Nup88 expression was observed in normal epithelial and tumour cells. The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was increased from normal mucosa or adenoma to primary tumour and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the expression between normal mucosa and adenoma (p = 0.41). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was higher in ulcerated tumours (40%) than in polypoid/large fungating tumours (23%, p = 0.048). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was significantly different among tumours with good (21%), moderate (42%) and poor differentiation (48%, p = 0.01). Nup88 expression was not related to the patients' gender, age, tumour location, size, histological type, invasive depth, lymph node status and Dukes stage (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that Nup88 may play a role during the development, aggressiveness and differentiation of colorectal tumours. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Ming-Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of PINCH protein in gliomas and its clinicopathological significance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Oncology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0890-9091 .- 0030-2414 .- 1423-0232. ; 72:5-6, s. 343-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine-rich protein (PINCH), as a LIM domain adapter protein, functions in the integrin and growth factor signal transduction pathway, and is upregulated in tumor-associated stroma in several types of cancers. However, no study of PINCH has been carried out in gliomas, therefore we examined PINCH expression in gliomas and its clinicopathological significance. Methods: PINCH expression was immunohistochemically examined in 82 gliomas, along with 26 matched adjacent normal brain samples and 10 recurred gliomas. Results: PINCH was strongly expressed in the primary (35%, p = 0.0001) or recurred tumors (40%, p = 0.004) and weak in normal brain tissue. PINCH expression was significantly increased in high-grade gliomas (55 vs. 24%, high- vs. low-grade gliomas, p = 0.004). There was no association of PINCH expression with gender, age, tumor number, size, histological type and tumor location (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PINCH expression may be involved in glioma development and differentiation. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG.
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