| 1. |
- Cedersund, Elisabet, 1950-
(författare)
-
Från personligt problem till administrativt beslut : att ansöka om ekonomiskt bistånd
- 1992
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the main interests behind this study has been to examine how institutions, such as the social services, deal with people 's troubles and difficulties, how a private problem is transferred to the language used within a public institution. The study deals with the processing of applications for financial assistance, and is based on a documentation of talk and text - from the initial telephone mediated contact to the final written decision - which are produced in the handling of the clients' applications. Even though previous studies of institutional discourse have shown interest in the daily routines of formal organizations, working with the processing of cases, they have often neglected the role that different kinds of texts play in these processes. The present study concems the roJe of text and talk as parts of such routines.DATAThe study contains a detailed documentation of the processing of appJications for financial assistance involving 25 individual cases. This corpus was compiled a) telephone conversations between social workers and clients (20 calls are documented by means of participant observations and written notes)b) face-to-face conversations between social workers and clients (25 audio-taped conversations)c) application forms and other written documents which form the basis for decisions (copies of the relevant papers from 20 cases)d) the social workers' written decisions (copies from 20 cases)e) meetings with the social welfare committee (discuss ions and decisions conceming 3 applications documented by means of participant observation and written notes: copies of the minutes and other kinds of written decisions)f) interviews with the clients and social workers, who participatedin the study (23 clients and 15 social workers have participated in audio-taped interviews).ANALYSISThe recorded conversations and interviews were transcribed in extenso. The analyses are based on the transcriptions as well as the audio-tapes. The conversations have been analysed in several ways, e.g. in terms of sequential structure and contents as well as their function in the institutional context.The written documents - the applications and decisions etc. - included in the study have been analysed mainly with regard to their significance in the processing of the individual cases. The documents have made it possible to investigate both the relation between spoken and written discourse and the processing of 'cases' through several stages, which is common in many areas of bureaucratic organizations (Jönsson, 1988).RESULTSThe presentation of the results of this study follows the stages which have been identified in the processing of the cases. This handling of the clients is found to follow a distinct order which includes the following steps: 1) the client's initial telephone call to the social welfare office; 2) the application form which is supposed to be filled in by the client; 3) the social welfare interview; 4) the decision concerning the client's application. In short, the findings may be summarized as follows.The initial telephone conversation functions as a buffer between the social welfare officer and the applicants. During this stage in the processing of people, a 'screening' takes place. This gives the social worker a chance to make informal judgements as to whether the client should persist in seeking help and also to provide the ' client-to-be' with information concerning other ways of solving her or his financial difficulties. If the client's financial (and social) position seems to fit into some of the categories that make a person eligible for financial assistance, a slot for the client is found (i.e. this person is offered an appointment for an interview and/or provided with an application form).The application form is used to collect information about the applicant. This form, however, plays a more prominent role in the different stages than expected, since it gives a structure to many of the routines and procedures used when a client's application is being handled. This procedure may moreover be seen as a way of disciplining clients, and teaching them 'the client role' (cf. Lipsky, 1980, p. 61). When a person has filled in the necessary details on this application form, he or she has been accepted and given a client status in the further relations with the social welfare office.The social welfare interview gives the client access to the social welfare office and gives him the opportunity of providing more information about his or her financial difficulties. The conversation usually begins with a revision of the application form. In connection with this, the client often talks about the events in the past which are related to the need for financial assistance (cf. Cedersund, 1992). It is during the interview that we are able to observe how the client's financial problems are reformulated in a way that may be accepted within the social welfare organization. This transformation of 'problems' into 'cases' is made possible through the use of a typification where the clients are assigned to certain categories which are usually implicitly expressed in discourse.The decision is made by the social workers or in some cases her supervisor and/or the district board for social welfare services (Sw. : social distriktsnämnd). The decision is often given to the client in the social welfare interviews and the written decisions are mostly produced after this encounter. These written texts in most cases include a short summary of the specific details of the client's financial difficulties and needs. This summary may be similar to a later version of the client's own oral account of his or her financial difficulties given during the welfare interview. The last part of the written decisions always includes statements which show the approval (or rejection) of the client's application. The written decisions seem to be produced in order to document the processing of the applications within the office rather than as a text to be read by the clients.
