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1.	Bäckström, Martin, et al. (författare) The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA): Further testing of structural and criterion-related validity 2008 Ingår i: Criminal Justice and Behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 35:11, s. 1398-1410 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The validity of a Swedish translation of the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) was evaluated. All four subscales showed acceptable reliability, but the Entitlement scale can be improved by replacing items with low loadings. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a model with one common criminal attitude factor and three subfactors (corresponding to subscales of the test). The Antisocial Intent scale failed to come out as a separate factor. The criterion-related validity was evidenced through offenders having more positive attitudes to criminality than a sample from a public Internet site, a treatment program having an effect on the ratings, and test scores being meaningfully related to criminal history variables. It was concluded that the MCAA has satisfactory psychometric properties.
2.	Deeb, H., et al. (författare) Police Officers’ Perceptions of Statement Inconsistency 2018 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 45:5, s. 644-665 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We examined police officers’ (N = 71) perceptions of statement inconsistency types (within-statement, between-statement, statement-evidence, and within-group inconsistencies). Approximately half of the officers reported looking for statement inconsistency to detect deception. Officers generally associated contradictions and omissions with deception, and repetitions and reminiscences with truthfulness, but they were most likely to use contradictions. Officers reported using statement-evidence inconsistency more than any other inconsistency type, and they believed it was the easiest type to assess. Younger officers tended to believe that liars attempt to eliminate within-statement inconsistency unless they are strategically presented with incriminating evidence. Moreover, the majority of officers indicated that they have used drawings to assess inconsistencies with suspects’ verbal statements. Finally, suspects’ criminal history, intelligence, and personality were believed to influence statement (in)consistency. These findings are discussed in light of the literature on statement inconsistency, and recommendations regarding the applied use of statement inconsistency types are offered.
3.	Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al. (författare) Interrater Reliability of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised : Results on Multiple Analysis Levels for a Sample of Patients Undergoing Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation 2018 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 45:2, s. 234-263 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Scores from the Psychopathy Checklistâ€“Revised (PCL-R) are used to support decisions regarding personal liberty. In our study, performed in an applied forensic psychiatric setting, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for absolute agreement, single rater (ICCA1) were .89 for the total score, .82 for Factor 1, .88 for Factor 2, and .78 to .86 for the four facets. These results stand in contrast to lower reliabilities found in a majority of field studies. Disagreement among raters made a low contribution (0%-5%) to variability of scores on the total score, factor, and facet level. For individual items, ICCA1 varied from .38 to .94, with >.80 for seven of the 20 items. Items 17 (â€œMany short-term marital relationshipsâ€) and 19 (â€œRevocation of conditional releaseâ€) showed very low reliabilities (.38 and .43, respectively). The importance of knowledge about factors that can affect scoring of forensic instruments (e.g., education, training, experience, motivation, ratersâ€™ personality, and quality of file data) is emphasized.
4.	Grann, M, et al. (författare) Actuarial assessment of risk for violence - Predictive validity of the VRAG and the historical part of the HCR-20 2000 Ingår i: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 27:1, s. 97-114 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This article explores the predictive validity of two actuarial risk assessment instruments among mentally disordered offenders in Sweden: the historical part (H-10) of a historical, clinical, and risk management factors instrument (HCR-20) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Actuarial scores were obtained retrospectively in two populations: one group of violent offenders with personality disorders and one with violent offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia. The predictive accuracy was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis using a violent reconviction within 2 years from release or discharge as the criterion variable. Both scales fared better in the group of personality-disordered offenders than in the group of offenders with schizophrenia, and the H-10 fared better than the VRAG in both offender groups. The study found that historical data maintain a robust predictive validity in a population of personality-disordered offenders, whereas clinical and risk management factors may be of greater importance in offender populations in which major mental disorders are prevalent.
