| 1. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Discrimination in the rental housing market: A field experiment on the Internet
- 2008
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 64:2, s. 362-372
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a field experiment on discrimination in the housing market, using the Internet as a research platform. The procedure involved our creating three fictitious persons with distinctive sounding ethnic and gender names. These individuals applied for vacant rental apartments in Sweden that were advertised by landlords on the Internet. Our findings show that the Arabic/Muslim male received far fewer call backs, enquiries, and showings than the Swedish male. Our observations also indicate that the Swedish female met with less difficulty in terms of finding an apartment than the Swedish male. Thus, based on our findings, we conclude that ethnic, as well as gender discrimination exists in the Swedish rental housing market.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Migrating natives and foreign immigration : Is there a preference for ethnic residential homogeneity?
- 2021
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the migration behavior of the native Swedish population following refugee immigration, with a particular focus on examining whether there is support for an ethnically based migration response. Using rich geo-coded Swedish data, we account for possible endogeneity problems by combining policy-induced initial immigrant settlements with exogenous contemporaneous immigration as captured by refugee shocks. We find the same flight among all natives, irrespective of their parental foreign background. This suggests that ethnic distance to the new immigrants is not the dominant channel causing natives' flight behavior. Instead, refugee immigration seems to lead to more socio-economically segregated neighborhoods.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Roland, et al.
(author)
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Urbanization, productivity, and innovation : Evidence from investment in higher education
- 2009
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 66:1, s. 2-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the past two decades, Swedish government policy has decentralized post-secondary education throughout the country. We investigate the economic effects of this decentralization policy on the level of productivity and innovation and their spatial distribution in the national economy. We find important and significant effects of this investment policy upon economic output and the locus of knowledge production, suggesting that the decentralization has affected regional development through local innovation and increased creativity. Our evidence also suggests that aggregate productivity was increased by the deliberate policy of decentralization. Finally, we estimate the spillovers of university investment over space, finding that they are substantial, but that they are greatly attenuated. Agglomerative effects decline rapidly; roughly half of the productivity gains from these investments are manifest within 5-8 km of the community in which they are made.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ando, Michihito
(author)
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Dreams of urbanization : Quantitative case studies on the local impacts of nuclear power facilities using the synthetic control method
- 2015
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 85, s. 68-85
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper uses the synthetic control (SC) method to examine how the establishment of nuclear power facilities (NPFs) in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s has affected local per capita income levels in the municipalities in which they were localted (NPF municipalities). Eight quantitative case studies using the SC method clarify that the effects of NPF establishment on per capita taxable income levels are highly heterogeneous. The estimated effects are often economically meaningful and in some cases huge: the income level was 11% higher on average and 62% higher in one municipality in 2002 when compared with counterfactual units. On the other hand a few of the NPF municipalities have received only weak or negligible effects from NPF establishment. The post-estimation comparisons of employment between the NPF municipalities and the SC units suggest that the size of the direct labor demand shocks and subsequent indirect employment effects on nontradable service sectors have contributed to the increase in per capita income levels.
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| 6. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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A Note on Public Goods in a Decentralized Fiscal Union : Implications of a Participation Constraint
- 2014
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 84, s. 1-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper re-examines the question of whether federal ex-post redistribution in terms of public funds leads to under-provision of public goods when member states may leave the economic federation. We show that federal ex-post redistribution under a binding participation constraint does not necessarily mean under-provision of local and federal public goods.
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| 7. |
- Bastani, Spencer, Docent, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Ethnicity and tax filing behavior
- 2020
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 116:March, s. 1-16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze differences in tax filing between natives and immigrants, focusing on two empirical examples. First, we study deductions for costs associated with traveling between home and work allowed in the Swedish tax code. Using the total population of commuters within Sweden's largest commuting zone, we find that newly arrived immigrants file substantially less than natives, immigrants with a longer stay behave more like natives, and immigrants with the longest stay file the most, even more than natives. Second, we analyze bunching behavior among the self-employed at a large salient kink point of the Swedish income tax schedule. We find much less bunching among immigrants, even after a long time in the host country, and the largest differences relative to natives in residential areas with a high immigrant concentration. Our findings have implications for the equity and efficiency of the tax system and the spatial patterns of residential and occupational choices for different ethnic groups.