|
|
| 2. |
- Granström, Kjell, 1942-
(författare)
-
Arbete och kommunikation i arbetslag och arbetsenheter
- 1990
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In many schools in Sweden, so-called teacher teams work together and meet regularly to discuss their common problems and interests. Work and communication in teacher teams is a study of teachers' cooperation in such permanent working groups in relation to organizational context.A model characterizing the organizational context of teacher teams is presented. This model pertains to two aspects of school organization; degree of hierarchy and degree of tightness. A classification of the examined schools was possible by this model.The report demonstrates both how the items on the agenda and the handling of tasks in the different team meetings are highly influenced by the organizational context of the school.The second part of the study concerns the interactional dynamics in the meetings. The interaction is analyzed and described as a communication game. The different components and the "rules" of this communicatlon game are distinguished as well as the roles of the different participants and especially the distinctive features of leadership.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Rejnö-Habte Selassie, Gunilla, 1947
(författare)
-
Grav specifik språkstörning hos barn
- 1990
-
Ingår i: På logopedifronten mycket nytt. Per Svensson& Lena Hartelius (red.). - Göteborg : Culex förlag. - 9197147117 ; , s. 85-90
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utifrån en fallbeskrivning av ett barn med grav språkstörning beskrivs typiska symptom, samt diagnostik och behandling. Ett helhtsperspektiv på barnens svårigheter poängteras, eftersom även andra svårigheter kan förekomma samtidigt med spårkstörningen.
|
|
| 5. |
- Ahlsén, Elisabeth, 1951
(författare)
-
Aphasia as a challenge to AAC
- 1994
-
Ingår i: J. Brodin & E. Björck-Åkesson (eds.) Proceedings form the Third ISAAC Research Symposium in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Kerkrade, Oct 14-15, 1994. ; , s. 34-40
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Allwood, Jens, et al.
(författare)
-
On the semantics and pragmatics of linguistic feedback
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Journal of Semantics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0167-5133 .- 1477-4593. ; 9:1, s. 1-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is an exploration in the semantics and pragmatics of linguistic feedback, i. e. linguistic mechanisms which enable the participants in spoken interaction to exchange information about basic communicative functions, such as contact, perception, understanding, and attitudinal reactions to the communicated content. Special attention is given to the type of reaction conveyed by feedback utterances, the communicative status of the information conveyed (i. e. the level of awareness and intentionality of the communicating sender), and the context sensitivity of feedback expressions. With regard to context sensitivty, which is one of the most characteristic features of feedback expressions, the discussion focuses on the way in which the type of speech act (mood), the factual polarity, and the information status of the preceding utterance influence the interpretation of feedback utterances. The different content dimensions are exemplified by data from recorded dialogues and by data given through linguistic intuition. Finally, two different ways of formalizing the analysis are examined, one using attribute-value matrices and one based on the theory of situation semantics. ©1992 N.I.S. Foundation (1992).
