| 1. |
- Elzinga, Aant, 1937
(författare)
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The Science of Science in China: Report by a Specialist in Science Policy : An STS report from China 10-24 Sept 1980
- 1981
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Ingår i: Science, Technology, & Human Values. ; 6:35, s. 18-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Report of a two-week visit to China (10-24 Sept) in 1980, hosted by the Preparatory Committee of the Chinese Science of Science Association. At the time Chinese policy makers were interested in contemporary trends in research policy and foresight relating to priority setting in fields of science and technology. The paper describes initiatives taken to introduce what we call science and technology studies (STS) and ongoing efforts aimed at encouraging scholarly exchange with researchers in the West. Interviews were made with a number of senior scholars affiliated with the Chinese Social Sciences Academy to gain some understanding of the various changes taking place in science policy studies and the field’s relationship to policy makers at national and regional levels.
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| 4. |
- Adelswärd, Viveka, 1942-
(författare)
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Styles of success : On impression management as collaborative action in job interviews
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research reported in this study takes both a general descriptive approach - investigating the characteristics of 48 job interviews - and a comparative one - analyzing ways in which those who got a job offer differed from those who did not. Data used in this study are tape recordings of job interviews with applicants for trainee-positions with a large Swedish business corporation. Additional data are tape-recordings of post-interviews made by the researcher with the applicants as well as questionnaires from the interviewers.The theoretical nations of self presentation and impression management (Goffman) have been the main points of departure for this study. All communication invalves impression,management. but job interviews focus explicidy on this aspect of interaction. Job interviews can be seen as argumentations where the applicants are actively trying to support their claim that they are perfect for the job. Their argumentations are enacted in a dialogue, however, and the applicants' ways of arguing are thus dependent on the interviewers' contributions to the dialogue. Communication is a constant handling of conflicting demands. The particular solution to these conversational dilemmas manifests itself as a personal style.Three main empirical analyses of the data were performed. The first concemed itself with the structure of the job interview. What does it look like and how is it managed? The analyses show that the responsibility for maintaining the global structure lies almost completely with the interviewer, hut that the applicant has the responsibility for managingthe local structure, for feeding interesting detalls in to the interview.The second set of analyses was concerned with the ways in which the applicants actively argued for themselves. The results show that the successful applicants qualify their claims more forcefully, by modifications, explicit analysis or humour, for instance. The successfulapplicants also receive more interactive assistance from the interviewers.The third set of analyses aimed at investigating some aspects of the interactive elimate in relation to the interviewers' different interviewing styles. The ways in which the interviewers paused and used simultaneous talk had a decisive influence on the length of the applicants' answers. The interactive element of interviewing was once more demonstrated in the analysis of laughter; in the interviews with the successful applicants there was more mutual laughter than in the interviews with the nonsuccessful applicants. The different interviewers' styles were recognized and described accurately by the applicants hut were valued differently.The main significance of the study is the demonstration of the interactive element in dialogue. The interviewers are in a certain sense actively creating the grounds on which they are to base their decision to hire the applicants or not.
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| 5. |
- Adolfsson, Gundula
(författare)
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Förmedlingsforskning : hot eller nödvändighet?
- 1988
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :2, s. 63-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Olika vetenskaper har olika sätt och möjligheter att föra ut sina forskningsresultat. I några fall, exempelvis i filosofin eller i högre matematik kan möjligheterna vara obefintliga. Dessa ämnen kännetecknas av en forskning på hög abstraktionsnivå och frånvaron av källmaterial. Kunskaper av denna typ blir givetvis svåra att föra ut till en bredare allmänhet. Bland de humanistiska vetenskaperna finns det sådana med ett konkret källmaterial, exempelvis litteraturvetenskap, konstvetenskap, etnologi, arkeologi eller historia. Källmaterialet i dessa ämnen är forskningens underlag, men också en slags allmängods; oavsett vad vetenskapsmannen tycker kan vi bilda oss en egen uppfattning om en Picassotavla, en Strindbergpjäs eller ett svärd från vikingatiden. Dessa vetenskaper - med sitt mycket konkreta källmaterial - bidrar till att konstituera historieuppfattningar och kulturella normer i samhället.
