| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A Colourful Past : A Re-examination of a Swedish Rococo Set of Furniture with a Focus on the Urushi Components
- 2020
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 66:8, s. 477-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two artefacts in royal custody, an étagère (inventory number HGK401) and a writing desk (inventory number HGK1249), display specific aspects of Swedish Rococo furniture in an exciting combination are re-examined through scientific means. Microscopy of cross sections, wood species identification, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses reveal some of their physical and chemical characteristics. The results show that the original wood includes hinoki, and the actual urushi ware originates from at least two different artefacts, of which one was made in Japan. A specific mixture of saps hitherto only confirmed on historical Ryukyu Island urushi artefacts was detected. Blue coloured urushi is verified.
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| 4. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A Significant Japanese Coffer: A Multi-disciplinary Approach to Examining Late Sixteenth- — Early Seventeen-Century Export Urushi Ware
- 2022
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 67:7, s. 487-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant coffer in the Royal Swedish collection, inventory number HGK 406, is examined. The aim is to confirm or add new data concerning its age, provenance, and components. The scientific analyses include microscopy of cross and thin sections, wood species identification, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X−ray fluorescence microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, strontium isotope ratio measurement, and radiocarbon dating. The investigation also includes excerpting and examining historical documents to a lesser degree. The results show that the body wood is Thujopsis dolabrata BUN 1248, a strong indication of the coffer's Japanese origin. The urushi coating is made with sap harvested in Japan from the species Toxicodendron vernicifluum. The decorations include gold powder, red iron oxide, and cinnabar pigments. Radiocarbon dating supports the dating of the coffer, also based on its style, as of the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. While all the results may not stand alone, the study shows that a methodology with a multidisciplinary approach can produce new knowledge and support or reject hypotheses arrived at from other kinds of sources.
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| 5. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A White Gem from Kyoto
- 2021
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 66:4, s. 220-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A small box, hitherto described as white lacquerware, currently displayed at the Chinese Pavilion, Drottningholm, Sweden, is an unusual example of artefacts imported from the Far East during the era of the East India Companies. By using microscopy for cross- and thin sections, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, some of the specific characteristics of the box are described, and it was possible to differentiate original from more recent restoration material. Among other findings, the results suggest that white glue tempera is a better description, based on indications of calcium carbonate and protein, and support an earlier attribution of the box to an Edo period doll maker in Kyoto.
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| 6. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Lost and Found : Documentary Evidence and Scientific Examination of a Mid-Eighteenth Century Japanese Urushi Box
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 68:8, s. 784-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses a Japanese urushi box in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, inventory number TEMP-0030. It documents a study that included scientific analyses by five different processes: sectional optical microscopy (OM/POL), wood taxonomy (WT), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF), and radiocarbon dating (C-14). To a lesser degree, the investigation also included an examination of the inscribed information on a paper label. The scientific results show that the box substrate is hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Engl.), assembled with a proteinaceous glue. A cloth made from ramie fibres (Boehmeria nivea) covers the wood body. The main constituent in the coating is urushiol, derived from Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees. The black appearance on the exterior faces is due to a pigment of soot. The makie and nashiji decorations, on both exterior and interior faces, are composed of brass, silver, and gold, in flakes and powders. Radiocarbon dating suggests the time of manufacture as 1728-1764 CE, or the mid-Edo period. The information on the paper label suggests 1745 CE and the Zohiko, Kyoto, as the time and place of manufacture. Indirectly, this study emphasises the potential of these analytical techniques and a forensic approach in learning about other 'lost and found' objects.
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| 7. |
- Brunskog, Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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The Material Complexity of Three Seventeenth-Century Cabinets Exported from the Far East
- 2024
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 69:4, s. 261-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on three Far East cabinets that have ended up in Sweden for various reasons and on various routes. Some specific characteristics have been analysed using various scientific methods: sectional microscopy, wood taxonomy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, strontium isotope ratio measurement, and radiocarbon dating. The results show that the cabinets contain wood from species endemic to Japan, namely asunaro (Thujopsis dolabrata) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse). They are coated with urushi sap derived from Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees, in two cases confirmed to be harvested in China, and one case probably blended with sap exuded from Toxicodendron succedanea harvested in North Vietnam. Their black appearance is due to a soot pigment typical of many products from the early Edo period or older. The data obtained with scientific methods, unavailable in the past, improve knowledge about these cabinets. Such new information should be made available to scholars and the general public.
