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| 2. |
- Berglund, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior
- 1998
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:Suppl 7, s. 333-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present review reports on the influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour. The base of the study was previous reviews of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism publication Alcohol and Health in 1993 and by Helgason in 1996. Using a defined search strategy in Medline, another 42 articles from 1994 to 1996 were included in the comorbidity part and 19 in the suicidal part. Epidemiological and clinical studies confirm high comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental disorders. Alcohol abuse worsens the course of psychiatric disorders. Light to moderate alcohol consumption has no documented positive effect on the course. Levels of risk consumption of alcohol in psychiatric disorders have not been well defined. One-fifth to one-third of increased deaths rate among alcoholics is explained by suicide. In countries with high alcohol consumption, the suicide rate is also high and is increasing with total increased alcohol consumption. Comorbidity is common among suicide victims, and substance use disorders is most frequently combined with depressive disorders. Interpersonal loss within 6 weeks before suicide is more often present among alcoholics than nonalcoholic suicide victims.
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| 3. |
- Ding, Wei-Qun, et al.
(författare)
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Ethanol exposure potentiates fosB and junB expression induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
- 1998
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:1, s. 225-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Muscarinic receptor stimulation and activation of protein kinase C cause an increase in fosB and junB transcripts in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In this study, the effect of long-term ethanol exposure on these events was investigated. Carbachol-stimulated fosB and junB expression was elevated in ethanol-exposed cells compared with control cells. The potentiation was time- and dose-dependent on ethanol. Preincubation with muscarinic antagonists or protein kinase C inhibitor demonstrated that the carbachol-stimulated increase in fosB and junB mRNA levels was primarily mediated via M1 receptors and dependent on the activity of protein kinase C in both control and ethanol-exposed cells. Long-term ethanol exposure did not influence the expression of fosB and junB induced by activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester. These results demonstrate that the muscarinic receptor-stimulated fosB and junB expression is sensitive to ethanol exposure in SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting that these genes participate in the regulation of neuronal function in response to chronic ethanol treatment.
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| 4. |
- Hansson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: A randomized controlled trial
- 2007
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 31:11, s. 1927-1933
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems. Method: In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported. Results: All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program. Conclusion: Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.
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| 5. |
- Kip, Miriam Julia, et al.
(författare)
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The usefulness of direct ethanol metabolites in assessing alcohol intake in nonintoxicated male patients in an emergency room setting
- 2008
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 32:7, s. 1284-1291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A major part of medical pathology in internal medicine is associated with chronic alcoholism. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether screening for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) can be improved through determination of direct ethanol metabolites compared to traditional biological state markers, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and additional self-reports beyond the detection time period of a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Methods: A total of 74 blood alcohol negative male patients who presented at the emergency room with either thoracic or gastrointestinal complaints were included. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) was determined in whole blood, and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in serum and urine samples. Traditional biological state markers [carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV)] were determined. The AUDIT was obtained and furthermore, all patients completed an additional self-report of alcohol consumption. Patients were divided into two (2) groups: AUDIT scores < 8 and AUDIT scores >= 8. Results: After assessment of the AUDIT, patients were allocated to one of the following groups: patients with AUDIT scores < 8 (n = 52) and with AUDIT scores >= 8 (n = 22). Twenty-five percent of the patients with AUDIT scores below the cut-off (n = 13/52) were tested positive for both PEth and UEtG. Of the patients who declared to be sober during the past 12 months, 38.5% were tested positive for PEth and UEtG. PEth discriminated similarly as %CDT for AUDIT scores >= 8 (AUC: 0.672; 95%CI 0.524 to 0.821). Self-reports of alcohol consumption were unreliable. Conclusion: Determination of direct ethanol metabolites such as PEth and UEtG provides additional evidence in screening for AUD in an ER setting. Determination of PEth might be considered complementary with or alternatively to %CDT.
