| 1. |
- Tatipala, Sravan, et al.
(författare)
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A hybrid data- and model-based approach to process monitoring and control in sheet metal forming
- 2020
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to predict and control the outcome of the sheet metal forming process demands holistic knowledge of the product/process parameter influences and their contribution in shaping the output product quality. Recent improvements in the ability to harvest in-line production data and the increased capability to understand complex process behaviour through computer simulations open up the possibility for new approaches to monitor and control production process performance and output product quality. This research presents an overview of the common process monitoring and control approaches while highlighting their limitations in handling the dynamics of the sheet metal forming process. The current paper envisions the need for a collaborative monitoring and control system for enhancing production process performance. Such a system must incorporate comprehensive knowledge regarding process behaviour and parameter influences in addition to the current-system-state derived using in-line production data to function effectively. Accordingly, a framework for monitoring and control within automotive sheet metal forming is proposed. The framework addresses the current limitations through the use of real-time production data and reduced process models. Lastly, the significance of the presented framework in transitioning to the digital manufacturing paradigm is reflected upon.
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| 2. |
- Acharya, Sarthak, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication Process for On-Board Geometries Using a Polymer Composite-Based Selective Metallization for Next-Generation Electronics Packaging
- 2021
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advancements in production techniques in PCB manufacturing industries are still required as compared to silicon-ICs fabrications. One of the concerned areas in PCBs fabrication is the use of conventional methodologies for metallization. Most of the manufacturers are still using the traditional Copper (Cu) laminates on the base substrate and patterning the structures using lithography processes. As a result, significant amounts of metallic parts are etched away during any mass production process, causing unnecessary disposables leading to pollution. In this work, a new approach for Cu metallization is demonstrated with considerable step-reducing pattern-transfer mechanism. In the fabrication steps, a seed layer of covalent bonded metallization (CBM) chemistry on top of a dielectric epoxy resin is polymerized using actinic radiation intensity of a 375 nm UV laser source. The proposed method is capable of patterning any desirable geometries using the above-mentioned surface modification followed by metallization. To metallize the patterns, a proprietary electroless bath has been used. The metallic layer grows only on the selective polymer-activated locations and thus is called selective metallization. The highlight of this production technique is its occurrence at a low temperature (20–45 °C). In this paper, FR-4 as a base substrate and polyurethane (PU) as epoxy resin were used to achieve various geometries, useful in electronics packaging. In addition, analysis of the process parameters and some challenges witnessed during the process development are also outlined. As a use case, a planar inductor is fabricated to demonstrate the application of the proposed technique.
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| 3. |
- Ahmad, Shabir, et al.
(författare)
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A Distributed Approach towards Improved Dissemination Protocol for Smooth Handover in MediaSense IoT Platform
- 2018
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9717. ; 6:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, the Internet has been utilized by many applications to convey time-sensitive messages. The persistently expanding Internet coverage and its easy accessibility have offered to ascend to a problem which was once regarded as not essential to contemplate. Nowadays, the Internet has been utilized by many applications to convey time-sensitive messages. Wireless access points have widely been used but these access points have limitations regarding area coverage. So for covering a wider space, various access points need to be introduced. Therefore, when the user moves to some other place, the devices expected to switch between access points. Packet loss amid the handovers is a trivial issue. MediaSense is an Internet of Things distributed architecture enabling the development of the IoT application faster. It deals with this trivial handover issue by utilizing a protocol called Distributed Context eXchange Protocol. However, this protocol is centralized in nature and also suffers in a scenario when both sender and receiver address change simultaneously. This paper presents a mechanism to deal with this scenario and presents a distributed solution to deal with this issue within the MediaSense platform. The proposed protocol improves dissemination using retransmission mechanism to diminish packet loss. The proposed protocol has been delineated with a proof of concept chat application and the outcomes have indicated a significant improvement in terms of packet loss.
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| 4. |
- Anukam, Anthony, et al.
(författare)
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A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion : Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency
- 2019
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Ingår i: Processes. - Basel : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 7:8, s. 1-19
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anaerobic digestion technology has been in existence for centuries and its underlying theory established for decades. It is considered a useful technology for the generation of renewable energy, and provides means to alleviate problems associated with low access to energy. However, a great deal of current research is targeted towards the optimization of this technology under diverse digestion process conditions. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the chemistry of anaerobic digestion and discusses how process chemistry can be used to optimize system performance through identification of methods that can accelerate syntrophic interactions of different microorganisms for improved methanogenic reactions. Recent advances in addition to old research are discussed in order to offer a general but comprehensive synopsis of accumulated knowledge in the theory of anaerobic digestion, as well as an overview of previous research and future directions and opportunities of the AD technology. Achieving a sustainable energy system requires comprehensive reforms in not just economic, social and policy aspects, but also in all technical aspects, which represents one of the most crucial future investments for anaerobic digestion systems.