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| 8. |
- Dedic, Dina, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose degradation in the Vasa : The role of acids and rust
- 2013
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 58:4, s. 308-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oak timbers of the Swedish warship Vasa are deteriorating. High amounts of oxalic acid have been found along with a low pH and low molecular weight cellulose deep in the wood timbers. The iron-rich surface wood differs from the interior wood in that it displays higher pH and cellulose with higher molecular weight. The objective of this study was to determine why there is a difference in cellulose degradation, pH, and oxalic acid amount between the surface region and the interior of the Vasa timbers. Analysis of cellulose weight average molecular weight by size exclusion chromatography was performed, as well as quantification of oxalic acid and iron by high-performance anion exchange chromatography and atomic emission spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that a decrease in iron content coincides with an increase in oxalic acid concentration and a drop in pH at a certain depth from the wood surface. When iron-rich surface wood samples from the Vasa were mixed with an aqueous solution of oxalic acid, a fast increase of pH over time was observed. Neither interior wood poor in iron nor the fresh oak reference showed the same neutralizing effect during the time of measurement. This indicates that the presence of iron (rust) causes a neutralization of the wood, through the formation of iron(III) oxalato complexes, thus protecting the wood from oxalic acid hydrolysis. This effect was not observed to the same extent for other acids observed in Vasa wood (sulfuric, formic, glycolic, and acetic acids).
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| 9. |
- Dubus, Michel, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring copper and silver corrosion in different museum environments by electrical resistance measurement
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Int. Inst. for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 55:2, s. 121-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The results are reported of a systematic programme of electrical resistance measurement (ERM) of copper and silver corrosion rates within various museum environments, directed towards developing preventive conservation understanding and practice. Electrical resistivity measurements were made using copper and silver probes for one month and one year in 33 locations, and these are interpreted in comparison with two standards. Advantages and drawbacks of different methods available for the evaluation of the corrosion aggressiveness of indoor air are discussed. Practical solutions are proposed for improving the protection of metal objects collections. Improvements are also proposed to maximize the efficiency and suitability of the measuring device to the very specific applications of cultural heritage collections.
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| 10. |
- Fors, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of the Ammonia Neutralizing Treatment on Marine Archaeological Vasa Wood
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : IIC; International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 55:1, s. 41-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory experiments with ammonia vapour on Vasa wood have been carried out to neutralize the acidity connected to the numerous outbreaks of acidic sulfate salts occurring on the wooden surfaces of the Swedish historical shipwreck Vasa (1628). The effects of the ammonia treatment have been evaluated by means of pH measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FUR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The SEC analyses did not show any apparent effect on the cellulose in the polyethylene glycol-treated Vasa wood sample, while the FTIR results indicate sonic degradation of the holocellulose.
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| 11. |
- Henrik-Klemens, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Iron-Tannin Precipitates in Waterlogged Archaeological Oak
- 2022
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 67, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the redox catalytic activity of iron may be detrimental for waterlogged archaeological wood, it is of importance to know what ligands bind the iron, their distribution in the wood, and what the reactivity of these compounds are. We have identified iron-tannin precipitates in archaeological oak timber from the shipwreck of the seventeenth-century warship The Sword with confocal Raman spectroscopy in combination with light- and scanning electron microscopy. Iron tannin precipitates are present as larger aggregates (10–50µm) in the lumen and vessels, but also as contamination within the wood cell wall. As the stability constants of iron-tannin and iron-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) – a chelating agent commonly employed by conservators to extract iron – are in the same range, extraction experiments were carried out. These demonstrate that iron-tannin precipitations are difficult to extract. Tannin chemistry in waterlogged oak needs to be further explored to understand the mechanism of iron accumulation in wood as well as to correctly treat and preserve cultural heritage.