5.	Grann, M, et al. (författare) Actuarial assessment of violence risk - To weigh or not to weigh? 2007 Ingår i: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 34:1, s. 22-36 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The assigning of different weights to risk factors in actuarial formulas for the assessment of violence risk in criminal offenders has been debated. The authors explore the predictive validity of an index with 10 well-established risk factors for criminal recidivism with respect to violent reconvictions among 404 former forensic psychiatric examinees in Sweden. Four different weighting conditions are tested experimentally, including Nuffield’s method, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression, and an artificial neural network procedure. Simpler weighting techniques do not improve predictive accuracy over that of a nonweighted reference, and the more complex procedures yield a statistical shrinkage effect. The authors hypothesize that the general lack of causal risk factors in prediction models may contribute to the observed low utility of weighting techniques.
6.	Hodgins, Sheelagh, et al. (författare) A multisite study of community treatment programs for mentally ill offenders with major mental disorders : Design, measures, and the forensic sample 2007 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 34:2, s. 211-228 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article presents reasons for undertaking ""The Comparative Study of the Prevention of Crime and Violence by Mentally Ill Persons"" and reasons for decisions regarding the study design and choice of measures. A brief portrait of the forensic patients that have been recruited is also presented. Community treatment programs could offer long-term cost-effective care for offenders with major mental disorders (MMDs). The study aims to identify the necessary ingredients of an effective program. Sites are selected in four countries where identification of most, if not all, persons with MMD who commit crimes within the catchment area was possible. Within each site, two samples of patients with MMD are recruited, one from a forensic hospital and one from a general psychiatric hospital. Assessments are completed prior to discharge. Participants are followed during a 5-year period. Comparisons of the forensic patients recruited in the four sites indicate many more similarities than differences.
7.	Jones, AP, et al. (författare) PHENOTYPIC AND AETIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PSYCHOPATHIC TENDENCIES, AUTISTIC TRAITS, AND EMOTION ATTRIBUTION 2009 Ingår i: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 36:11, s. 1198-1212 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Some behavioural overlap exists between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and both phenotypes are thought to be associated with problems in empathy. However, the broad behavioural profiles and the cognitive-affective deficits associated with the two conditions are at least partly separable. The main aim of this study was to assess the extent to which the aetiology of psychopathic tendencies is independent of autistic traits. A secondary aim was to study the aetiology of emotion attribution ability and its association with psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits. Based on data from a sample of 642 twin pairs, the genetic and nonshared environmental influences related to psychopathic tendencies were largely unique to each phenotype. Common environmental influences between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits overlapped. Poorer emotion attribution ability was associated with increased psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and these associations were mainly explained by common genetic factors.
8.	Molero Samuelson, Yasmina, et al. (författare) Adolescent antisocial behavior as predictor of adverse outcomes to age 50 : A follow-up study of 1,947 individuals 2010 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 37:2, s. 158-174 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The study examined associations between antisocial behavior (ASB) before age 15 and eight adverse outcomes from age 21 to 50 among 1,623 men and 324 women who as adolescents consulted a clinic for substance misuse problems. Outcomes were documented using Swedish national registers and included death, hospitalization for physical illnesses related to substance misuse, mental illness, self-inflicted harm, substance misuse, convictions for violent and nonviolent crimes, and poverty. ASB before age 15 was associated with increased odds of all outcomes in adulthood except hospitalization for mental illness after adjusting for low family socioeconomic status, sex, Sex × ASB, and substance misuse in adulthood and with an increased number of adverse outcomes up to age 50. No gender differences were detected.
9.	Muñoz, Luna C., et al. (författare) The peer relationships of youths with psychopathic personality traits : A matter of perspective 2008 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - London : Sage Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 35:2, s. 212-227 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Because a callous use of others in many short-term relationships is one criterion for diagnosing psychopathy in adults, one would expect adolescents who are high on psychopathic personality traits to have unstable, conflict-ridden peer relationships. Little is known about this, however, or about the peer activities of youths who are high in psychopathic traits. The authors examined relationship quality and delinquency with peers in a community sample of 12- to 15-year-old adolescents who were stably high or stably low on psychopathic traits during 4 years. Peers also provided data on relationship quality. Youths high on psychopathic traits often engaged in antisocial activities with their peers. Although they reported conflict in their peer relationships, their peers did not report low support or high conflict in those relationships. The authors conclude that youths with psychopathic traits have biased perspectives on interactions with close peers, and this might underlie future problems.