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| 11. |
- Andersson, Lotta, 1958-
(författare)
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Ecohydrological water flow analysis of a Swedish landscape in a 100 year perspective
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study basically involves analysis in a 100 year perspective of the hydrological response on precipitation from different landscape elements in south-central Sweden, characterized by the interaction of topography, soil type, land management and canopy cover.For this purpose, a dynamic water partitioning model, based on the soil moisture balance, was developed together with a Geographical Information System (GIS)-supported method for the detection of the spatial distribution of soil wetness as an indicator of the probability to act as discharge or recharge areas respectively.A comparison was made of the performance of water balance models of various complexity. It was shown that, generally, increasing the complexity of the submodels did not improve the agreement with measured soil moisture dynamics. As an example, due to negative feedbacks, the rather conservative nature of transpiration was well described by using 30 years monthly means of potential evapotranspiration. However, two important physical processes that are often neglected in water balance models had to be included: the limitation of transpiration by low soil and air temperatures in spring and early summer, and the drainage of rainwater through unsaturated forest soils.The model was used to analyze main differences in hydrological response between forests and open grasslands. It was also used to analyze interannual fluctuations of soil moisture deficts. Ironically, the variability was never as high as in the beginning of the hydrological year. The study revealed considerable fluctuations of 10, 30 and 50-year mean soil moisture deficits, and a general secular trend towards higher summer deficits and larger fluctuations around the median. In the light of the detected critical importance of the choice of time period, the concepts of return and standard periods were challenged. It was shown that the water balance model could be calibrated to simulate also overall basin response. Thus, simulated monthly estimates of both basin evapotranspiration and recharge rates for the Velen Representative Basin agreed well with data determined with other methods.The model was also used to simulate the integrated basin response from different parts of the landscape mosaic as determined from GIS-overlays. The obvious advantage of GIS was demonstrated. Finally, changes due to the wetness-impacting human interventions were analyzed. Since the 1870s such activities were shown to, on average, have caused a slight desiccation of the landscape, although the impacts locally could be large.
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| 12. |
- Andersson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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On the dynamics of a neutrally-buoyant float in a non-linear stratified fluid
- 1984
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Ingår i: Geophysica. - 0367-4231 .- 2324-0741. ; 19:2, s. 157-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transient properties of a neutrally-buoyant float in a non-linearly stratified fluid is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Numerical experiments from a theoretical model based on a quadratic drag law are in agreement with data from field experiments.
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Peter
(författare)
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Informationsteknologi i organisationer : bestämningsfaktorer och mönster
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Researchers in this field have placed different emphasis on the structural constraints visa- vis the freedom of the actors. An awareness that IT is a social construction does not necessarily mean that some individual actor or actor entity can perform freely. An inflexible, tightly structured social situation can considerably limit the action space. Actors are hemmed in by "objective" circumstances, ie, a rather closely controlled situation established by other actors, and which is apparently unyielding in the face of technological decisions.By creating a perspective that addresses both structural and actor aspects, this study attempts a holistic understanding which will lay bare the probable dialectic process between the changeable and the nonchangeable. This aspiration to comprehend the whole, when viewed against the complex character of the subject, calls for an understanding oriented approach.The study at hand deals with the choice of information technology in organizations, with special focus on automatic data processing (ADP) for administrative purposes. Its main aim is to improve an understanding of factors that determine the choice of ADP technology in organizations.The empirical section of the work at hand consists of two case studies and an overview study. The case studies, which