| 1. |
- Ceccato, Vania, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
A new information theoretical measure of global and local spatial association
- 2002
-
Ingår i: The Review of Regional Research. - 0173-7600. ; 22:1, s. 13-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a new measure of spatial association, the S statistics, is developed.The proposed measure is based on information theory by defininga spatially weighted information measure (entropy measure) that takes thespatial configuration into account. The proposed S-statistics has an intuitiveinterpretation, and furthermore fulfils properties that are expected from anentropy measure. Moreover, the S statistics is a global measure of spatialassociation that can be decomposed into Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISA). This new measure is tested using a dataset of employmentin the culture sector that was attached to the wards over Stockholm Countyand later compared with the results from current global and local measuresof spatial association. It is shown that the proposed S statistics share manyproperties with Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi statistics. The local Si statisticsshowed significant spatial association similar to the Gi statistic, but has the advantage of being possible to aggregate to a global measure of spatialassociation. The statistics can also be extended to bivariate distributions.It is shown that the commonly used Bayesian empirical approach can beinterpreted as a Kullback-Leibler divergence measure. An advantage of Sstatisticsis that this measure select only the most robust clusters, eliminatingthe contribution of smaller ones composed by few observations and that mayinflate the global measure.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ceccato, Vania, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Violence in the Rural Global South : Trends, Patterns, and Tales From the Brazilian Countryside
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Criminal Justice Review. - : SAGE Publications Inc.. - 0734-0168 .- 1556-3839. ; 42:3, s. 270-290
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this article is to discuss the trends and nature of rural violence in Brazil. Assuming the hypothesis of an increase in violence rates, urban–rural violence rates are compared at three geographical levels: national (Brazil), state (São Paulo), and municipal (Rio Claro). The study combines the analyses of official statistics with newspaper reports, videos, and articles published by the national media. Findings indicate an increase in violence in rural areas in recent decades but such a rise is far from homogenous across the country; it shows links to patterns of population change, economic expansion, and organized crime. Although violence has long being an inherent characteristic of rural Brazil—a place of conflicts and struggles—it is argued here that the more recent rise in violence is distinct from the past, at least in its portrayal by the media. The article finalizes by suggesting a research agenda to improve the understanding of the dynamics of violence in the Brazilian context.
|
|
| 3. |
- Abenoza, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual, Travel, and Bus Stop Characteristics Influencing Travelers’ Safety Perceptions
- 2018
-
Ingår i: TRR Journal of transportation research board. - : Sage Publications. - 0361-1981.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ensuring safety during door-to-door public transport trips is a fundamental challenge to service providers as safety influences individuals’ mobility. Using reported safety perceptions of travelers waiting at six bus stops with different characteristics in Stockholm, this study investigates factors that have an impact on determining travelers’ perceived safety and crime perceptions. This is done by assessing the importance of real-time information provision and the environmental characteristics of bus stops during the day and at night for different types of crime, after controlling for travelers’ individual and trip characteristics, and their previous experiences of victimization. Interaction effects of age, gender, and travel frequency are also tested. The results suggest that bus shelter characteristics, natural surveillance, and trustworthy real-time information are the most important factors influencing safety and crime perceptions. Additionally, safety perceptions are strongly influenced by previous experiences of victimization. The effect of perceived feelings about crime and safety are found to be nuanced by age and gender. Unlike some common beliefs, travelers: (1) feel less worried about becoming a victim of crime at bus stops associated with high crime rates; (2) prefer opaque shelters at night; and (3) have higher safety perceptions when the stop is located in an area of mixed land use. The impact of a bus stop’s number of passers-by is found to be insignificant. No direct or indirect effects can be attributed to frequency of travel by bus, indicating that familiar places and routine behavior have noeffect on declared crime and safety perceptions.
|
|
| 4. |
- Abraham, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
-
Crime and safety in rural areas : A systematic review of the English-language literature 1980-2020
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 94, s. 250-273
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the nature and frequency of crimes and people's safety perceptions in rural areas using a systematic review of the literature. It explores four decades of English-language publications on crime and safety in rural areas from several major databases; mainly Scopus, JSTOR and ScienceDirect. The number of retrieved documents was 840, of which 410 were selected for in-depth analysis and their topics later categorized by theme. We found that rural crime research took off after the mid-1980s and experienced an increase during the 2010s. Despite the domination by North American, British and Australian scholarship, studies from other parts of the world (including the Global South) are increasingly being published as well. Publications on rural crime patterns (e.g., farm crime) compose over one-fifth of the reviewed literature. This together with rural policing/criminal justice and violence constitute the three largest themes in rural criminology research. With ever-increasing links between the local and the global, this review article advocates for tailored multilevel responses to rural crimes that, more than ever, are generated by processes far beyond their localities.
|
|
| 5. |
- Almeida, Franklin, et al.