10.	Murray, Joseph, et al. (författare) Crime in adult offspring of prisoners : A cross-national comparison of two longitudinal samples 2007 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 34:1, s. 133-149 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Studies from several countries suggest that parental criminality is a strong predictor of children's own criminal behavior. Recently, the authors found that parental incarceration predicted boys' delinquency in an English cohort, even after controlling for parental criminality and other childhood risks. The present study uses data from Project Metropolitan (Sweden) on 15,117 children born in the same year as the English cohort (1953) to test whether results in England were replicated in Sweden. In Sweden, parental incarceration predicted children's own criminal behavior, but unlike in England, the effects of parental incarceration disappeared after statistically controlling for the criminality of the parent. This cross-national difference may have been the result of shorter prison sentences in Sweden, more family friendly prison policies, a welfare-oriented juvenile justice system, an extended social welfare system, and more sympathetic public attitudes toward crime and punishment.
11.	Petersson, Joakim, et al. (författare) Recidivism in Intimate Partner Violence Among Antisocial and Family-Only Perpetrators 2017 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 44:11, s. 1477-1495 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to compare antisocial and family-only intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators in terms of IPV recidivism rates, type of recidivism crime, and time to recidivism. A total sample of 628 perpetrators was categorized as antisocial (n = 327) or family-only (n = 301) based on general criminality. Results demonstrated that antisocial perpetrators recidivated to a larger extent than family-only perpetrators (27.2% vs. 12.9%). Antisocial perpetrators were more prone to recidivate in both physical and nonphysical violence. Of the perpetrators who recidivated, the majority did so within the first year after their index crime. However, antisocial perpetrators recidivated more than family-only perpetrators after the first year. Key findings consisted of the subtypesâ€™ differing propensity to reoffend and their different critical time periods for recidivism. These findings suggest the need for different risk management strategies depending on perpetrator subtype to prevent future violence.
12.	Robbe, Michiel de Vries, et al. (författare) Risk and Protective Factors for Inpatient Aggression 2016 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 43:10, s. 1364-1385 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Dynamic risk and protective factors serve to assess the violence risk level of (forensic) psychiatric patients and offer guidance to clinical interventions. Risk assessment scores on Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) risk factors and Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) protective factors at different treatment stages were compared with violent incidents during treatment for 399 multidisciplinary coded assessments on 185 male and female forensic psychiatric patients. At later stages of treatment, less risk factors and more protective factors were observed, and predictive validities were higher. The HCR-20 and SAPROF scores showed good overall predictive validity for inpatient violence. The combination of risk factors and protective factors was a good predictor of incidents of aggressive behavior for different groups of patients, such as patients with violent or sexual offending histories, patients with major mental illnesses or personality disorders, and patients with a high score on psychopathy. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
13.	Shaffer, Catherine S., et al. (författare) Predictive Validity of the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A for Suicide-Related Behavior and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adjudicated Adolescent Offenders on Probation 2018 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 45:9, s. 1383-1403 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This prospective study evaluated the ability of the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A to predict suicide-related behavior (SRB) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adjudicated adolescent offenders on probation. Predictive validity of the MAYSI-2 for SRB and NSSI has generally been postdictively examined among detained adolescents. In addition, no published studies have examined the predictive validity of the PAI-A for SRB and NSSI among adolescent offenders. Neither the MAYSI-2 nor PAI-A added incremental predictive validity above lifetime SRB or NSSI. However, several MAYSI-2 and PAI-A subscales were predictive of SRB or NSSI. With some exceptions, most recommended instrument cut-off scores differentiated between low-risk and high-risk youth. These findings suggest that the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A hold promise for evaluating SRB and NSSI among justice-involved youth. In addition, these findings contribute to more informed decisions regarding the use of these tools and can be used to inform SRB and NSSI prevention efforts.