concern two extensive ADP projects, are emphasized. The purpose of these two projects was to raise the degree of computerization and to choose both a configuration and degree of uniformity. In both cases however the configuration turned out to be the most critical issue. One concerned the administration of social insurance in Sweden, Rationalisering av den allmänna försäkringens administration (Rationalization of the Swedish social insurance administration), hereafter called the RAFA project. The other case study, referred to here as the FFV study, deals with an administrative system for the manufacturing sector of the FFV Group The overview study, called the Norrköping study, deals mainly with the technological level and the ADP configuration in a wide spectrum of organizations. The level and the configuration are viewed against an overarching organizational structure, the worksite placement of qualified ADP staff, the line of business and the size of the firm. The study consists of an opinion poll and three delimited secondary studies.In the initial stage of each project, rational motives dominated. These were founded on cost and effect assessments and on developments in the field of computer science. From a structural viewpoint, investments in computers seemed self-evident; efficiency goals were paramount. However, an ADP undertaking entails not only rationalization in the conventional sense, it also brings to the ideational aspects inherent in the organization. While ADP technology was believed necessary, it became, in the preplanning and argumentation phase, a means of projecting socially determined concepts and goals. An ADP solution was sought which would combine the latest innovations in computer science with the dominant actors' organizational ideas.The dominant actors at FFV were for the most part newly appointed managers, imprinted with other organizational ideals and relationships than those characterizing FFV. The choice stood between a departure from company tradition by selecting a solution based on local minicomputers, or expanding the existing centralized main frame facility. The critics were specialists who had taken part in the design of the existing configuration. At FFV, the structural determinants had to be toned down in favor of the deliberate performance of the dominant actors. In the RAF A case, the opposite was true. The critics wanted a certain change of existing circumstances, while the dominant actors sought to preserve status quo and its underlying ideas. In the RAF A case, ADP thus became a cementing force rather than the catalyst.The Norrkoping study clearly indicates that the direction and size of an enterprise has primary importance for how much the computers are used. The ADP configuration appearance varies mainly with the organizational relationships. This is true for the placement of ADP staff and the overall structure of the organization. The main tendency is that the configuration reflects the relationships in an organization. This supports the view in the case studies that proximity to and control of the ADP has a major organizational value.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ankarloo, Bengt
(författare)
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Revisionister och nyjakobiner : En historikerstrid inför tvåhundraårsminnet av 1789
- 1989
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :1, s. 39-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Om den stora franska revolutionen har Francois Furet nyligen sagt, att den nu äntligen efter två sekel har blivit ett "kallt" objekt, som man kan studera utan politisk lidelse.- Redan hans egna arbeten visar emellertid, att liket fortfarande kan sprattla. Furet tillhör den inflytelserika grupp av anti-marxistiska "revisionister", som på sistone har levererat ett generalangrepp mot den etablerade bilden av revolutionen som en i första hand socialt betingad omvälvning, en borgerskapets triumf över den gamla ordningen. Den bilden var mycket riktigt Marx', men den har också sedan decennier ingått i våra elementäraste läroböcker och förmodligen också i det allmänna medvetandet långt ut på den svenska högerkanten. Med en viss förenkling kan man säga, att den i sin moderna, lite allmänt historiematerialistiska form härrör från Albert Mathiez, Georges Lefebvre och Albert Soboul, efter varandra innehavare av professuren i revolutionshistoria vid Sorbonne, Soboul tillika aktiv inom clet franska kommunistpartiet. Och det är alltså i harnesk mot dessa nyjakobiner, som motståndarna under de senaste decennierna har slutit sig samman och knutit an till den revisionistiske pionjären, engelsmannen Alfred Cobban.
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| 23. |
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Barn i tid och rum
- 1984
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En antologi med 10 artiklar av författare från olika discipliner. Utifrån teoretiker som Ariès, Bourdieu, Berger och Luckmann, Freud, Mead, Piaget m.fl. belyser författarna barns villkor förr och nu och där arbete och fritid flyter samman.
