| 1. |
- Abbasi, R., et al.
(författare)
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Observation of seasonal variations of the flux of high-energy atmospheric neutrinos with IceCube
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 83:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric muon neutrinos are produced by meson decays in cosmic-ray-induced air showers. The flux depends on meteorological quantities such as the air temperature, which affects the density of air. Competition between decay and re-interaction of those mesons in the first particle production generations gives rise to a higher neutrino flux when the air density in the stratosphere is lower, corresponding to a higher temperature. A measurement of a temperature dependence of the atmospheric νμ flux provides a novel method for constraining hadronic interaction models of air showers. It is particularly sensitive to the production of kaons. Studying this temperature dependence for the first time requires a large sample of high-energy neutrinos as well as a detailed understanding of atmospheric properties. We report the significant (>10σ) observation of a correlation between the rate of more than 260,000 neutrinos, detected by IceCube between 2012 and 2018, and atmospheric temperatures of the stratosphere, measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard NASA’s AQUA satellite. For the observed 10 % seasonal change of effective atmospheric temperature we measure a 3.5(3) % change in the muon neutrino flux. This observed correlation deviates by about 2-3 standard deviations from the expected correlation of 4.3 % as obtained from theoretical predictions under the assumption of various hadronic interaction models.
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| 2. |
- Abbasi, R., et al.
(författare)
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Limits on Neutrino Emission from GRB 221009A from MeV to PeV Using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 946:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have long been considered a possible source of high-energy neutrinos. While no correlations have yet been detected between high-energy neutrinos and GRBs, the recent observation of GRB 221009A-the brightest GRB observed by Fermi-GBM to date and the first one to be observed above an energy of 10 TeV-provides a unique opportunity to test for hadronic emission. In this paper, we leverage the wide energy range of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory to search for neutrinos from GRB 221009A. We find no significant deviation from background expectation across event samples ranging from MeV to PeV energies, placing stringent upper limits on the neutrino emission from this source.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Ambio fit for the 2020s
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51:5, s. 1091-1093
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Burford, M. A., et al.
(författare)
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Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change
- 2020
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Ingår i: Harmful Algae. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9883. ; 91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (=cyanoHABs) are an increasing feature of many waterbodies throughout the world. Many bloom-forming species produce toxins, making them of particular concern for drinking water supplies, recreation and fisheries in waterbodies along the freshwater to marine continuum. Global changes resulting from human impacts, such as climate change, over-enrichment and hydrological alterations of waterways, are major drivers of cyanoHAB proliferation and persistence. This review advocates that to better predict and manage cyanoHABs in a changing world, researchers need to leverage studies undertaken to date, but adopt a more complex and definitive suite of experiments, observations, and models which can effectively capture the temporal scales of processes driven by eutrophication and a changing climate. Better integration of laboratory culture and field experiments, as well as whole system and multiple-system studies are needed to improve confidence in models predicting impacts of climate change and anthropogenic over-enrichment and hydrological modifications. Recent studies examining adaptation of species and strains to long-term perturbations, e.g. temperature and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels, as well as incorporating multi-species and multi-stressor approaches emphasize the limitations of approaches focused on single stressors and individual species. There are also emerging species of concern, such as toxic benthic cyanobacteria, for which the effects of global change are less well understood, and require more detailed study. This review provides approaches and examples of studies tackling the challenging issue of understanding how global changes will affect cyanoHABs, and identifies critical information needs for effective prediction and management. © 2019
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| 5. |
- Fernandes, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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INTERGROWTH-21st Project international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age : an international prospective population-based study
