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| 2. |
- Wikström, Christina, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Merit-Based Admissions in Higher Education
- 2020
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Ingår i: Higher Education Admissions Practices. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108472265 ; , s. 34-50
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In higher education admissions systems, different principles guide how students are selected when there is competition for study positions or when there is a limit on the number of students that can be admitted. The merit-based approach is very common in which the candidate with the best qualifications, or merits, is accepted. The way merit is defined and measured is, however, a complicated matter and reflects various views on validity and fairness. This chapter describes and discusses principles for the allocation of study positions, focusing on admissions practices where individuals are promoted or selected on the basis of their merits. Applications and challenges of such models, and the consequences for individuals, universities or colleges, and society at large are also discussed.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Ylva, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (COPE): study protocol for a prospective, multicentre biobank, survey and database cohort study.
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited knowledge on how the SARS-CoV-2 affects pregnancy outcomes. Studies investigating the impact of COVID-19 in early pregnancy are scarce and information on long-term follow-up is lacking.The purpose of this project is to study the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes and long-term maternal and child health by: (1) establishing a database and biobank from pregnant women with COVID-19 and presumably non-infected women and their infants and (2) examining how women and their partners experience pregnancy, childbirth and early parenthood in the COVID-19 pandemic.This is a national, multicentre, prospective cohort study involving 27 Swedish maternity units accounting for over 86000 deliveries/year. Pregnant women are included when they: (1) test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 group) or (2) are non-infected and seek healthcare at one of their routine antenatal visits (screening group). Blood, as well as other biological samples, are collected at different time points during and after pregnancy. Child health up to 4years of age and parent experience of pregnancy, delivery, early parenthood, healthcare and society in general will be examined using web-based questionnaires based on validated instruments. Short- and long-term health outcomes will be collected from Swedish health registers and the parents' experiences will be studied by performing qualitative interviews.Confidentiality aspects such as data encryption and storage comply with the General Data Protection Regulation and with ethical committee requirements. This study has been granted national ethical approval by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (dnr 2020-02189 and amendments 2020-02848, 2020-05016, 2020-06696 and 2021-00870) and national biobank approval by the Biobank Väst (dnr B2000526:970). Results from the project will be published in peer-reviewed journals.NCT04433364.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Admission groups and academic performance : A study of marginal entrants in the selection to higher education
- 2022
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Ingår i: The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2194-6108 .- 1935-1682. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to study whether Swedish admission policies successful in selecting the best-performing students. The Swedish universities select students based on two different instruments, which each form a separate admission group. A regression model is recommended to estimate the achievement differences for the marginally accepted students between the admission groups and is applied to a sample of 9024 Swedish university entrants in four different fields of education. Marginally accepted students in the group selected by school grades on average perform better than students accepted by an admission test, suggesting that a small reallocation of study positions towards the grade admission group may increase overall academic achievement. However, the achievement difference appears to vary concerning university programme selectivity. We found that increasing selection by grades in less competitive programmes would improve overall achievement, while we do not find any effect for highly competitive programmes.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Linn, 1992-
(författare)
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Essays on inputs, admissions and returns to education
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper [I] analyses the associations between computer use in schools and at home and test scores by using TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) data for more than 900,000 fourth-graders in 2011 and 2015. Pupils who used computers at school, especially those who used them frequently, scored lower than students who never used computers. There is also a negative association between frequent computer use at home and test scores, but moderate monthly and weekly use at home is positively associated with pupil performance. The results also suggest that the negative association of computer use at school is greater among low-performing pupils than high-performing pupils.Paper [II] estimated the marginal achievement difference between students from the two admission groups. Swedish universities select students based on two different criteria: upper secondary school grade point average (GPA) and scores on a scholastic aptitude test (SweSAT), and each forms a separate admission group. The analysis was based on data from 9,024 university entrants in the academic year 2012/2013. Marginally accepted students in the group based on school grades on average perform better than students accepted based on their SweSAT scores, suggesting that a small reallocation of study positions towards the grade admission group may increase the overall academic achievement of university students.Paper [III] focuses on gender differences in first-year university achievement. Nearest-neighbour matching was used to compare students with similar admission scores and allowed us to analyse achievement differences between male and female students. The results show that admission scores underpredict achievement for women relative to men in both admissions groups and more so for the SweSAT. Additional analysis indicates that part of the achievement differences is related to male- female composition in different fields of education.Paper [IV] studies the effect of university education on economic outcomes among individuals who initially attained low levels of education, and then participated in adult education. It uses Swedish longitudinal population register data from 1990–2015 to estimate the return to university education among those who participated in adult education in 1994 and enrolled at a university between 1996 and 1998. Difference-in-difference propensity score matching accounts for unobserved time-invariant individual characteristics and non-random selection of university education. The results show significant gains in terms of earnings and probability of employment for those who proceeded into university.