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| 8. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(author)
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Collaboration and connectivity : Historical evidence from patent records
- 2024
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Why has collaboration become increasingly central to technological progress? We document the role of lowered travel costs by combining patent data with the rollout of the Swedish railroad network in the 19th and early -20th century. Inventors that gain access to the network are more likely to produce collaborative patents, which is partly driven by long-distance collaborations with other inventors residing along the emerging railroad network. These results suggest that the declining costs of interacting with others is fundamental to account for the long-term increase in inventive collaboration.
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| 9. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(author)
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Locomotives of local growth: The short- and long-term impact of railroads in Sweden
- 2017
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9068 .- 0094-1190. ; 98, s. 124-138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the impact of railroads on 150 years of urban growth in Sweden, identifying the short- and long-term effects of a first wave of railroad construction. Difference-in-differences and instrumental variable estimates show that towns that gained access experienced substantial relative increases in population, though such growth mainly reflected a relocation of economic activity. Over the twentieth century, we find little evidence of convergence in town populations, despite the railroad network expanding further to connect nearly all towns. Evidence on historical investments and present-day factors is consistent with the idea that the transitory shock of the first railroads gave rise to path dependence in the location of economic activity.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Identifying Strategic Interactions in Swedish Local Income Tax Policies
- 2008
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:6, s. 849-857
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper uses data on Swedish local governments to test for strategic interaction in local tax setting. We make use of a number of indirect predictions from the theories of tax competition and yardstick competition in order to test for the presence of strategic interaction in these forms. Using such additional predictions of the theories serves a twofold purpose-first it helps us establish if the spatial coefficient is due to strategic interactions or merely reflecting spatial error correlation, and second, it helps identify the source of interaction. The analysis provides strong evidence for spatial correlation in tax rates among Swedish local governments. Moreover, we find weak evidence of tax competition effects in the setting of tax rates.
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| 13. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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Can Kings Create Towns that Thrive? The long-term implications of new town foundations
- 2019
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9068 .- 0094-1190. ; 112, s. 50-69
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the long-term effects of a series of Swedish towns founded by the Crown during the early modern period. Their advantage over rural parishes consisted in having monopoly rights to trade with the local hinterland. Since the optimum sites were occupied by medieval towns, the Crown could only aim for second-rate locations. Using difference-in-difference combined with Propensity Score Matching, we find that a reduction in the distance to town increased gross production and population up to 30-40 km away. However, there is no evidence of increasing per capita production or yields. These natural constraints could only support a sluggish growth in the towns themselves. However, after the Industrial Revolution, the towns began to thrive. We argue that town status signalled the commitment of the Crown to nurture these locations creating positive expectations despite their natural constraints. During industrialization, agglomeration economies led them to become significantly large urban areas persistent until today.
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| 14. |
- Fosgerau, Mogens, et al.
(author)
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Commuting for meetings
- 2014
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 81, s. 104-113
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban congestion causes travel times to exhibit considerable variability, which leads to coordination problems when people have to meet. We analyze a game for the timing of a meeting between two players who must each complete a trip of random duration to reach the meeting, which does not begin until both are present. Players prefer to depart later and also to arrive sooner, provided they do not have to wait for the other player. We find a unique Nash equilibrium, and a continuum of Pareto optima that are strictly better than the Nash equilibrium for both players. Pareto optima may be implemented as Nash equilibria by penalty or compensation schemes.
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| 15. |
- Fosgerau, Mogens, et al.
(author)
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Congestion in a city with a central bottleneck
- 2012
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 71:3, s. 269-277
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We consider dynamic congestion in an urban setting where trip origins are spatially distributed. All travelers must pass through a downtown bottleneck in order to reach their destination in the CBD. Each traveler chooses departure time to maximize general concave scheduling utility. We find that, at equilibrium, travelers sort according to their distance to the destination; the queue is always unimodal regardless of the spatial distribution of trip origins. We construct a welfare maximizing tolling regime, which eliminates congestion. All travelers located beyond a critical distance from the CBD gain from tolling, even when toll revenues are not redistributed, while nearby travelers lose. We discuss our results in the context of acceptability of tolling policies.