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| 12. |
- Katrakazis, T., et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing Research Impact in Heritage Conservation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 63:8, s. 450-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines how research impact is defined, measured, and generated - with a view to understanding how it can be enhanced within heritage conservation. It examines what is meant by impact' and how it can be promoted within heritage science through effective inter-disciplinary collaboration. Following a general examination of the current discourse concerning research impact, the study examined: (i) active research networks within heritage science; (ii) research planning and evaluation practices within heritage science; and (iii) the experiences of users (i.e. conservators and other heritage professionals) within research collaborations. Terminologies surrounding the notion of impact and the various phases of the research process were reviewed - from the initial identification of a knowledge gap to the eventual application of new findings in practice. Next, the reach and diversity of research collaborations (as identified through publication co-authorship) were studied to characterise the inter-disciplinary nature of heritage science and its connectedness to users. Findings showed substantial growth in international research collaborations over recent years, predominantly involving academic- and research-oriented institutions - although the engagement of heritage institutions has proportionally decreased. In addition, a worldwide survey of institutional planning and evaluation practices revealed a general reliance on processes driven by the interests of researchers - the systematic consideration of stakeholder opinion and evaluation of research outcomes being less common. Finally, a series of semi-structured interviews with senior heritage professionals explored their experience of collaborative research. The results identified key areas where strategic support is needed to promote user participation and enhance impact. These include training for research readiness, engagement, and impact for both researchers and users; better methods for needs and outcome assessment; affordable open access options and greater diversity of knowledge exchange opportunities. Finally, the need for ethical guidelines for responsible research, and greater emphasis on non-academic impact within research rating systems are discussed.
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| 13. |
- Kjølsen Jernæs, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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In the Heat of the Moment : Testing Fire-Protective Covers for Mitigating Damage to Large Historic Inventories
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Routledge. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Norwegian management for cultural heritage has increased its focus on finding effective solutions for protecting Norway?s wooden cultural heritage from fire damage. The medieval churches in general, including the wooden stave churches, with their interiors and inventories, are of special interest. However, the usefulness of protecting valuable interiors and inventories when fighting fire has been questioned. An experiment was carried out to find manageable solutions for protecting large inventories by using fire covers in case of fire. An experiment using seven commercially available products was conducted by fire fighters to investigate whether these products could protect historic interiors from water and fire. The preliminary results show that it is possible to find manageable, large format covers for the protection of large, immovable historic inventories.
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| 14. |
- Legnér, Mattias, 1973-
(författare)
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On the Early History Museum Environment Control : Nationalmuseum and Gripsholm Castle in Sweden, c. 1866-1932
- 2011
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - London : International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 56:2, s. 125-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the fact that there have been investigations into the historical development of indoor climate recommendations, to date verylittle research has been carried out on how climate control in museums was actually implemented in the past. This article examinesthe development of climate control in two Swedish museum buildings up until the 1930s: Nationalmuseum and GripsholmCastle. Nationalmuseum was erected to make the state collections more accessible to the public and to provide monitoring andcentral heating. At that time knowledge of climatic conditions in museums was tacit and based on personal experience ratherthan on scientific studies. However, in the early twentieth century the problem of managing museum climate increased as curatorsbecame more aware of the dehydrating effects of central heating on panels and polychrome wood. The first successful attemptsto automatically control indoor climate were carried out at Gripsholm in the 1920s. The focus was then on monitoring andcontrolling temperature rather than relative humidity, but these early attempts also showed that extreme levels of humidity couldbe avoided in an environment that had never been designed for permanent heating. This article examines attempts at managingindoor climate between the 1860s and the 1930s.
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| 15. |
- Lerwill, A., et al.