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| 24. |
- Beckman, Svante, 1945-
(författare)
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Datorer i världshistorisk belysning
- 1987
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Ingår i: Rabalder i människans provins. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet. - 9178701899 ; , s. 33-70
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna uppsats utgår från uppdraget att bidraga med humanistiska perspektiv på datorer och datorbaserad informationsteknologi. Detta kan innebära många olika saker alltifrån att kartlägga hur de enskilda forskningämnena inom humaniora får nya kunskapsfält, utvecklingsuppgifter och forskningsmetoder genom datoriseringen, till att diskutera de utmaningar som informationsteknologin utgör för humanismen betraktad som världsbild och värdesystem. På ett tankeväckande sätt skapar datorerna en brygga mellan "de två kulturerna" inom forskningen - den humanvetenskapliga och den naturvetenskapligt- tekniska. Ämnen som lingvistik, pedagogik, kognitiv psykologi, kunskapsfilosofi, kommunikationsforskning, organisationsteori, arbetslivsforskning m fl dras i rask takt in i utveckling och analys av den nya tekniken. Humanioras traditionella uppgift att ge systematisk överblick av kultur- och samhällsutveckling får ett nytt dramatiskt stoff att handskas med. Humanismens antroprocentriska världsbild och värderingar möter i datorerna såsom "artificiell intelligens" en genomgripande utmaning. De gamla frågorna om människans särart, öde och ställning i världen kommer ånyo på tidens tapet.
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| 25. |
- Belfrage, Henrik, 1955-
(författare)
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Psykiskt störda brottslingar : En studie av begreppet "jämställd med sinnessjukdom" - dess historiska bakgrund och praktiska tillämpning
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to study the concept of "equivalent to insanity", its historical background and practical application.Based on a legal historical presentation I show that the term "equivalent to insanity" has one content under the 1864 Penal Statutes, and an entirely different one under the 1962 Criminal Code.The empirical findings are, that those persons in my material who were assessed to be "equivalent to insane" (298 persons), display similar characteristics as corresponding clientele in previous studies. They are, apart from being mentally disordered, also severely socially handicapped.After having examined the concept "equivalent to insanity" and described the persons which were deemed "equivalent", I then concentrate on the question of the reliability of these assessments. The findings are that there is good accordance between different assessments of the same criminal case.To answer the question whether this special category of offenders is treatable, I have used a control group consisting of offenders who where assessed not to be "equivalent to insane" (256 persons). My criterion for "treatability" is recidivism into crime in a three-year period. The results are, that psychiatric treatment has apositive crime preventive effect on some categories of offenders (especially offenders sentenced for assault), but none of significance on others (especially property offenders). It is therefore erroneous to pose the question: Does psychiatric treatment have more crime preventive effect than a prison sentence? The question is far too general. One must take into consideration the crime category dominating the study groups. But it is probable that even further ambiguities are concealed in the question. It is therefore cruicial that further research be aimed at seeking crime preventive factors of psychiatric treatment of mentally disordered offenders.
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| 26. |
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| 28. |
- Bergdahl Bulukin, Ewa
(författare)
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Måste Per Stenyxa identifieras? : Om förhistorien i lågstadiets läroböcker
- 1988
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :2, s. 47-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad är det för bild som via läromedlen i skolorna förmedlas om vårt förfluma? Vilka uppfatmingar om förhistoriska människor får eleverna med sig från skolan? Vilka syften har vi med historieundervisningen egentligen? Dessa och liknande frågor är svåra att besvara entydigt. De övergripande och allmänna riktlinjerna som läroplanen ger uttryck för, ska översättas till en praktisk kunskapsnivå i läromedlen. Här råder ett välkänt glapp. Läromedlens utformning och innehåll korresponderar inte med läroplanens grundläggande målsättning. Givetvis finns det ytterst få läromedel som uttrycker uppfattningar som går stick i stäv med läroplansintentionerna, men detta är inte tillräckligt. En undvikande av vissa påståenden eller ett överhoppande av svåra och komplicerade händelseförlopp löser inte problemet. Resultatet blir istället en torftighet i texterna som !itår i bjärt kontrast till läroplanens önskade fönnedlingsinnehåll. Det är svårt att förena det objektivt sakliga och vetenskapligt korrekta innehållet i läromedlen med ett levandegörande av stoffot. I den här artikeln vill jag närmare gå in på varför det är så och samtidigt försöka visa hur läromedlen har förändrats under 1900-talet. Eftersom jag är arkeolog, kommer exemplifieringarna uteslutande att hämtas från skolböckernas avsnitt om förhistorien. Till vissa delar bygger de följande resonemangen på en tidigare utgiven rapport: STENÅLDERSLIV - en undersökning av grundskoleelevers uppfattningar om förhistorien. 1985.