14.	Sivertsson, Fredrik, et al. (författare) Continuity, Change, and Contradictions : Risk and Agency in Criminal Careers to Age 59 2015 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 42:4, s. 382-411 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study's point of departure is the current debate over the ability to make prospective long-term predictions of criminal offending based on childhood risk factors. We begin by constructing groups based on cumulative childhood risk and measure their subsequent criminal career outcomes. The results show clear differences in adult offending but also considerable heterogeneity, suggesting that the relationship between risk factors and individuals' subsequent offending or non-offending is complex and in need of closer study. We therefore identify individuals in the low-and high-risk groups who did not develop the criminal careers that could be expected from their risk scores and, using deviant case analysis, qualitatively analyze their life histories. Together, these cases inform us of the importance of the dynamics of risk, human agency, and the life course, as well as the historical influences under which their lives unfolded-features of social life that could in no way be predicted prospectively.
15.	Sjostedt, G, et al. (författare) Stability of modus operandi in sexual 2004 Ingår i: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 31:5, s. 609-623 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Little is known about the stability of modus operandi (MO) in sexual offending. The authors studied a cohort of all sexual offenders released from prison into the Swedish community during the years from 1993 to 1997 ( N = 1,303) and analyzed sexual reoffenders’ MO in terms of victim choice, offense nature, and severity, comparing prior offenses with those registered during an average 6-year follow-up. Stability in MO, explored with Cohen’s Kappa and Odds Ratios (ORs) as measures of agreement across registered sexual offenses, was high, specifically with respect to victim choice. Results are discussed in relation to sexual deviance and opportunity structure. The authors argue that assessment and management of sexual recidivism risk might benefit from information on offense MO. Furthermore, the results could inform police investigative strategies, such as linking multiple offenses committed by an unidentified offender.
16.	Skott, Sara (författare) Disaggregating Homicide : Changing trends in subtypes over time 2019 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 46:11, s. 1650-1668 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Due to the heterogeneity of homicide, certain subtypes of homicide might have remained stable or even increased over time in the overall context of decline. Adding to the research attempting to identify a standardized classification system of homicide, this study used a novel, sophisticated statistical approach (multilevel latent class analysis [MLCA]) and an inductive theoretical stance to identify subtypes of homicide in Scotland and to examine how these types have changed over time. Using variables relating to the victim, offender, and the incident of homicide, four between-level types with three within-level classes of offenders in each type were identified. The findings showed that while all homicide types demonstrated an absolute decrease, domestic homicides had demonstrated a relative increase over time. Implications for policy, theory, and practice are discussed.
17.	Storey, Jennifer, et al. (författare) Assessment and Management of Risk for Intimate Partner Violence by Police Officers. Using the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER). 2014 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 41:2, s. 256-271 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The management of intimate partner violence (IPV) typically falls to police. For assistance, officers are increasingly using violence risk assessment tools like the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER). This study replicates the methodology of Belfrage et al. but examines the B-SAFER as used by Swedish police officers when assessing and managing IPV. Results revealed a positive relationship between risk and management. Total scores and overall risk ratings predicted recidivism (AUC [Area under the curve] = .70 and .69, respectively). Finally, a pattern where management recommendations were associated with decreased recidivism in high risk perpetrators but increased recidivism in low risk perpetrators was found. Results validate the use of the B-SAFER by police and reveal mostly comparable findings between the B-SAFER and the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide, as examined by Belfrage et al., but suggest that the B-SAFER may be better suited for police.