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Fredin, Erik, 1934-
(författare)
-
Dialogen i socialt arbete : en studie av socialbyråsamtal i ljuset av modern dialogteori
- 1993
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation concerns the dialogical encounters that take place between social workcr and client within the social services. The empirical material consists of 21 dialogues, 19 of which wcre recorded at two social welfare offices, one located in the center of Stockholm and the other in a suburb, and two which were recorded at the youth counseling office. In all, the material comprises 5150 individual utterances. In the literature, the type of dialogical cncounters studicd is called "institutional discourse".The theoretical approach in the analysis is based on an interactionist perspective, particularly with respect to dialogical analysis of verbal encounters. The aim of thc study is to analyse the dialogue between social worker and client from three points of de parture: participallt structure, topic, and inherent perspectives.In studying the discourse, the ini tiative-response (IR-) method of analysis was applied. The IR-method focuses on the dynamics of the dialogue, its pattern of dominance and its coherence. The results show that the social worker was interactively dominant in about two-thirds of the dialogues studied, but this dominance was most forcefully evident with respect to soliciting inititatives. With respect to content, the study concerns how the topical structure of the dialogue is constructed, i.e. which topics are taken up in the discourse and which of the parties steers the transition between topics. In the case of transitions to a topic defined as the main issue of the dialogue, it was the social worker who, in four-fifths of the cases, strategically steered the course of the dialogue. The perspective analysis undertaken in the study is concerned with investigating how different topics are treated in the dialogues, i.e. which of the parties "establishes" the perspectives and which "submits" to them . This analysis, made on a selection of seven of the 21 dialogical encounters, shows that it was the social worker who, in about two-thirds of thc cases, established by means of various interactive moves a bureaucratic or social welfare perspective on thc main topic sequences. Lastly, discursive dominance and power are discussed in the light of the prececling analyses.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Johansson, Marléne, 1953
(författare)
-
Slöjdprocessen. Arbetet i slöjdsalen. Dagboksanteckningar : Forskningsrapport 11
- 1994
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dagboksanteckningarna ingår som en del av Skolverkets nationella utvärdering av den svenska grundskolan, NU-92, och är skrivna av elever och lärare på ordinarie slöjdtid under tio veckor. Syftet var att med elevers och lärares egna ord ge en rik och nyanserad bild av slöjdens vardag och liv. Citat ur texterna har använts för att belysa hur elever och lärare själva beskriver sin slöjdundervisning.
|
|
| 12. |
- Kernell, Lars-Åke, 1950
(författare)
-
Att ge elever utrymme
- 1992
-
Ingår i: Undervisningsmetodik (red. Tomas Kroksmark & Göran Strömqvist). - Lund : Studentlitteratur. ; , s. 91-117
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Moberg, Anna
(författare)
-
Satellitkontor : en studie av kommunikationsmönster vid arbete på distans
- 1993
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to bring forward the relevant theories to describe and analyse the area of remote work. Based upon these theories, the experiences of satellite work centres is analysed. In this context, satellite work centre means a part of a company department which has been geographically separated from the rest of the department and where normal departmental functions are carried out at a distance from the company headquarters. The geographic separation requires that communication between the different work places by and large must be done with help of information technology. Three companies participated in the study.Satellite work centres can be studied from several perspectives. A selection of theories from the area of organisation is presented to illustrate organisational development and to describe organisational structure. Furthermore, examples are given of the interplay between technological development and changes in the company’s business. Several different definitions of remote work are presented. In literature which deals with working remotely, no distinction is made amongst the experiences of different organisational forms of remote work. Previous experiences with remote work are used in this study as examples of satellite work centres. The prerequisites for communication are central to the ability to carry out remote work. The description of communication patterns, both within and between the operational units in the companies, is therefore given heavy treatment. Data have been collected with help of a communication diary. The analysis builds upon theories of communication and organisational communication, which deal with information requirements, the function of communication, communications patterns, choice of communication medium, and so forth.As part of the study’s results, several factors are discussed which should be taken into consideration by a company in order for remote work in satellite work centres to function properly. These considerations are such things as the content of the job, dissemination of information and social contact. The results can also be found in a description of the communications patterns in the study groups. The kinds of information needed is by and large simple and can for the most part be spread through computerised information systems, The most used form of communication is the telephone, but telefax and electronic mail also play a role. Three functions of communication are studied. The command function, giving instructions about tasks to be done, was responsible for a relatively small amount of the total communication. the ambiquity management function, dissemination of information to reduce insecurity, was responsible for a large portion of the information flow, both between and within organisational units. The relational function, maintaining social contact, was also a significant portion of the communication. Despite geographic distance, the prerequisites for communication between those at the corporate headquarters and those at the satellite work centres is much the same as for communication within the corporate headquarters itself.