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| 29. |
- Björnsson, Anders
(författare)
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Berättande eller förklarande historia? : Didaktiska reflexioner kring ett läroboksprojekt
- 1988
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :2, s. 57-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hans Magnus Enzensberger, den västtyske Sverige-kännaren m. m, har en svårartad benägenhet att gå på tvärs - också mot sig själv. Han var den som, i ett uppmärksammat tal för snart tre år sedan, lanserade begreppet sekundär analfabetism. En sekundär analfabet är, enligt Enzensberger, en person - möjligen men inte säkert en majoritet inom nu levande befolkningar - som lärt sig läsa och skriva och använder sig av dessa förmågor. I förhållande till den ursprunglige eller primäre analfabeten, som kan göra varken det ena eller det andra, är denna "nya" analfabet, produkt av Upplysningens bildnings- och uppfostringsraseri, utan tvekan bättre utrustad. Men i förhållande till sin samtids vetande? Det är inte nödvändigtvis så, svarar Enzensberger. Under primär analfabetism, när de allra flesta i en kulturkrets är uteslutna från läs och skrivkonsten, sker den dominerande kunskapsöverföringen ·som muntlig tradition, dvs. via memorering (Homeros!). Memorering förutsätter aktivitet och ställningstagande; man står i ett dialektiskt eller kanske snarare dialogiskt förhållande till sitt kunskapsobjekt; man prövar, förkastar, deltar i en skapelseprocess. Den sekundära analfabetismen däremot är mottagar- mer än sändarorienterad (Voltaire?!). Någon utväljer och definierar vad som är kunskapsobjektet, det etableras från första början en under/överordningsrelation mellan den som vet och den ovetande och målet är inte att pröva och föra vidare utan att godta och internalisera. Den sekundäre analfabeten är inte längre aktör, inget subjekt, han har tvärtom blivit föremål för ett utanförstående kunskapsintresse.
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| 31. |
- Brodin, Håkan, 1946-
(författare)
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Regional variations in pharmaceutical consumption in Sweden
- 1987
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Secondary, non-sample data, mainly from official statistics from 259 municipalities in Sweden, are used to investigate systematic variations in the consumptian of pharmaceuticals on the county and municipality level.The theoretical framework is taken from health economics. The utilization of health care, and consequently the consumptian of pharmaceuticals, is determined simultaneausly by the demand for health care, derived from a demand for health, and the supply of health care. The model is exploratory, aiming at the identification of important factors for further study. In particular the importance of the economic budget restriction is examined.An analysis of variance shows that there is no reason to assume systematic differences in the consumptian of pharmaceuticals caused by actions on the county level. The existing variation more likely stems from differences in characteristics of the municipalities, thus reflecting intovariations on the county level.The impact of a number of explanatory variables on drug consumptian is measured by means of multiple regression analyses. The variables included are sick-leave, disability pension, unemployment, age, alcohol consumption, religiousness, occupational structure, commuting, physician density, rural population, presence of a hospital or a regional hospital and income.The regression results indicate that age structure, the number of doctars and commuting explain approximately one third of the variation. Detailed regression studies of the consumption of 19 pharmaceutical subgroups show a more diversified result, but the main pattern remains.Using predictians from the 19 subregressions, a case study is performed for Gotland, known as a divergent municipality with respect to drug consumption. Two pharmaceutical groups, cardiovasculars and analgesics, were identified as particularly divergent campared to the general consumptian behaviour of the municipalities of Sweden.An analysis using the LISREL technique is performed in order to study the relative importance of the latent, unmeasured variables 'morbidity', 'life style', 'availability' and 'economy', grouped from the measured variables. The analysis indicates that 'availability' is the most important factor underlying pharmaceutical consumptian and that 'econorny' is more important than 'morbidity' and 'life style'. The analysis also shows, that low income is associated with high consumption of drugs. Whether this relationship on the municipality leve! also holds on the individual levelis not known.