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 10:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the construction of the international INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) standards for child development at 2 years by reporting the cognitive, language, motor and behaviour outcomes in optimally healthy and nourished children in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.Design: Population-based cohort study, the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.Setting: Brazil, India, Italy, Kenya and the UK.Participants: 1181 children prospectively recruited from early fetal life according to the prescriptive WHO approach, and confirmed to be at low risk of adverse perinatal and postnatal outcomes.Primary measures: Scaled INTER-NDA domain scores for cognition, language, fine and gross motor skills and behaviour; vision outcomes measured on the Cardiff tests; attentional problems and emotional reactivity measured on the respective subscales of the preschool Child Behaviour Checklist; and the age of acquisition of the WHO gross motor milestones.Results: Scaled INTER-NDA domain scores are presented as centiles, which were constructed according to the prescriptive WHO approach and excluded children born preterm and those with significant postnatal/neurological morbidity. For all domains, except negative behaviour, higher scores reflect better outcomes and the threshold for normality was defined as >= 10th centile. For the INTER-NDA's cognitive, fine motor, gross motor, language and positive behaviour domains these are >= 38.5, >= 25.7, >= 51.7, >= 17.8 and >= 51.4, respectively. The threshold for normality for the INTER-NDA's negative behaviour domain is <= 50.0, that is, <= 90th centile. At 22-30 months of age, the cohort overlapped with the WHO motor milestone centiles, showed low postnatal morbidity (<10%), and vision outcomes, attentional problems and emotional reactivity scores within the respective normative ranges.Conclusions: From this large, healthy and well-nourished, international cohort, we have constructed, using the WHO prescriptive methodology, international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age. Standards, rather than references, are recommended for population-level screening and the identification of children at risk of adverse outcomes.
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| 6. |
- Aarrestad, Thea, et al.
(författare)
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Benchmark data and model independent event classification for the large hadron collider
- 2022
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Ingår i: SciPost Physics. - 2542-4653. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe the outcome of a data challenge conducted as part of the Dark Machines (https://www.darkmachines.org) initiative and the Les Houches 2019 workshop on Physics at TeV colliders. The challenged aims to detect signals of new physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using unsupervised machine learning algorithms. First, we propose how an anomaly score could be implemented to define model-independent signal regions in LHC searches. We define and describe a large benchmark dataset, consisting of > 1 billion simulated LHC events corresponding to 10 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. We then review a wide range of anomaly detection and density estimation algorithms, developed in the context of the data challenge, and we measure their performance in a set of realistic analysis environments. We draw a number of useful conclusions that will aid the development of unsupervised new physics searches during the third run of the LHC, and provide our benchmark dataset for future studies at https://www.phenoMLdata.org. Code to reproduce the analysis is provided at https://github.com/bostdiek/DarkMachines-UnsupervisedChallenge.
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| 7. |
- Al-Handal, Adil Y, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Fallacia fawensis sp. nov., a new brackish water diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Southern Iraq
- 2022
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Ingår i: Phytotaxa. - : Magnolia Press. - 1179-3155 .- 1179-3163. ; 550:1, s. 71-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diatom genus Fallacia includes species having a conopeum which is a perforated thin sheath of silica lying along the apical axis on the external valve face and a hyaline lateral area in the internal valve face. In surveying the benthic diatoms of Basra, a new small brackish water species, Fallacia fawensis was found associated with fine-grained substrata on the western bank of Shatt Al???Arab River, Southern Iraq. This epipelic species is described based on light and scanning electron microscopy and characterized by having a porous conopeum covering the area between raphe sterna and mantle, narrow elongated marginal striae, and a structure similar to lateral hyaline areas in the valve internal side. The terminal raphe endings on the external valve face, below valve apex, the raphe sternum inner margins come close to each other, blocking raphe canal but leaving a lacuna-like thin groove for connection with the deflected upper part of the open raphe canal. These features separated this species from allied taxa of the genus and also from closely related genera, Pseudofallacia and Germaniella. Notes on the ecology and distribution of the new species as well as the associated diatom taxa are provided.