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| 6. |
- Landgren, Sara, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Pro-Ghrelin and GHS-R1A Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes With Heavy Alcohol Use and Body Mass.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 32:12, s. 2054-2061
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1A), expressed in the hypothalamus as well as in important reward nodes such as the ventral tegmental area. Interestingly, ghrelin has been found to activate an important part of the reward systems, i.e., the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link. Additionally, the rewarding and neurochemical properties of alcohol are, at least in part, mediated via this reward link. There is comorbidity between alcohol dependence and eating disorders. Thus, plasma levels of ghrelin are altered in patients with addictive behaviors such as alcohol and nicotine dependence and in binge eating disorder. This overlap prompted as to investigate the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes in a haplotype analysis of heavy alcohol-using individuals. Methods: A total of 417 Spanish individuals (abstainers, moderate, and heavy alcohol drinkers) were investigated in a haplotype analysis of the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes. Tag SNPs were chosen using HapMap data and the Tagger and Haploview softwares. These SNPs were then genotyped using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination. Results: SNP rs2232165 of the GHS-R1A gene was associated with heavy alcohol consumption and SNP rs2948694 of the same gene as well as haplotypes of both the pro-ghrelin and the GHS-R1A genes were associated with body mass in heavy alcohol consuming individuals. Conclusions: The present findings are the first to disclose an association between the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes and heavy alcohol use, further strengthening the role of the ghrelin system in addictive behaviors and brain reward.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ increase in single neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: effects of ethanol
- 1998
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:3, s. 637-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of ethanol on the characteristics of carbachol-stimulated release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores was studied in single SH-SY5Y cells. Stimulation with carbachol, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, elicited a rapid Ca2+ increase in SH-SY5Y cells peaking within seconds after addition of maximal agonist concentration. The Ca2+ response pattern in single cells resembled the population response, and there was no evidence of oscillatory changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). However, cell-to-cell variability could be detected in the magnitude and the latency time of the response, and in the rate of [Ca2+]i increase. In a carbachol dose-response analysis, the EC50 for the number of responsive cells and for the peak [Ca2+]i response was lower than that for carbachol-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation by a factor of 5 to 50. Ethanol (100 mM) caused a significant suppression of the number of responsive cells, but only when cells were stimulated with nonsaturating carbachol concentrations (1 and 10 microM). The suppression by ethanol was evident primarily in those cells that gave a Ca2+ response after several seconds of stimulation, whereas cells that responded within the initial seconds of receptor stimulation remained relatively unaffected. In responding cells stimulated with 10 microM carbachol, ethanol exposure also suppressed the maximal Ca2+ increase primarily in those cells that responded late. We suggest that ethanol suppression of muscarinic receptor-mediated signal transduction through the phospholipase C pathway may depend on the potentiation of feedback inhibition that requires receptor stimulation.
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| 8. |
- Ojehagen, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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A 6‐Year Follow‐Up of Alcoholics After Long‐Term Outpatient Treatment
- 1994
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 18:3, s. 720-725
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The predictors of the long‐term outcome in alcoholics (n= 50) who had been treated in a 2‐year outpatient treatment program were investigated. Previously, the sample had been followed up personally 2 years after the termination of treatment. This study is a repeated, independent follow‐up of the same sample over a 4‐year period, 3–6 years after termination of treatment. Outcome could be categorized in 38 subjects. Patients with a favorable outcome during at least 2 years of the 4‐year follow‐up period (n= 21), who were categorized as a positive outcome group, were compared with the other patients (n= 17). There was no significant correlation between initial patient characteristics and outcome 3–6 years after treatment. Drinking outcome during the 1st half‐year of treatment had no correlation to positive drinking outcome in years 3–6, whereas there was a positive correlation for later phases of treatment and outcome reaching a significant level during the 2nd and 4th half‐year of treatment. A favorable drinking outcome during years 1–2 after treatment had a positive significant correlation to outcome in years 3–6 after treatment [i.e., 80% of the patients with a favorable outcome during the 1st follow‐up period also had a positive outcome during the 2nd follow‐up period, and 72% of those who had an unfavorable outcome during the 1st follow‐up period had an unfavorable outcome also during the 2nd follow‐up period (x2 test = 10.4, p < 0.001). Psycho‐social adjustment at the 6‐year follow‐up did not differ significantly between subjects in the positive outcome group and subjects in the negative outcome group.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ståhlbrandt, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Two-Year Outcome of Alcohol Interventions in Swedish University Halls of Residence: A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Brief Skills Training Program, Twelve-Step-Influenced Intervention, and Controls.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 31:3, s. 458-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: High-risk alcohol consumption among university students is well documented. Several types of intervention have proved to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption. This study examines the 2-year outcome of 2 different alcohol intervention programs at university halls of residence. Methods: Ninety-eight university halls of residence (with 556 students) were cluster randomized to 2 different intervention groups: a brief skills training program (BSTP) with interactive lectures and discussions, a twelve-step–influenced (TSI) program with didactic lectures by therapists trained in the 12-step approach, and a control group. All students completing the baseline assessment received personalized feedback by mail. Students responded to mailed follow-up questionnaires after 1, 2, and 3 years, including alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT; years 2 and 3), short index of problems (SIP), and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). Results: All groups significantly reduced their AUDIT scores from baseline to the second year follow-up, with no significant differences between the groups. Seventy-seven percent of the students belonged to a population with high-risk consumption, using the AUDIT cut-off scores of 8 and 4 for men and women, respectively. Students with high-risk alcohol consumption showed significant differences in AUDIT score reduction in favor of the BSTP compared with controls, and had a tendency to show better results than the TSI intervention (p=0.06). Similar trends could be seen using SIP and eBAC. The TSI did not differ significantly from the control group within the group of students with high-risk alcohol consumption. Conclusions: This study suggests that a BSTP is effective as an intervention in students with high-risk alcohol consumption.
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