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| 35. |
- Carlsson, Per, 1951-
(författare)
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Spridning och ekonomiska effekter av medicinsk teknologi vid behandling av magsår, prostataförstoring och gallsten
- 1987
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general aim of the study is to analyse the economic consequences of diffusion and changed utilization of medical technology. The intention is to widen the empirical basis prospects for assessing the future consequences of technologies other than those studied within the scope of this project. The investigation consists of case studies of three common technologies in medical care. These are cimetidine, a pharmaceutical for treating peptic ulcer, transurethral resection (TURP) for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and open operation (cholecystectomy) for gallstone treatment.The studies of cimetidine and TURP illustrate a common trend in medical care where the introduction of new medical technology leads both to a reduced risk for the patient and a reduction in the cost per treatment.The lower risk in combination with increased expectations on the part of the patient and the medical profession leads to increased utilization, the overall result being an increase in the costs of medical care.Certain effects on the indirect costs which arise outside medical care have been analysed. The results show that the increased utilization of cimetidine has until 1983 been profitable in terms of social economics. This is in addition to the gains achieved in the form of less pain and discomfort. The increased utilization of TURP has probably not led to any relative reductions in indirect costs. One reason for this is that the average age of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia is high. Since most patients are over 65, faster rehabilitation has a low valuation in economic terms. Fewer gallstone operations mean a larger reduction in cost both for medical care and society as a whole through reduced sick leave.In the study, a number of hypotheses have been formulated regarding important factors for the diffusion and utilization of medical technology. Further research remains to be done in order to determine these relationships with certainty.The study also shows that the utilization of a technology can rapidly change and that it can begin to be utilized in other situations than those demonstrated to be effective in scientific studies. Extended indicationsfor utilizing the technology may lead to increased costs of medical care. The total effect on health of an increased utilization is often unknown.
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| 39. |
- Dahllöf, Tordis
(författare)
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Historia och skönlitteratur
- 1988
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :2, s. 37-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- "Hittills har vi i Västerlandet varit alltför inställda på att lära ut vårt tekniska kunnande - genom Nobelpriset till Naguib Mahfouz blir vi kanske mer benägna att lära oss något av hur andra folk med en annan kulturell bakgrund prövar att lösa de problem som i grunden är gemensamma för oss alla." Så löd en av kommentarerna till årets Nobelpris i litteratur, fällt av professorn isemitisk filologi, Christopher Toll vid Köpenhamns universitet. Citatet uppmärksammar skönlitteraturens ovanskliga värde som dokument tvärande alla kulturgränser. Det lika i människors villkor i vår multikulturella värld blir synligt hos diktarna, som genom sina estetiska kulturprodukter lyckas förmedla de mångas kulturella vardag. Författarna skriver för oss alla, till oss alla, trots att de som skrivare inte tänkt på dig och mig som läsare fjärran från cafebord i Kairo som i Mahfouz fall eller från den författarlya på Söder iStockholm, där Ivar Lo-Johansson på nytt stämmer möte med sina människors miljöer och tankar om livets villkor. De blir ändå rätt uppfattade och i detta ligger diktarens märkliga kompetens.
