| 1. |
- Kattge, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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| 2. |
- Sumaila, U. Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 374:6567, s. 544-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Low-Temperature District Heating Implementation Guidebook : Final Report of IEA DHC Annex TS2. Implementation of Low-Temperature District Heating Systems
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This guidebook was written between 2018 and 2021 by seventeen authors that used approximately 15 000 hours of work within the IEA DHC TS2 annex. The content is based on more than 250 literature references and 165 inspiration initiatives to obtain lower temperatures in buildings and heat distribution networks. The author group wrote 40 internal documents about early implementations of low-temperature district heating. Fifteen of these early implementations are presented in this guidebook.The guidebook contains aggregated information about the main economic drivers for low-temperature district heating. It shows how to obtain lower temperatures in heating systems inside existing and new buildings, as well as in existing and new heat distribution networks. An applied study of a campus system in Darmstadt shows the possibility of reducing temperatures in an existing heat distribution network with rather high temperatures. The competitiveness of low-temperature district heating is explored by analysing business models and heat distribution costs. Early adopters of low-temperature district heating are presented by examples and by identified transition strategies. Five groups of network configurations with fourteen variants are presented to be used for low-temperature district heating. Finally, all 165 identified inspiration initiatives and all 137 locations mentioned are listed.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Delva, Pacôme, et al.
(författare)
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GENESIS: co-location of geodetic techniques in space
- 2023
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Ingår i: Earth, Planets and Space. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1880-5981 .- 1343-8832. ; 75:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving and homogenizing time and space reference systems on Earth and, more specifically, realizing the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year are relevant for many scientific and societal endeavors. The knowledge of the TRF is fundamental for Earth and navigation sciences. For instance, quantifying sea level change strongly depends on an accurate determination of the geocenter motion but also of the positions of continental and island reference stations, such as those located at tide gauges, as well as the ground stations of tracking networks. Also, numerous applications in geophysics require absolute millimeter precision from the reference frame, as for example monitoring tectonic motion or crustal deformation, contributing to a better understanding of natural hazards. The TRF accuracy to be achieved represents the consensus of various authorities, including the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), which has enunciated geodesy requirements for Earth sciences. Moreover, the United Nations Resolution 69/266 states that the full societal benefits in developing satellite missions for positioning and Remote Sensing of the Earth are realized only if they are referenced to a common global geodetic reference frame at the national, regional and global levels. Today we are still far from these ambitious accuracy and stability goals for the realization of the TRF. However, a combination and co-location of all four space geodetic techniques on one satellite platform can significantly contribute to achieving these goals. This is the purpose of the GENESIS mission, a component of the FutureNAV program of the European Space Agency. The GENESIS platform will be a dynamic space geodetic observatory carrying all the geodetic instruments referenced to one another through carefully calibrated space ties. The co-location of the techniques in space will solve the inconsistencies and biases between the different geodetic techniques in order to reach the TRF accuracy and stability goals endorsed by the various international authorities and the scientific community. The purpose of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art and explain the benefits of the GENESIS mission in Earth sciences, navigation sciences and metrology. This paper has been written and supported by a large community of scientists from many countries and working in several different fields of science, ranging from geophysics and geodesy to time and frequency metrology, navigation and positioning. As it is explained throughout this paper, there is a very high scientific consensus that the GENESIS mission would deliver exemplary science and societal benefits across a multidisciplinary range of Navigation and Earth sciences applications, constituting a global infrastructure that is internationally agreed to be strongly desirable. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 6. |
- Etzold, Sophia, et al.
(författare)
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Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 25:2, s. 427-439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radial stem growth dynamics at seasonal resolution are essential to understand how forests respond to climate change. We studied daily radial growth of 160 individuals of seven temperate tree species at 47 sites across Switzerland over 8 years. Growth of all species peaked in the early part of the growth season and commenced shortly before the summer solstice, but with species-specific seasonal patterns. Day length set a window of opportunity for radial growth. Within this window, the probability of daily growth was constrained particularly by air and soil moisture, resulting in intermittent growth to occur only on 29 to 77 days (30% to 80%) within the growth period. The number of days with growth largely determined annual growth, whereas the growth period length contributed less. We call for accounting for these non-linear intra-annual and species-specific growth dynamics in tree and forest models to reduce uncertainties in predictions under climate change.
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| 7. |
- Jones, Geraint H., et al.
(författare)
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The Comet Interceptor Mission
- 2024
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer Nature. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 220:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum Δ V capability of 600 ms − 1 . Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as well as an overview of the scientific instruments, mission design, and schedule.
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| 8. |
- Mohammed Taha, Hiba, et al.
(författare)
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The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE) : facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Sciences Europe. - : Springer. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 34:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for “suspect screening” lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide.Results: The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA’s CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/), enabling further access to these lists, along with the additional functionality and calculated properties these resources offer. PubChem has also integrated significant annotation content from the NORMAN-SLE, including a classification browser (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/classification/#hid=101).Conclusions: The NORMAN-SLE offers a specialized service for hosting suspect screening lists of relevance for the environmental community in an open, FAIR manner that allows integration with other major chemical resources. These efforts foster the exchange of information between scientists and regulators, supporting the paradigm shift to the “one substance, one assessment” approach. New submissions are welcome via the contacts provided on the NORMAN-SLE website (https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/).