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| 16. |
- Fosgerau, Mogens, et al.
(author)
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Hypercongestion in downtown metropolis
- 2013
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 76, s. 122-134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Engineering studies demonstrate that traffic in dense downtown areas obeys a stable functional relationship between average speed and density, including a region of 'hypercongestion', where flow decreases with density. This situation can be described as queuing behind a bottleneck whose capacity declines when the queue is large. We combine such a variable-capacity bottleneck with Vickrey scheduling preferences for the special case, where there are only two possible levels of capacity. Solving the model leads to several new insights, including that the marginal cost of adding a traveler is especially sensitive to the lowest level of capacity reached. We analyze an optimal toll, a coarse toll, and metering, showing substantial benefits from using these policies to eliminate the period of reduced capacity. Under hypercongestion, all of these policies can be designed so that travelers gain even without considering any toll revenues.
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| 17. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(author)
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Does Neighborhood Income Mix Affect Earnings of Adults? : New Evidence from Sweden
- 2008
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:3, s. 858-870
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper contributes to the literature on obtaining unbiased estimates of neighborhood effects, explored in the context of a centralized social welfare state. We employ a longitudinal database comprised of all working age adults in metropolitan Sweden 1991-1999 to investigate the degree to which neighborhood income mix relates to subsequent labor incomes of adults and how this relationship varies by gender and employment status. We control for unobserved, time-invariant individual characteristics by estimating a first-difference equation of changes in average incomes between the 1991-1995 and 1996-1999 periods. We further control for unobserved time varying characteristics through an analysis of non-movers. These methods substantially reduce the magnitude of the apparent effect of neighborhood shares of low-, middle- and high-income males. Nevertheless, statistically and substantively significant neighborhood effects persist, though relationships are nonlinear and vary by gender and employment status. Males who are not fully employed appear most sensitive to neighborhood economic mix in all contexts.
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| 18. |
- Garcia-López, Miquel-Àngel, et al.
(author)
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Do short-term rental platforms affect housing markets? Evidence from Airbnb in Barcelona
- 2020
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 119
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we assess the impact of Airbnb on housing rents and prices in the city of Barcelona. Examining very detailed data on rents and both transaction and posted prices, we use several econometric approaches that exploit the exact timing and geography of Airbnb activity in the city. These include i) panel fixed-effects models, where we run multiple specifications that allow for different forms of heterogeneous time trends across neighborhoods, ii) an instrumental variables shift-share approach in which tourist amenities predict where Airbnb listings will locate and Google searches predict when listings appear, iii) event-study designs, and iv) finally, we present evidence from Sagrada Familia, a major tourist amenity that is not found in the city centre. Our main results imply that for the average neighborhood, Airbnb activity has increased rents by 1.9%, transaction prices by 4.6% and posted prices by 3.7%. The estimated impact in neighborhoods with high Airbnb activity is substantial. For neighborhoods in the top decile of Airbnb activity distribution, rents are estimated to have increased by 7%, while increases in transaction (posted) prices are estimated at 17% (14%).
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| 19. |
- Gautier, Pieter A., et al.
(author)
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Car ownership and the labor market of ethnic minorities
- 2010
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 67:3, s. 392-403
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We show how initial wealth differences between low-skilled minorities and white workers can generate differences in their labor-market outcomes. This even occurs in the absence of a taste for discrimination against ethnic minorities or exogenous differences in distance to jobs. Because of the initial wealth difference, minorities cannot afford to buy a car while whites can. Car ownership allows whites to reach more jobs per unit of time, which gives them a better bargaining position in the labor market. As a result, in equilibrium, ethnic minorities end up with both higher unemployment rates and lower wages than whites. Furthermore, we also show that it takes more time for minorities to reach their jobs even though they travel less miles when employed. Those predictions are consistent with the data. Better access to capital markets or better public transportation will reduce the differences in labor-market outcomes.