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| 8. |
- Al-Handal, Adil Y, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Synedropsis abuflosensis sp. nov., a new araphid diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cryptogamie Algologie. - : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. - 0181-1568. ; 43:2, s. 31-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synedropsis abuflosensis sp. nov. is the third species of the genus recorded from a sub-tropical brackish water habitat as opposed to a polar distribution. This species is differentiated from others in the genus by having a different number of slits in the apical slit field at opposite ends of the valve (i.e., 4 at the end possessing a rimoportula versus 5 at the end lacking a rimoportula), an apically oriented rimoportula and 3-4 non-porous cingular bands. Its habitat is different than that of all known Synedropsis Hasle, Medlin & Syvertsen species as it is either benthic or epiphytic in algal mats rather than planktonic or associated with sea ice. The new species was found in waters with a conductivity of 7.1 mu S (cm-1) (salinity 3.3 psu) and a temperature of 33 degrees C. Morphological characters of the new species are described based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations. A comparison of S. abuflosensis sp. nov. with morphologically similar species is provided.
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| 9. |
- Braeckman, U., et al.
(författare)
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Glacial melt disturbance shifts community metabolism of an Antarctic seafloor ecosystem from net autotrophy to heterotrophy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change-induced glacial melt affects benthic ecosystems along the West Antarctic Peninsula, but current understanding of the effects on benthic primary production and respiration is limited. Here we demonstrate with a series of in situ community metabolism measurements that climate-related glacial melt disturbance shifts benthic communities from net autotrophy to heterotrophy. With little glacial melt disturbance (during cold El Nino spring 2015), clear waters enabled high benthic microalgal production, resulting in net autotrophic benthic communities. In contrast, water column turbidity caused by increased glacial melt run-off (summer 2015 and warm La Nina spring 2016) limited benthic microalgal production and turned the benthic communities net heterotrophic. Ongoing accelerations in glacial melt and run-off may steer shallow Antarctic seafloor ecosystems towards net heterotrophy, altering the metabolic balance of benthic communities and potentially impacting the carbon balance and food webs at the Antarctic seafloor. Ulrike Braeckman et al. use in situ benthic community and benthic biogeochemistry measurements in Potter Cove on the Antarctic Peninsula to show that climate-related glacial melt disturbance shifts benthic communities from net autotrophy to heterotrophy. This study sheds light on how future glacial melt and run-off may affect the metabolic balance of Antarctic benthic communities.
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| 10. |
- De Tommasi, E., et al.
(författare)
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Underwater Light Manipulation by the Benthic Diatom Ctenophora pulchella: From PAR Efficient Collection to UVR Screening
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 11:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several species of diatoms, unicellular microalgae which constitute the main component of phytoplankton, are characterized by an impressive photosynthetic efficiency while presenting a noticeable tolerance versus exposure to detrimental UV radiation (UVR). In particular, the growth rate of the araphid diatom Ctenophora pulchella is not significantly affected by harsh treatments with UVR, even in absence of detectable, specific UV-absorbing pigments and even if it is not able to avoid high UV exposure by motility. In this work we applied a multi-disciplinary approach involving numerical computation, photonics, and biological parameters in order to investigate the possible role of the frustule, micro- and nano-patterned silica shell which encloses the cell, in the ability of C. pulchella to efficiently collect photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and to simultaneously screen the protoplasm from UVR. The characterization of the photonic properties of the frustule has been accompanied by in vivo experiments conducted in water in order to investigate its function as optical coupler between light and plastids.
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| 11. |
- Drążkiewicz, Ela, et al.
(författare)
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Repealing Ireland's Eighth Amendment : abortion rights and democracy today
- 2020
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Ingår i: Social Anthropology. - : Berghahn Books. - 0964-0282 .- 1469-8676. ; 28:3, s. 561-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2018, the Irish public voted to repeal the Eighth Amendment to the Irish Constitution, which since 1983 banned abortion in the country. While this was a watershed moment in Irish history, it was not unconnected to wider discussions now taking place around the world concerning gender, reproductive rights, the future of religion, Church–State relationships, democracy and social movements. With this Forum, we want to prompt some anthropological interpretations of Ireland's repeal of the Eighth Amendment as a matter concerning not only reproductive rights, but also questions of life and death, faith and shame, women and men, state power and individual liberty, and more. We also ask what this event might mean (if anything) for other societies dealing with similar issues?