(författare)
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Photochemical colour change for traditional watercolour pigments in low oxygen levels
- 2015
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 60:1, s. 15-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An investigation for light exposure on pigments in low-oxygen environments (in the range 0-5% oxygen) was conducted using a purpose-built automated microfadometer for a large sample set including multiple samples of traditional watercolour pigments from nineteenth-century and twentieth-century sources, selected for concerns over their stability in anoxia. The pigments were prepared for usage in watercolour painting: ground and mixed in gum Arabic and applied to historically accurate gelatine glue-sized cotton and linen-based papers. Anoxia benefited many colorants and no colorant fared worse in anoxia than in air, with the exception of Prussian blue and Prussian green (which contains Prussian blue). A Prussian blue sampled from the studio materials of J.M.W. Turner (1775 - 1851) was microfaded in different environments (normal air (20.9% oxygen) 0, 1, 2, 3.5, or 5% oxygen in nitrogen) and the subsequent dark behaviour was measured. The behaviour of the sample (in normal air, anoxia, and 5% oxygen in nitrogen) proved to be consistent with the 55 separately sourced Prussian blue samples. When exposed to light in 5% oxygen in nitrogen, Prussian blue demonstrated the same light stability as in air (at approximately 21 degrees C and 1 atmosphere). Storage in 5% oxygen is proposed for 'anoxic' display of paper-based artworks that might contain Prussian blue, to protect this material while reducing light-induced damage to other components of a watercolour, including organic colorants and the paper support.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Niklasson, Annika, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Air Pollutant Concentrations and Atmospheric Corrosion of Organ Pipes in European Church Environments
- 2008
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 53:1, s. 24-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: The atmospheric environment inside and outside historical organs in several European regions is reported. In each region, comparisons were made between an instrument suffering organ pipe corrosion and an organ without corrosion problems. Concentrations of acetic acid (ethanoic acid), formic acid (methanoic acid), acetaldehyde (ethanal), formaldehyde (methanal) and other volatile organic compounds in the organ environment were determined using active sampling. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded. In addition, polished metal samples that mimic the material used in the historical organ pipes have been exposed in the organ wind systems for up to 22 months. High concentrations of acetic acid and formic acid vapours are present in the wind system of the corroded organs. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are also present in smaller amounts. The main source of acetic acid is the wood from which the wind system is built. In contrast, formic acid is generated in the chruch environment outside the wind system. The results show that the two organic acids play an important role in the atmospheric corrosion of organ pipes. It is suggested that the corrosion of lead pipes in historical organs can be effectively reduced by removing the sources of gaseous acetic acid and formic acid in the wind system and in the chruch environment.
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| 18. |
- Nilsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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The Validation of Artificial Ageing Methods for Silk Textiles Using Markers for Chemical and Physical Properties of Seventeenth-Century Silk
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 55:1, s. 55-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Royal Armoury in Stockholm has conducted a project to experimentally evaluate conservation methods used for historic costumes. As the historic value of authentic artefacts precludes their use in experimental work, artificially aged standard silk needs to be used as a substitute. This study aimed to find a suitable artificial ageing method for standard silk resulting in a degradation state that simulated that of silk from seventeenth-century costumes. Four artificial ageing methods were studied: (1) thermal oxidation it, dry air, (2) exposure to different relative humidity (RH), (3) immersion in solutions of varied pH, (4) accelerated ultraviolet (UV) exposure at 50 +/- 2 degrees C, 95% RH. Different chemical and physical properties for silk were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and tensile tests, which were employed as analytical indicators for comparison between the artificially aged silk and samples front seventeenth-century costumes. Of the ageing methods tested in this study, thermo-oxidation at 125 degrees C in dry air for 28-56 days produced silk with properties most like those of-historic silk samples.
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| 19. |
- Nyström, Ingalill, 1969
(författare)
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Spectroscopic analysis of artists' pigments and materials used in southern Swedish painted wall hangings from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
- 2015
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 60:6, s. 353-367
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to highlight various pigments found in 70 signed painted wall-hangings, so-called bonader, produced in southern Sweden during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The analyses were performed using Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analyses, supplemented with microscopy and reconstructions of historic pigment references. The results indicate that inexpensive pigments such as chalk, woad, orpiment, ochres, red lead, and carbon black were used. Some synthetic pigments such as Prussian blue, emerald green, and chrome yellow were used for painted wall-hangings in the latter part of the period. Also some atypical artists' painting materials such as a yellow lake made of curcuma, turmeric, and metallic lead foils were identified. FT-Raman spectra of a selection of pigments used for the wall-hangings are presented. The results from the study can be used for risk assessment for the deterioration of the wall-hangings in consideration of preventive and remedial conservation strategies. The art technological results, i.e. the painting materials found and the different painting techniques identified for each painter, can supplement previous stylistic attributions of unsigned and anonymous painted wall-hangings from southern Sweden.
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| 20. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the corrosion morphology of some middle elamite copper alloy artefacts from haft tappeh, South-West Iran
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 55, s. 20-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper reviews the corrosion morphology of some copper-based alloy objects from the Middle Elamite site of Haft Tappeh, south-west Iarn about 1400 BC. These artefacts have undergone extensive bronze disease corrosion and their interior is completely converted to a greyish-white, tin-rich phase, with corresponding loss of copper.