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| 6. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(författare)
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Fertility, childcare and labour market : dynamics in time and space
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper [I] focuses on the effects of time and space dynamics on the description offertility in Sweden. Fertility is an important determinant of long-term populationgrowth and labour market conditions. The influence of time dynamics inpostponing or accelerating childbearing is assessed by considering two differenteffects of earnings. Firstly, the effect within one generation is considered bycomparing a family’s current earnings with their earnings in the recent past andexpected earnings in the future. The second effect, referred to previously as theEasterlin hypothesis, is examined through the generations by comparing ahousehold’s earnings for a younger generation with the earnings of the parentalgeneration. These effects are expected to be generated by labour mobility acrossmunicipalities. The empirical evidence for the period 1985-2008 involvedestimating space and time dynamics by using a spatial first-order and serialsecond-order panel data model. By comparing different specifications, thehypothesis about a positive spatial autocorrelation of fertility is supported. Currentearnings appeared to have a negative effect on fertility rates within municipalities,and in the long-term, across them. The study makes a theoretical contributionthrough the application of stationarity conditions and evaluation of the long-termeffects in the direct, indirect and total forms of the model.Paper [II] contributes to the study of stationarity conditions for a spatial first-orderand serial second-order model in the presence of time-lagged spatial interaction areconsidered. The stationarity conditions on serial autocorrelation parameters arefound on the basis of the structural vector auto-regression form for the model. Thestationarity in time is a function of the spatial autoregressive parameters. The value of the time-lagged spatial autoregressive parameter defines the shifting of theinterval for first-order serial parameter. However, the sizes of intervals for thevalues of both serial parameters depend only on the value of the simultaneousautoregressive parameter.Paper [III] contributes to an analytical description of the spatial diffusion offertility, in particular, influenced by labour movements of people between places ofresidence and work. It is assumed that the labour market has externality on themarriage market due to commuting, which, in turn, affects fertility. A model ofspatial diffusion of fertility is based on the assumption of global and local spillovereffects. The global spillover effect, as shifts in fertility norms, is motivated by theincreasing variance of the social interactions of an individual, when the places ofwork and residence are different. One local spillover effect is in response to flowsof earnings across space. Another mechanism is related to expected changes inprobabilities to find a partner affected by differences in day and night population.The analytical model, in which the effects on fertility of the cited spillovers aredecomposed, is constructed in the paper on the base of a model of the demand forchildren, the spatial stock-flow model of a market, and a matching model with asex imbalance or spatial mismatch as the probability of matching. Three seximbalances, namely of night-, day-time population and an adjusted to the seximbalance commuters to residents are empirically tested. Empirical evidence onmunicipal Swedish data for the period 1994–2008 does not provide any strongevidence of spatial diffusion of fertility. However, there are externalities of labourmobility on fertility due to the changes of the gender structure of population.In Paper [IV] commuting is linked to fertility through demographic, social andeconomic mechanisms. Average differences in the first-birth rates of young working women are estimated by bivariate model with endogenous commuting.Empirical evidence based on administrative data (Sweden) reveals that commutingwomen have a lower probability of first birth at the age 21-28 years old and higherprobability at the age 29-32 years old. Therefore, commuting women likelypostpone first childbearing. Additional direct and spillover effects of commutingon fertility appear in income cross-municipal flows, the diffusion of fertility normsacross space and changes in the gender structure of population of fertile age. Apositive effect of relative incomes, positive social norms effect and negative sexratio effect are found significant both for commuting women and those who workin the municipality of residence. Marginal effects for commuters are greater inmagnitude.Paper [V] studies earnings and labour force participation (LFP) of native Swedesand recent immigrants in Sweden in response to the childcare reforms of 2001 and2002 using a difference-in-differences approach and register-based data for theperiod of 1995-2009. Immigrant and native Swedish mothers are distinguished inorder to study if increased accessibility to childcare might be particularly beneficialfor groups facing obstacles in entering the labour market. The results show that thereforms had a positive effect on earnings and LFP among native mothers withpreschool children. The group of immigrant mothers studied did not experienceany gain in labour market outcomes as a response to the reform.
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| 7. |
- Yasinska, Valentyna, et al.
(författare)
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Low levels of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in females with severe asthma taking corticosteroids
- 2023
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Ingår i: ERJ Open Research. - : European Respiratory Society. - 2312-0541. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale: Patients with severe asthma are dependent upon treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and often also oral corticosteroids (OCS). The extent of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroid (EAAS) suppression in asthma has not previously been described in detail. The objective of the present study was to measure urinary concentrations of EAAS in relation to exogenous corticosteroid exposure.Methods: Urine collected at baseline in the U-BIOPRED (Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease outcomes) study of severe adult asthmatics (SA, n=408) was analysed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Data were compared to that of mild-to-moderate asthmatics (MMA, n=70) and healthy subjects (HC, n=98) from the same study.Measurements and main results: The concentrations of urinary endogenous steroid metabolites were substantially lower in SA than in MMA or HC. These differences were more pronounced in SA patients with detectable urinary OCS metabolites. Their dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations were <5% of those in HC, and cortisol concentrations were below the detection limit in 75% of females and 82% of males. The concentrations of EAAS in OCS-positive patients, as well as patients on high-dose ICS only, were more suppressed in females than males (p<0.05). Low levels of DHEA were associated with features of more severe disease and were more prevalent in females (p<0.05). The association between low EAAS and corticosteroid treatment was replicated in 289 of the SA patients at follow-up after 12–18 months.Conclusion: The pronounced suppression of endogenous anabolic androgens in females might contribute to sex differences regarding the prevalence of severe asthma.
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