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| 12. |
- Galvan-Alvarez, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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Antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/Keap1 in human skeletal muscle: Influence of age, sex, adiposity and aerobic fitness
- 2023
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Ingår i: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 209:Part 2, s. 282-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether a higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and their regulatory factors in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Although oestrogens could promote a higher antioxidant capacity in females, it remains unknown whether a sex dimorphism exists in humans regarding the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle. Thus, the aim was to determine the protein expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) and their regulatory factors Nrf2 and Keap1 in 189 volunteers (120 males and 69 females) to establish whether sex differences exist and how age, VO2max and adiposity influence these. For this purpose, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained in all participants under resting and unstressed conditions. No significant sex differences in Nrf2, Keap1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and GR protein expression levels were observed after accounting for VO2max, age and adiposity differences. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the VO2max in mL.kg LLM−1.min−1can be predicted from the levels of SOD2, Total Nrf2 and Keap1 (R = 0.58, P < 0.001), with SOD2 being the main predictor explaining 28 % of variance in VO2max, while Nrf2 and Keap1 explained each around 3 % of the variance. SOD1 protein expression increased with ageing in the whole group after accounting for differences in VO2max and body fat percentage. Overweight and obesity were associated with increased pSer40-Nrf2, pSer40-Nrf2/Total Nrf2 ratio and SOD1 protein expression levels after accounting for differences in age and VO2max. Overall, at the population level, higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased basal expression of muscle antioxidant enzymes, which may explain some of the benefits of regular exercise.
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| 13. |
- Korchynska, S, et al.
(författare)
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A hypothalamic dopamine locus for psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion in mice
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1, s. 5944-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lateral septum (LS) has been implicated in the regulation of locomotion. Nevertheless, the neurons synchronizing LS activity with the brain’s clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) remain unknown. By interrogating the molecular, anatomical and physiological heterogeneity of dopamine neurons of the periventricular nucleus (PeVN; A14 catecholaminergic group), we find that Th+/Dat1+ cells from its anterior subdivision innervate the LS in mice. These dopamine neurons receive dense neuropeptidergic innervation from the SCN. Reciprocal viral tracing in combination with optogenetic stimulation ex vivo identified somatostatin-containing neurons in the LS as preferred synaptic targets of extrahypothalamic A14 efferents. In vivo chemogenetic manipulation of anterior A14 neurons impacted locomotion. Moreover, chemogenetic inhibition of dopamine output from the anterior PeVN normalized amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, particularly during sedentary periods. Cumulatively, our findings identify a hypothalamic locus for the diurnal control of locomotion and pinpoint a midbrain-independent cellular target of psychostimulants.
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| 14. |
- Munch, Mirjam, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Daylight for Humans : Gaps in Current Knowledge
- 2020
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Ingår i: Clocks & Sleep. - : MDPI. - 2624-5175. ; 2:1, s. 61-85
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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| 15. |
- Naumova, Maria A., et al.
(författare)
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Revealing Hot and Long-Lived Metastable Spin States in the Photoinduced Switching of Solvated Metallogrid Complexes with Femtosecond Optical and X-ray Spectroscopies
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1948-7185. ; 11:6, s. 2133-2141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An atomistic understanding of the photoinduced spin-state switching (PSS) within polynuclear systems of d4-d7 transition metal ion complexes is required for their rational integration into light-driven reactions of chemical and biological interest. However, in contrast to mononuclear systems, the multidimensional dynamics of the PSS in solvated molecular arrays have not yet been elucidated due to the expected complications associated with the connectivity between the metal centers and the strong interactions with the surroundings. In this work, the PSS in a solvated triiron(II) metallogrid complex is characterized using transient optical absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopies on the femtosecond time scale. The complementary measurements reveal the photoinduced creation of energy-rich (hot) and long-lived quintet states, whose dynamics differ critically from their mononuclear congeners. This finding opens major prospects for developing novel schemes in solution-phase spin chemistry that are driven by the dynamic PSS process in compact oligometallic arrays.
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| 16. |
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