(författare)
-
Análise temporal de roubos e furtos a residência em Cuiabá, Brasil
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Revista Brasileira de Segurança Pública. - : Revista Brasileira de Seguranca Publica. - 1981-1659 .- 2595-0258. ; 17:1, s. 208-231
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- O presente estudo analisa a influência dos fatores temporais na dinâmica dos crimes de roubo e furto à residência no município de Cuiabá/MT. Para isso, toma como base teórica e estrutura de orientação as teorias da atividade rotineira e da escolha racional. Apesar de analisar a distribuição de tais crimes por ano, mês, estação do ano, dia da semana e período do dia, os resultados estatísticos apenas apontam que os roubos são mais concentrados no período noturno. Todavia, a pesquisa indica que os crimes de roubo e furto à residência possuem padrões temporais específicos, o que é de grande importância para embasar as políticas de segurança pública na cidade, as quais deverão adotar, por exemplo, variadas estratégias de prevenção para diferentes períodos do dia e do ano.
|
|
| 6. |
- Aransiola, Temidayo James, et al.
(författare)
-
Growth of Lethal Violence in Brazil 2000–2017 : A Space-Temporal Analysis of Homicides
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. - : SAGE Publications Inc. - 1043-9862 .- 1552-5406. ; 38:1, s. 34-55
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the space-temporal growth of homicide rates in Brazil from 2000 to 2017 and identifies determinants of the country?s growth of homicide rates. Data from the Brazilian Information System on Mortality and Censuses are used to estimate growth models combined with spatial statistics and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Findings show evidence of change in the geographical distribution of lethal violence over time, characterized by a steady increase in the North and Northeast regions and a reduction in growth in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Social disorganization factors namely deprivation, ethnic heterogeneity, and urbanization are significant positive determinants of the growth of homicide rates. The results show a reduction of the predictive strength of income inequality and an increase in that of unemployment from the year 2010 to 2017. The theoretical and policy implications of these results are discussed.
|
|
| 7. |
- Aransiola, Temidayo James, et al.
(författare)
-
The Commodification of Security in Brazil: Urban–Rural Divide in Household Adoption of Safety Protective Devices
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Professional Geographer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0033-0124 .- 1467-9272. ; , s. 1-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to assess the determinants of using safety devices in Brazilian households, taking into account different urban–rural country contexts and income distribution. Probit models are estimated using microdata from the 2009 Brazilian National Household Sampling Survey. On average, less than half of the underprivileged population adopts safety devices, whereas almost double as many do so among the wealthy. Findings also indicate an inverse association between the level of urbanization and adoption of safety protective devices, especially of modern ones—a pattern mediated by individual levels of victimization and safety perceptions. For example, previous victimization by theft or robbery is more decisive for adopting safety protective devices among economically underprivileged households compared to wealthier ones. These results provide evidence of the perverse effects of unequal commodification of security across a country that penalizes, in particular, the rural poor.
|
|
| 8. |
- Aransiola, Temidayo James, et al.
(författare)
-
The Effect of Absolute and Relative Deprivation on Homicides in Brazil
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Homicide Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 1088-7679 .- 1552-6720. ; 25:4, s. 361-386
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effect of absolute deprivation (proxy unemployment)and relative deprivation (proxy income inequality) on homicide levels in Brazil. Adatabase from the Brazilian Information System about Mortality and Census of theyear 2000 and 2010 was used to estimate negative binomial models of homicidelevels controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors. Findingsshow that unemployment and income inequality affect homicides levels and that theeffect of the former is more pronounced compared to the latter. Moreover, thecombination of income inequality and unemployment exacerbates the overall effectof deprivation on homicide levels.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Ariel, Barak, et al.
(författare)
-
Experiences and Reporting of Unwanted Sexual Behaviors on Great Britain’s Rail Network : A Survey of Victims and Witnesses with an Embedded Randomized Vignette Experiment on Callback Effects
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Victims & Offenders. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1556-4886 .- 1556-4991. ; , s. 1-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unwanted-sexual-behaviors (USBs) on Great Britain’s rail network, though often seen as “lesser-harm” incidents, have profound psychological, emotional, and behavioral impacts on victims and witnesses. A national survey reveals these effects, highlighting the traumatizing effect of USBs, even years later. Victims share their dissatisfaction with reporting USBs and the need for empathetic communication in victim recovery and trust in authorities. The study also examines the impact of reassurance callbacks from police. While a single callback enhanced perceptions of safety and police effectiveness, multiple callbacks were favored, suggesting their potential to improve victim support and confidence in law enforcement responses to USBs.
|
|