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| 5. |
- Arrhenius, Karine, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of contaminants in hydrogen fuel for fuel cell electrical vehicles with sensors—available technology, testing protocols and implementation challenges
- 2022
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Europe’s low-carbon energy policy favors a greater use of fuel cells and technologies based on hydrogen used as a fuel. Hydrogen delivered at the hydrogen refueling station must be compliant with requirements stated in different standards. Currently, the quality control process is performed by offline analysis of the hydrogen fuel. It is, however, beneficial to continuously monitor at least some of the contaminants onsite using chemical sensors. For hydrogen quality control with regard to contaminants, high sensitivity, integration parameters, and low cost are the most important requirements. In this study, we have reviewed the existing sensor technologies to detect contaminants in hydrogen, then discussed the implementation of sensors at a hydrogen refueling stations, described the state-of-art in protocols to perform assessment of these sensor technologies, and, finally, identified the gaps and needs in these areas. It was clear that sensors are not yet commercially available for all gaseous contaminants mentioned in ISO14687:2019. The development of standardized testing protocols is required to go hand in hand with the development of chemical sensors for this application following a similar approach to the one undertaken for air sensors. © 2021 by the authors.
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| 6. |
- Bastin, G., et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic flux analysis of VERO cells under various culture conditions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9717. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the culture of VERO cells in bioreactors is an important industrial bioprocess for the production of viruses and vaccines, surprisingly few reports on the analysis of the flux distribution in the cell metabolism have been published. In this study, an attempt is made to fill this gap by providing an analysis of relatively simple metabolic networks, which are constructed to describe the cell behavior in different culture conditions, e.g., the exponential growth phase (availability of glucose and glutamine), cell growth without glutamine, and cell growth without glucose and glutamine. The metabolic networks are kept as simple as possible in order to avoid underdeterminacy linked to the lack of extracellular measurements, and a unique flux distribution is computed in each case based on a mild assumption that the macromolecular composition of the cell is known. The result of this computation provides some insight into the metabolic changes triggered by the culture conditions, which could support the design of feedback control strategies in fed batch or perfusion bioreactors where the lactate concentration is measured online and regulated by controlling the delivery rates of glucose and, possibly, of some essential amino acids.
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| 7. |
- Bhattacharyya, Shubhankar, et al.
(författare)
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Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic
- 2020
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 8:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Leo S., et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the Effect of Scrap on the Electrical Energy Consumption of an Electric Arc Furnace
- 2020
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 8:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The melting time of scrap is a factor that affects the Electrical Energy (EE) consumption of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process. The EE consumption itself stands for most of the total energy consumption during the process. Three distinct representations of scrap, based partly on the apparent density and shape of scrap, were created to investigate the effect of scrap on the accuracy of a statistical model predicting the EE consumption of an EAF. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) was used as a tool to investigate the effects by each scrap category on each prediction of a selected model. The scrap representation based on the shape of scrap consistently resulted in the best performing models while all models using any of the scrap representations performed better than the ones without any scrap representation. These results were consistent for all four distinct and separately used cleaning strategies on the data set governing the models. In addition, some of the main scrap categories contributed to the model prediction of EE in accordance with the expectations and experience of the plant engineers. The results provide significant evidence that a well-chosen scrap categorization is important to improve a statistical model predicting the EE and that experience on the specific EAF under study is essential to evaluate the practical usefulness of the model.
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| 9. |
- Darwish, Esraa, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of mn and cu substitution on the srfeo 3 perovskite for potential thermochemical energy storage applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9717. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perovskites are well-known oxides for thermochemical energy storage applications (TCES) since they show a great potential for spontaneous O2 release due to their non-stoichiometry. Transition-metal-based perovskites are particularly promising candidates for TCES owing to their different oxidation states. It is important to test the thermal behavior of the perovskites for TCES applications; however, the amount of sample that can be used in thermal analyses is limited. The use of redox cycles in fluidized bed tests can offer a more realistic approach, since a larger amount of sample can be used to test the cyclic behavior of the perovskites. In this study, the oxygen release/consumption behavior of Mn-or Cu-substituted SrFeO3 (SrFe0.5M0.5O3; M: Mn or Cu) under redox cycling was investigated via thermal analysis and fluidized bed tests. The reaction enthalpies of the perovskites were also calculated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Cu substitution in SrFeO3 increased the performance significantly for both cyclic stability and oxygen release/uptake capacity. Mn substitution also increased the cyclic stability; however, the presence of Mn as a substitute for Fe did not improve the oxygen release/uptake performance of the perovskite.
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| 10. |
- Dawod, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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UPLC-QToF Nanospray MS and NMR Analysis of Ficus sycomorus Stem Bark and Its Effects on Rabbit
- 2021
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Ingår i: Processes. - : MDPI. - 2227-9717. ; 9:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, a phytochemical of Ficus sycomorus (Moraceae family) was screened, and the effect of this extract on rabbit performance indices, immunity, and carcass quality measures was determined. Ficus sycomorus samples were collected, air-dried, and extracted with 70% methanol to prepare a solution of 100 mg/mL concentration. The extract was subjected to high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-nanospray mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) and 1H NMR analysis. Forty-eight male rabbits, one-month-old, belonging to the Blanc de Bouscat and New Zealand White breeds were selected and distributed equally in a 2 x 3 factorial trial. The rabbits within each breed received F. sycomorus extract at the dose of 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 60 days. Blood samples were collected and serum obtained for the detection of liver enzymes, serum lipids, and proteins. The results of UPLC-QToF-MS and molecular networking analysis revealed the presence of procyanidin B2, procyanidin A1, genistein, eriodyctiol, catechin, luteolin, biochanin A, and chlorogenic acid that might exhibit various pharmaceutical activities. However, the F. sycomorus extract reduced rabbit performance indices and carcass quality measures. In addition, this extract significantly depressed the low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, which may indicate the antidyslipidemia effect of this extract on rabbits.
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