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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 3. |
- You, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic Control and Resource Allocation in Wireless-Infrastructured Distributed Cellular Networks with OFDMA
- 2009
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Ingår i: 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL PROCESSING WORKSHOPS (ICPPW 2009). - 9781424449231 ; , s. 337-343
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we consider joint optimization of end-to-end data transmission and resource allocation for Wireless-Infrastructured Distributed Cellular Networks (WIDCNs), where each base station (BS) in a cell is connected with its neighboring BSs via wireless links, and a mobile station (MS) can access one or multiple adjacent BSs simultaneously through time-varying OFDMA channels. The communications between a source MS and a destination MS are carried out with the help of BSs in the multi-hop, distributed manner. To achieve the joint optimization for such WIDCNs, a Stochastic Network Utility Maximization (SNUM) problem is formulated under the constraints of OFDMA sub-channel allocation on time-varying access links (both uplink and downlink), as well as routing and scheduling on forwarding links among BSs. By decomposing the corresponding dual problem, transforming it into a stochastic convex optimization problem and solving it by quasi-gradient method, we obtain distributed dynamic control algorithms for end-to-end data transmission. The algorithm can adapt to the OFMDA channel variation and converges asymptotically to the optimal solution. We also develop a distributed algorithm for OFDMA sub-channel allocation and link coordination between BSs. The simulation results show that the data rates of the flows can converge to optimal solution approximately, queues of the network is stable under the proposed distributed dynamic algorithm, and the multi-receiver scheme outperforms the single-receiver scheme due to diversity.
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