18.	Storey, J.E.a, et al. (författare) Evaluation of a violence risk (threat) assessment training program for police and other criminal justice professionals 2011 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 38:6, s. 554-564 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although a great deal of research has focused on the development and validation of violence risk (threat) assessment instruments, few studies have examined whether professionals can be trained to use these instruments. The present study evaluated the impact of a violence risk assessment training program on the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of 73 criminal justice professionals, including police officers, civilian support staff, and prosecutors. The program covered principles of violence risk assessment, the nature of mental disorder and its association with violence risk, and the use of various structured professional judgment (SPJ) risk assessment instruments. Comparisons of pre- and post-training evaluations indicated significant improvements on measures of knowledge about risk assessment, skills in the analysis of risk in a case vignette, and perceived confidence in conducting violence risk assessments. Findings support the utility of risk assessment training for criminal justice professionals and the utility of SPJ violence risk assessment instruments generally. Â© 2011 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.
19.	Svensson, Robert, et al. (författare) Does the effect of self-control on adolescent offending vary by level of morality? A test in three countries 2010 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : Sage Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 37:6, s. 732-743 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examines whether morality and self-control have an interactional effect on offending. Drawing from the situational action theory, the authors hypothesize that self-control has a more important effect on offending for individuals with low levels of morality than for individuals with high levels of morality. To test this hypothesis, self-report data were used from three independent samples of young adolescents in Antwerp, Belgium (N = 2,486); Halmstad, Sweden (N = 1,003); and South-Holland, the Netherlands (N = 1,978). The findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that the effect of self-control on offending is dependent on the individual’s level of morality. The similarity of the results across three independent samples suggests that the findings are robust among different cultural backgrounds and among studies with different operationalizations of the central concepts of interest.
20.	Sörman, Karolina, et al. (författare) Perceptions of Mental Health Conditions in Criminal Cases : A Survey Study Involving Swedish Lay Judges 2020 Ingår i: Criminal Justice and Behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 47:6, s. 688-711 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Perceptions of mental health conditions influence how individuals with psychiatric diagnoses are treated within the community, in the legal system, and at different institutions. We examined perceptions of mental health conditions among lay judges (N = 643), working at district and appellate courts throughout Sweden. Participants read a web-based survey including a crime vignette in which the person charged with a crime was described as having schizophrenia (n = 186), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with psychopathic traits (n = 219), or intellectual disability (n = 238). Participants' perceptions of schizophrenia were largely in line with Swedish legislation regarding the medicolegal concept of severe mental disturbance (SMD). Findings were more varied for the other two conditions, however. Perceptions of individuals with ASPD with psychopathic traits were not consistent with the Swedish SMD legislation. The results highlight the complexity of legislation addressing mental illness and criminality.
21.	Tengström, Anders, et al. (författare) Schizophrenia and criminal offending : the role of psychopathy and substance use disorders 2004 Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 31:4, s. 367-391 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigated the associations of psychopathy and substance use disorders (SUDs) with criminal offending among 202 men with schizophrenia and 78 men with a primary diagnosis of psychopathy. Comparisons among six groups of offenders indicated that non-mentally ill offenders diagnosed with psychopathy committed the highest numbers of offenses per year at risk. Among offenders with schizophrenia, those with high psychopathy scores committed more crimes than those with low psychopathy scores. Among non-mentally ill offenders with psychopathy and schizophrenic offenders with high psychopathy scores, those with and without SUDs committed, on average, similar numbers of offenses. These findings Suggest that among offenders with psychopathic traits, the traits, not substance abuse, are associated with criminal offending.
22.	Wallinius, Märta, et al. (författare) SELF-SERVING COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR AMONG ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS 2011 Ingår i: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR. - : Sage Publications Ltd. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 38:3, s. 286-301 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The reliability and validity of the self-report questionnaire How I Think (HIT), designed to assess self-serving cognitive distortions related to antisocial behavior, was tested among Swedish offender and nonoffender adults and adolescents (N = 364). The results showed self-serving distortions to be more common among offenders and to predict self-reported antisocial behavior when tested among adults. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed, in contrast to earlier findings, that the underlying structure of the HIT was best explained by a three-factor solution with one major cognitive factor, referred to as "criminal mind." It was concluded that the HIT, after further examination of its structural and divergent validity, could be used as a measure of criminal thinking in adults as well as in adolescents.

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