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| 20. |
- Grönqvist, Hans, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol availability and arime : lessons from liberalized weekend sales restrictions
- 2014
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 81, s. 77-84
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate a large-scale experimental scheme implemented in Sweden whereby the state in the year 2000 required all alcohol retail stores in selected areas to stay open on Saturdays. The purpose of the scheme was to evaluate possible social consequences of expanding access to alcohol during weekends. Using rich individual level data we show that this increase in alcohol availability raised both alcohol use and crime.
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| 21. |
- Holmlund, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Does grade configuration matter? Effects of school reorganisation on pupils' educational experience
- 2019
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 109, s. 14-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of school organisation on pupils' school environment, travel patterns and educational outcomes, exploiting a policy change that reorganised Swedish middle school education. The reorganisation induced pupils to remain in small local schools throughout grades 1-9, as opposed to making a transition to large middle schools between grades 6 and 7. The reorganisation had large consequences for pupils' environments in the affected areas: travel distances to school decreased as well as the school cohort size; the composition of peers became more homogenous; and notably we find a reduction in teacher qualifications and experience. Despite that the previous literature has found that school transitions, school size and teacher experience are important inputs in the education production function, we find no evidence that remaining in a small local school had effects on educational outcomes. We reconcile our evidence using a survey which reveals that Swedish pupils do not perceive large differences in the psychosocial learning environment between schools of different grade configurations. Our results are important in informing policy makers and urban planners of the costs and benefits of different types of school organisations.
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| 22. |
- Lobo, José, et al.
(author)
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Metropolitan patenting, inventor agglomeration and social networks : A tale of two effects
- 2008
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:3, s. 871-884
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate the separate effects on metropolitan patenting of inventor agglomeration and the structure of social networks linking inventors within and across metropolitan areas in the United States between 1977 and 2002. Using patent data we have been able to assign a metropolitan location to individual inventors, link inventors who have co-authored patents, and characterize the structural features of the networks linking inventors. Our main question concerns the relative importance of salient features of the social networks linking inventors on metropolitan patenting productivity. We find that agglomerative features of metropolitan areas are more important determinants of metropolitan patenting productivity than structural feature of the inventive networks. While the aggregation of isolated inventors correlates positively with patenting productivity, density of connections correlates negatively.
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| 23. |
- Mandell, Svante, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Why truck distance taxes are contagious and drive fuel taxes to the bottom
- 2016
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 93, s. 1-17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyzes the way in which countries with international and local truck traffic decide to switch from a simple fuel tax system to a dual system of fuel and distance charge taxes. We show what drives a country to switch and how this affects the level of fuel taxes as well as incentives for other countries to also adopt the dual system. The model is partially able to explain the gradual extension of kilometer charging for trucks in Europe. The model also shows that, in the absence of diesel cars, the gradual introduction of kilometer charges will make fuel taxation for trucks virtually disappear and will lead to a system where truck use is (1) taxed mainly based on distance, (2) is taxed too heavily, and (3) where highest distance taxes are expected in transit countries with a strong market position. When the fuel tax must in addition serve as an externality tax for diesel cars, the introduction of distance charges for trucks will give rise to diesel taxes that are lower than the external cost of diesel cars. For trucks, this leads to a sum of diesel taxes and distance charges that are higher than the external cost of trucks.
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| 24. |
- Saez-Marti, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Cultural transmission and discrimination
- 2012
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 72:2-3, s. 137-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Workers can have good or bad work habits. These traits are transmitted from one generation to the next through a learning and imitation process, which depends on parents' investment in the trait and the social environment where children live. If a sufficiently high proportion of employers have taste-based prejudices against minority workers, we show that their prejudices are always self-fulfilled in steady state and minority workers end up having, on average, worse work habits than majority workers. This leads to a ghetto culture. Affirmative Action can improve the welfare of minorities whereas integration can be beneficial to minority workers but detrimental to workers from the majority group.
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| 25. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-
(author)
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Endogenous Job Destruction and Job Matching in Cities
- 2009
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 65:3, s. 323-336
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We propose a spatial search-matching model where both job creation and job destruction are endogenous. Workers are ex ante identical but not ex post since their jobs can be hit by a technological shock which decreases their productivity. They reside in a city, and commuting to the job center involves both pecuniary and time costs. As a result, workers with high wages are willing to live closer to jobs to save on time commuting costs. We show that, in equilibrium, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the productivity space and the urban location space. Workers with high productivities and wages reside close to jobs, have low per distance commuting costs and pay high land rents. We also show that higher per distance commuting costs and higher unemployment benefits lead to more job destruction.