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| 21. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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After Eighty Years: Experimental Study of Atmospheric Corrosion in the Metallic Dome of Hafez’s tomb, Shiraz, Iran
- 2019
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 64, s. 208-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hafez’s tomb was constructed on the grave of the well-known Iranian poet in Shiraz, in the 1930s. The dome of this monument is made of copper metal and has been exposed to the urban environment for 80 years. In this study, corrosion mechanisms and conservation conditions of the metallic dome of the Hafez’s tomb are investigated by analytical methods including optical microscopy, ICP-MS, SEM-EDX, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the dome is constructed from many copper sheets that are hammered to shape the dome. The corrosion products formed on the surface of copper sheets include copper oxide and copper trihydroxichlorides. In fact, the corrosion mechanism occurring in the metallic dome consists of copper oxidation and redeposition of copper II products because of reaction with air pollutants.
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| 22. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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An Exploration of a 2500-Year-Old Monument: A Reappraisal of the Achaemenian Decorative Flooring Plasters in Persepolis World Heritage Site (ca. 550–330 BCE)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 68:5, s. 491-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The red-surfaced flooring plaster of three Persepolitan palaces built during the reign of Darius I, namely the Treasury, Edifice C of the southern area of the terrace, and Tachara, the king’s private palace, were investigated by a chemical and microscopic approach using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the flooring plaster was formed of two distinct layers, a thick (2 cm) internal white one made of a mixture of calcite (CaCO3) and rock fragments, and a thin external red layer with variable thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 mm, made of a mixture of calcite and hematite (Fe2O3) and also small fragments of rock. An interesting aspect of the red layer is the presence of cinnabar (HgS) as red pigment mixed with hematite in Tachara, while the red colour has been provided by hematite alone in the two other floorings. Though the analytical results are in line with previous studies on Tachara flooring, it also revealed that the decorative red layer of Tachara differs from the Treasury and Edifice C. This analytical study clarified general technical aspects of decorative red-surfaced flooring in Persepolis.
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| 23. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Sasanian Niello Inlay: Microanalytical Investigation of a Silver Oval Bowl with Tigers and Grapevines
- 2024
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers utilized non-invasive analytical techniques such as micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) spectroscopy, micro-X-ray diffraction (µ-XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy to examine a silver oval bowl adorned with tigers and grapevines, believed to date back to the Sasanian period of Iran (third to seventh centuries CE). The bowl, currently housed in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, underwent analysis aimed at identifying the composition of both the silver alloy and the niello used in its decoration. The primary objective of the study was to discern the alloy composition and the niello application technique employed by Sasanian metalworkers. The findings revealed that the bowl is crafted from a silver–copper alloy containing approximately 3 wt.% of copper. Additionally, the niello inlays were determined to consist solely of silver sulfide (acanthite). The composition of the niello closely resembles that of early Roman niello inlays, suggesting a possible technological connection with Romans in the Sasanian period.
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| 24. |
- Pasian, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative Water-Reduced Injection Grouts for the Stabilisation of Wall Paintings in the Hadi Rani Mahal, Nagaur, India: Design, Testing and Implementation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 65, s. 244-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and evaluation of site-specific injection grouts for the stabilisation of delaminated wall paintings is often challenging to perform in situ, due to constraints such as time, availability of materials and reliable testing procedures. In this research, a rigorous design and testing methodology, including the development of a new adhesion test, was adopted on-site for the development of injection grouts to be used in water-sensitive situations. Water-reduced mixtures were obtained by partly substituting water with ethanol. Previous research by the authors had demonstrated in the laboratory the potential suitability of water–ethanol grouts. In the present paper, water-reduced grouts were designed, tested and applied on-site for the first time.