|
|
| 17. |
- Pihlajamäki, Klara, 1947-
(författare)
-
Media technology versus communication patterns in the organizational interface
- 1991
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis describes communication ecology in organizations. One of the main objectives is to identify "ecological balance" which, initially and metaphorically, is described as interaction of senses. The focus is on the systemic relationships between media and communication modes with certain "sensory bias". Experiences from theoretical studies and empirical cases are integrated in a "new", general mode regarding the character of the interaction and this relationship. Empirical case studies include comparisions between two subunits in organization A, and between functional and demographic groups in organization B. The applied methodology is naturalistic inquiry. The main data collection method is personal interviews. The case studies are limited to internal communication and administrative personnel. Three communication modes were distinguished: visual, audio-visual and acoustic. These modes differed from each other regarding the state of "organizational intelligence", which indicates balance, and regarding "tactility", which indicates integration of modes. The main hypothesis generated stated that a hierarchy of modes and media exists. In this hierarchy the general supports the specific and the complex. The complex media technological system "rests", or is dependent on, the underlying, general communication patterns. In the theoretical development, communication (including media) is described as an example of dualistic interaction of complementary systems. The character of this interaction is metaphorically described as a vortex. Effective management of a vortex type of system presupposes balance and resonance, the lack of which can lead to counterproductivity. Balance and resonance requires that special attention is paid to time and timing.
|
|
| 18. |
- Sjöström, Camilla
(författare)
-
Revision och lagreglering : ett historiskt perspektiv
- 1994
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Laws change due to changes in society’s norms. New laws in turn alter conditions for business and society. Auditing is one of the few professions in Sweden which is governed by comprehensive legislation. Changes in the rules for auditing therefore mean changes in the conditions of an auditor’s daily work.It was not until 1912 that individuals began to plan for a career in auditing. It was then that the first auditors were certified by the business community. Ever since then the profession has changed. Auditing ceased to be only of concern to the business community and became instead a concern for many interested parties, such as creditors, the state, and tax authorities. Their needs have been different and have therefore put different demands on auditors. The state has as a consequence changed its regulation of auditing in companies.The purpose of this study is to describe the changes in legislation which affect Swedish auditors’ work, as well as to illustrate the reasons and consequences which were argued for by various interested parties in conjunction with these changes. The areas which are covered are the changes with regard to auditors’ education and competency, supervision and certification of auditors, the auditor’s task, sphere of activity, independence, and professional secrecy.In this debate, there is a gap between the expectations of what auditors believe they should do and what the various interest groups, such as clients and creditors, expect of them. This gap in expectations might be due to dissatisfaction with the rules, a poor understanding of what the rules are, or that the rules can be interpreted in various ways. This gap in expectations could possibly be minimized by making information about rules for auditing and their background available for the various interested parties.
|
|
| 19. |
- Söderlind, Solfrid
(författare)
-
Fotohistoria i Norden : Resonerande bibliografi över källor och fotohistorisk forskning rörande perioden 1839-1865
- 1990
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad vi vet om den äldsta perioden av den fotografiska bildens histora, eller allmännare uttryckt fotografins historia, hör intimt samman med samtida texter och tillgänglig litteratur om tiden och mediet. Primärkällor och samtida personers tillbakablickande kommentarer är en ofrånkomlig grund för studier på området. Forskningen i sin tur är en verksamhet som förändras över tid. Det forskningsläge som råder idag bygger i hög grad på tidigare publicerat vetande. Dessutom är ämnet - sett i ett nordiskt perspektiv - vid en första anblick såpass begränsat att de enskilda bidragsgivarnas personliga intressen och synsätt i hög grad satt sin prägel på forskningsläget. För att få en bakgrund till den forskning som bedrivs idag är det alltså en fördel att vara orienterad om såväl källor och litteratur som de forskare och institutioner som bidragit till att utforma dagsläget.
|
|