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| 26. |
- Zenou, Yves
(author)
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Spatial versus social mismatch
- 2013
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 74, s. 113-132
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to provide a new mechanism based on social interactions, explaining why distance to jobs can have a negative impact on workers' labor-market outcomes, especially ethnic minorities. Building on Granovetter's idea that weak ties are superior to strong ties for providing support in getting a job, we develop a model in which workers who live far away from jobs choose to have less connections to weak ties. Because of the lack of good public transportation in the US, it is costly (both in terms of time and money) to commute to business centers to meet other types of people who can provide other source of information about jobs. If distant minority workers mainly rely on their strong ties, who are more likely to be unemployed, there is then little chance for them of escaping unemployment. It is therefore the separation in both the social and physical space that prevents ethnic minorities from finding a job.
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| 27. |
- Baskaran, Thushyanthan, 1980
(author)
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Soft budget constraints and strategic interactions in subnational borrowing: Evidence from the German States, 1975-2005
- 2012
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 71, s. 114-127
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cooperative federations are usually characterized by the existence of bailout guarantees and intergovernmental transfer schemes. This paper explores whether such features of cooperative federations lead to subnational soft budget constraints using panel data from the German States covering the 1975-2005 period. The methodology is based on the premise that subnational governments' borrowing will exhibit vertical and horizontal strategic interactions if they operate under soft budget constraints. Therefore, a test for strategic interactions in subnational borrowing can be used to infer whether a cooperative federation like Germany is susceptible to soft budget constraints. The results suggest that state borrowing in Germany exhibited horizontal but not vertical interactions during the time-frame of the analysis. This indicates (i) that German States faced soft budget constraints and (ii) that they were more concerned about the likelihood of a bailout than about its volume. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Englund, P, et al.
(author)
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Improved price indexes for real estate: Measuring the course of Swedish housing prices
- 1998
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC. - 0094-1190. ; 44:2, s. 171-196
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents an improved methodology for estimating asset prices for real estate and other durables. The method is used to analyze house price dynamics by exploiting an unusually rich and detailed body of data-extensive descriptive and financial in
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| 30. |
- Fischer, Thomas
(author)
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Spatial inequality and housing in China
- 2023
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates the evolution of inequality in China (1978–2015) through the lens of a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model with migration and capital formation. Due to an urban-rural income gap there is domestic migration from the rural to the urban areas which tends to reduce inequality. The resulting increase in urban house prices can, however, constitute an endogenous barrier to further urbanization. Increasing housing prices increase within-urban inequality between renters and landlords and also lock in urban-rural income differences. The calibrated model explains current, and projects future, development in China.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- van Vuuren, Aico
(author)
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City structure and the location of young college graduates
- 2018
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 104, s. 1-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates an equilibrium search model with on-the-job search, endogenous wage formation and land allocation. Search frictions are increasing with the distance to a city's central business district We find a positive relationship between wage and distance to jobs. This can be explained by the fact that the number of acceptable outside offers decreases with the wage. We are able to relate our results to some empirically relevant aspects on gentrification.
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| 34. |
- Verhoef, Erik T.
(author)
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Cost recovery of congested infrastructure under market power
- 2017
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190. ; 101, s. 45-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Mohring-Harwitz (1962) theorem states that the degree of self-financing of congested infrastructure is equal to the elasticity of the capacity cost function in the optimum, so that under neutral scale economies exact self-financing applies. The theorem breaks down when the infrastructure is used by operators with market power, the case in point often being airlines at a congested airport. This paper proposes a regulatory scheme that restores self-financing in such cases; partially so in general, and perfectly so under specific circumstances that include (1) the satisfaction of a particular proportionality condition, and (2) either the isolation of budgets needed for subsidies to counter demand-related mark-ups, or perfectly elastic demands so that such mark-ups are zero. Moreover, exact self-financing applies in this scheme independent of the elasticity of the capacity cost function, and occurs for both parametric and "manipulable" congestion pricing. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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