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| 9. |
- Niessen, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Ab initio study of the effect of interstitial alloying on the intrinsic stacking fault energy of paramagnetic gamma-Fe and austenitic stainless steel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 253, s. 118967-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrinsic stacking fault energy (SFE) values of gamma-Fe and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels were determined as a function of carbon and nitrogen content using ab initio calculations. In contrast to previous investigations, the analysis was conducted incorporating the paramagnetic state to account for the magnetic constitution of real austenitic stainless steels. The effect of finite temperature was partially accounted for by performing ab initio calculations at the experimental volumes at room temperature. Including paramagnetism in gamma-Fe increases the SFE of non-magnetic gamma-Fe by similar to 385 mJ.m(-2). Interstitial alloying of non-magnetic gamma-Fe causes a linear increase in intrinsic stacking fault energy with interstitial content. In comparison, interstitial alloying of paramagnetic gamma-Fe increases the SFE at only about half the rate. The SFE of paramagnetic interstitial-free AISI 304 is within the range of -12 to 0 mJ.m(-2) and only deviates slightly from the SFE of paramagnetic gamma-Fe. It follows a similar, albeit flatter linear dependency on the interstitial content compared to gamma-Fe. Both gamma-Fe and gamma-AISI 304 were found to be metastable in their interstitial-free condition and are stabilized by interstitial alloying. The possible effect of short range ordering between interstitials and Cr on the SFE was discussed. The calculated threshold nitrogen content necessary to stabilize austenite in AISI 304 is in good agreement with experimental investigations of deformation microstructures in dependence of the nitrogen content. Finally, the calculated negative SFE values of AISI 304 were reconciled with experimentally determined positive SFE values using a recent method that accounts for the kinetics of stacking fault formation.
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| 10. |
- Niessen, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient ab initio stacking fault energy mapping for dilute interstitial alloys
- 2024
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Ingår i: Computational materials science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0256 .- 1879-0801. ; 231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Density Functional Theory (DFT) is the prevalent first principles computational method for determining the stacking fault energy (SFE) of face centered cubic (fcc) metals and alloys. Due to several theoretical and computational challenges, SFE determination for interstitial alloys with alloying elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, has so far been limited to few studies at relatively high interstitial content. We propose a new method, rooted in the axial interaction model, that allows rapid and robust mapping of SFE for virtually arbitrary interstitial contents. Instead of computing the total energy of a very large supercell to represent dilute interstitial solutions, representative interstitial-affected and bulk regions are treated separately at the equivalent volume. The SFE is obtained by balancing the SFE values of the regions with a lever rule approach. The method matches SFE values from the axial interaction model within ≤4 mJ.m−2 error, as validated for non-magnetic fcc Fe-N and paramagnetic fcc Fe-N and AISI 304 alloys. The significantly reduced computational workload and equidistant SFE mapping vs. interstitial content down to extremely low values allows accurate fitting of the SFE vs. interstitial content with only few datapoints. This further improves the computational efficiency. So far DFT-based SFE mapping was limited to purely substitutional alloys; we demonstrate the first-time DFT-based SFE mapping in fcc AISI 304 vs. N and Ni, revealing a non-additive contribution of N and Ni to the SFE. Finally, the remaining challenges and future application for high-throughput DFT SFE computation in interstitial alloys is discussed.
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| 11. |
- Werner, Konstantin V., et al.
(författare)
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Reconciling experimental and theoretical stacking fault energies in face-centered cubic materials with the experimental twinning stress
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-1529. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stacking fault energy and twinning stress are thought to be closely correlated. All currently available models predict a monotonous decrease in twinning stress with decreasing stacking fault energy and depart from the assumption that the intrinsic stacking fault energy has a positive value. Opposite to this prediction, for mediumand high-entropy alloys the twinning stress was shown to increase with decreasing SFE. Additionally, for metastable materials, first principles methods predict negative intrinsic stacking fault energy values, whilst experimentally determined values are always positive. In the present communication, it is postulated that the twinning stress scaled by the Burgers vector bridges the difference between intrinsic and experimentally measured stacking fault energy. The assumption is tested for Cu-Al alloys, for pure metals and for medium- and high-entropy alloys and, for the first time, provides a consistent quantitative interpretation of data for both alloys with positive and negative stacking fault energy.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Zweifel, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Why trees grow at night
- 2021
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 231:6, s. 2174-2185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The timing of diel stem growth of mature forest trees is still largely unknown, as empirical data with high temporal resolution have not been available so far. Consequently, the effects of day-night conditions on tree growth remained uncertain. Here we present the first comprehensive field study of hourly-resolved radial stem growth of seven temperate tree species, based on 57 million underlying data points over a period of up to 8 yr. We show that trees grow mainly at night, with a peak after midnight, when the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the lowest. A high VPD strictly limits radial stem growth and allows little growth during daylight hours, except in the early morning. Surprisingly, trees also grow in moderately dry soil when the VPD is low. Species-specific differences in diel growth dynamics show that species able to grow earlier during the night are associated with the highest number of hours with growth per year and the largest annual growth increment. We conclude that species with the ability to overcome daily water deficits faster have greater growth potential. Furthermore, we conclude that growth is more sensitive than carbon uptake to dry air, as growth stops before stomata are known to close.
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