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| 40. |
- Daléus, Erika, 1942-
(författare)
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Resource management in traditional farming : A case study in the dry zone of Sri Lanka
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The potential of the traditional small irrigation systems in Sri Lanka has to a great extent been overlooked in the efforts to satisfy increasing food requirements and to bring about social development in rural communities. The aim of this study was to arrive at an improved understanding of the resource management ofthe traditional farming system in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Irrigation through small village tanks plays a significant role in this context.A farming system approach was used. It implies that the coordination of activities within a farm setting, and the farmers' reliance on the different parts of the system, can be properly dealt with. Different geographical and temporal perspectives facilitated the analyses of the interactions anddependencies between man and his environment. The information and data forming the basis of the analyses were collected between 1984-1986. The small irrigation system under study is located in a mini-catchment in the north-central part of Sri Lanka.For paddy cultivation in the lowlands, water is an obvious constraint. Water scarcity adversely affected both yield and cultivation intensity. Within a single paddy tract yield variation was considerable. Apart from water scarcity the variation was closely related to distance from the watersource. With sufficient water it seems that the explanations to variations in yield should be sought for in terms of management factors and incidental problems like damage by wild animals.A declining ratio of tank capacity to potential acreage for paddy cultivation has since the 1930's been a contributing factor to a single annual crop of paddy. The increasing population pressure and the reduced intensity of paddy cultivation has led to changes in reliance on the various parts of the farming system. This has led to a shortening of the cultivation cycle in the highlands. In the lowlands the better-off farmers were the early adapters of the 'green revolution package'. Currently however, it is within the highlands that most of the changes occur and it is the poor farmer who seems to be the main agent of change.On a village level the system's resilience to an environmental hazard was demonstrated. A breach of a tank bund disrupted the possibility for cultivation during two consecutive seasons. The crops lost were compensated for by various traditional practices such as share cropping.Coordination of land and water use was evident on a village level whereas no such arrangements exist between the villages within the catchment. There arc indications of conflicts both between the villages and between cultivators with individually and communally operated land within a village. For an optimal utilization of water and land resources it is essential to comprehend and deal with the conflicts which threaten the management of the system.
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| 41. |
- Davies, Peter A., et al.
(författare)
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The interaction between topography and a nonlinearly stratified rotating fluid
- 1982
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Ingår i: Physics of fluids. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666 .- 0031-9171. ; 25:11, s. 1931-1934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory experiments have been conducted in which a spherical solid obstacle has been towed steadily through a thermally stratified rotating fluid in order to determine the effects of the density‐profile shape upon the attenuation with height of the disturbance produced by the obstacle. The existence of a cutoff level in the fluid beyond which the disturbance is not detected is illustrated, and the dependence of this level upon local variations in density profile is studied. Measurements of velocity above and behind the obstacle are reported.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Elam, Lars
(författare)
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Berättandets glädje och skrivandets lust : En granskning av ett års lokalhistorisk skrivarmöda
- 1989
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Ingår i: Kronos : historia i skola och samhälle. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 1100-1208. ; :1, s. 21-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under pojkårens somrar var Bohusläns yttersta havsband mitt äventyrsland. Här och där ute på holmar och skär fann jag spillror av spår efter människohand. De väckte min undran. Av de gamla på sommarön fick jag höra svaga minnen om fiskarstugor, lotsplatser och tran.kokerier från sillrikedomens år. De små murarna ute på skären fanns där för jakten på säl och den ståtliga stenkajen på den rödbällande holmen var krossade drömmar om stenhuggeri. Men någon riktig ordning på dessa spår från det förgångna kunde jag inte få. Inte ens Grimberg eller gamle Starbäck som fyllde en meter av bokhyllan hemma i stan brydde sig om sådana bagateller som gången tids människor på några öar och holmar vid vår västra kust.Plötsligt satt jag nu - ett halvt sekel senare - med en liten bok i min hand som gav mig svar på en del av barndornssomrarnas nästan bortglömda frågor. Det var ingen lärd historikers bok. Däremot hade kustbygdens lilla sparbank firat sina hundra år och celebrerat sin förmåga att överleva storbanksfusionemas tid med en jubileumsskrift. Den handlade ingalunda om bankens levnad allenast utan också om bygdens.Bankens minnesbok låg tillsammans med femhundra andra skrifter i en hög som universitetsbiblioteket i Linköping lagt undan under ett år såsom passande under rubriken lokalhistoria. Tanken där bakom var att en genomgång av den pampiga boktraven skulle - till ett nystartat lokalhistoriskt centers fromma - kunna ge en lite tydligare bild av den bygdehistoria som årligen ser dagens ljus utanför den etablerade forskningen.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Esbjörnsson, Eva