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| 25. |
- Pasian, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Non-structural injection grouts with reduced water content: Changes induced by the partial substitution of water with alcohol
- 2017
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 62, s. 43-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional grouting–used to stabilise delaminated plaster–typically involves the use of water as suspension medium. Water can be dangerous when water-sensitive original materials are present and can cause the solubilisation of salts, leading to their re-crystallisation on drying. Ethyl alcohol is a less effective solvent for soluble salts and generally does not affect the original materials. This is the reason why it was used as a partial substitute for water in grout preparations in the present research. Three water–ethyl alcohol-based grouts were compared with the correspondent water-based grout. The working properties and performance characteristics of the injection grouts with reduced water content were measured to assess their suitability for use on historic plasters.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Prosek, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time monitoring of indoor air corrosivity in cultural heritage institutions with metallic electrical resistance sensors
- 2013
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 58:2, s. 117-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A system for continuous monitoring of atmospheric corrosivity has been developed. An electronic unit measures and records changes in the electrical resistance of a thin metal track applied on an insulating substrate. If the metal corrodes, the effective cross sectional area of the track decreases and the electrical resistance increases. Sensors made of silver, copper, iron/steel, zinc, lead, tin, aluminium, bronze, and brass at thicknesses from 50 nm to 250 μm were tailored for environments with different corrosivities. The developed technology proved capable of providing high sensitivity, allowing for real-time corrosion monitoring even in low-corrosive indoor cultural heritage facilities. Laboratory tests showed good reproducibility with the standard deviation of parallel measurements at less than ±20% for metals which corrode uniformly in the tested environments. Several examples selected from a broad testing programme in partner museums, libraries, and other institutions show successful applications of the logger system for characterization of air quality control in indoor locations, during transport and in temporary exhibitions; assessment of new buildings and storage facilities; and fundamental studies of optimal conservation and storage procedures. A first outline of a classification system for lead, which is particularly sensitive to the presence of carboxylic acids, is given. The technique has a large potential as an independent method for monitoring air quality in facilities displaying and storing valuable objects of cultural heritage.
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| 28. |
- Winther, Thea, et al.
(författare)
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Adhesives for adhering polystyrene plastic and their long-term effect
- 2015
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 60:2, s. 107-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To guide conservators in their decisions in active conservation of polystyrene materials, seven adhesives were tested before and after light ageing. The material was investigated by assessment of working properties, appearance, colour measurement, tensile testing, hardness measurement, assessment of break type, scanning electron microscope imaging, and assessment of reversibility. Based on a survey among conservators, the adhesives included were acrylates (Paraloid (R) B-72 in acetone: ethanol, or only ethanol, Paraloid (R) B-67 in isopropanol, Primal (R) AC 35, Acrifix (R) 116), epoxies (HXTAL (R)-NYL-1, Araldite (R) 2020) and one cyanoacrylate (Loctite (R) Super Attack Precision). Adhesives were tested on extruded sheets of transparent, general purpose polystyrene applied on joined edges and as an open layer. Damage to the plastic could be seen for Acrifix (R) 116 and Loctite (R) Super Attack Precision. The average break force sensitivity values indicate that the cyanoacrylate was weakened while Acrifix (R) 116 was strengthened after ageing. In general, the cyanoacrylate was the strongest and Paraloid (R) B-67 the weakest. Most adhesives showed yellowing after ageing apart from Acrifix (R) 116 and HXTAL (R)-NYL-1. The Paraloids, Primal (R) AC 35, and the epoxies were possible to remove from the plastic.
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| 29. |
- Nilsson, Johanna, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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The validation of artificial ageing methods for silk using markers for chemical and physical properties of seventeenth-century silk
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - 0039-3630. ; 55:1, s. 55-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Royal Armoury in Stockholm has conducted a project to experimentally evaluate conservation methods used for historic costumes. As the historic value of authentic artefacts precludes their use in experimental work, artificially aged standard silk needs to be used as a substitute. This study aimed to find a suitable artificial ageing method for standard silk resulting in a degradation state that simulated that of silk from seventeenth-century costumes. Four artificial ageing methods were studied: (1) thermal oxidation it, dry air, (2) exposure to different relative humidity (RH), (3) immersion in solutions of varied pH, (4) accelerated ultraviolet (UV) exposure at 50 +/- 2 degrees C, 95% RH. Different chemical and physical properties for silk were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and tensile tests, which were employed as analytical indicators for comparison between the artificially aged silk and samples front seventeenth-century costumes. Of the ageing methods tested in this study, thermo-oxidation at 125 degrees C in dry air for 28-56 days produced silk with properties most like those of-historic silk samples.
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