(författare)
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Smärtan får aldrig ifrågasättas
- 1984
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Ingår i: Psykologtidningen. ; :22, s. 8-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 47. |
- Fahlander, Olov
(författare)
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Hemligheten bakom datorgenererad musik
- 1980
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föredraget kommer av utrymmesskäl att ganska summariskt behandla möjligheterna till musikalisk ljudsyntes med digitala metoder främst med tanke på ”personal computing”. Vissa utvikningar utöver detta är oundvikliga och föredraget har därför mer karaktären av översikt snarare än en mer detaljerad genomgång av speciella metoder. Några konkreta exempel på hårdvarulösningar har dock redovisats och därutöver hänvisas till ett antal referenser som för den intresserade kan ge en mer detaljerad förståelse .Föredraget är uppdelat på tre huvudgrupper: Klang syntes, interaktion och komposition, där det förstnämnda ges mest utrymme. Enligt min personliga uppfattning ligger dock dom intressanta spörsmålen inom det sistnämnda området och det är antagligen här de största in satserna i framtiden kommer att göras, när väl hårdvaruutvecklingen mognat tillräckligt.Det kan nämnas i detta sammanhang att forskningen inom områden som dessa för ett mycket tynande liv, trots att musikindustrin, framtidens stora avnämare för dess resultat, omsätter svindlande summor över hela världen . I Europa är det främst i Paris vid IRCAM som en satsning av betydelse sker. De amerikanska universiteten har annars svarat för den främsta utvecklingen. Detta områdes stora popularitet ]land hobbymänniskor bevisas av att det numera utkommer en specialtidskrift ”Computer music journal” med fyra nummer per år samt att artiklar inom området är mycket vanliga i hobbytidskrifter som ”Byte” och liknande.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Faresjö, Tomas, 1954-
(författare)
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Social skiktning och ohälsa i Studien 1913 års män
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to elucidate the relationship between social stratification and a broad spectrum of health problems covering subjective ill-health, serious illness and mortality. Against the background of a social-epidemiological frame of reference, special attention is alsopaid to other social factors that are related to occupation and stratification and its effect on health.The empirical material used is data from the Study of Men Born in 1913, a clinical-epidemiological prospective population study that begun in 1963 with a sample of 50-year old men from the general population of Gothenburg, Sweden. These men have been followed up by repeated health-examinations and records. In the present study, which is a type of secondary analysis of the Gothenburg material, the men are followed between the ages of 50 and 71.In a modern welfare society such as that of Sweden, with comprehensive public health care, one should not expect to find any appreciable differences between the social strata with regard to ill-health. The study indicates that differences are most in evidence with regard to perceivedhealth and being on the sick-list. In both these respects the lower social strata are worse off then the higher. The differences concerning perceived ailments tend to even out after retirement. When it comes to serious illness and mortality there is a certain tendency of differences concerningmyocardial infarction and survival after it. The lower social strata appear to be rather more at risk than the higher, but apart from this the differences were small.Constituting a main group of social-epidemiological factors that are both conceptually and empirically related to social stratification arc various circumstances to do with occupation. It is evident from the study that such factors- which can be designated life-events and which comprise first and foremost unemployment, change of occupation and change in earnings- indicate increased risk of suffering myocardial infarction and death. There are also a number of connections between on the one hand various indicators of ill-health, and on the other hand social phenomena such as status incongruence and social mobility across the generations.Many of the social factors that are of interest from the social epidemiological point of view prove to be strongly intercorrelated and form very complex patterns. 1t is a challenge to sqcialepidemiologicalresearch (which in-many respects is still in its initial stage) to elucidate the complex connections between ill-health and various social conditions, life-style and physiological factors.
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| 50. |
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