| 1. |
- Alkhori, Liza, et al.
(author)
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Hh signalling regulates odorant receptor cilia localization in Drosophila
- 2014
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a key regulatory pathway during development. Here, we show that in adult OSNs the Hh pathway regulate ?dorant receptor transport to cilia and put forward a novel non-developmental function of the pathway as a neuromodulator. We demonstrate that the level of Hh signal modulate the OSNs response to odors. We show that knock down of Hh and Smoothened (Smo), a transmembrane protein that transduce the signal, are required for receptor transport. We further show that the coreceptor, Orco, has an Hh independent transport path and that knock down of Smo segregate OR and Orco to different vesicular compartments. Last, we show that the odor response to the second receptor type in Drosophila olfaction, the ionotropic receptors (IRs), also require Hh signalling. Thus, Hh signalling is a general regulator of the odorant response that fulfils the criteria of being a potential player in Drosophila odorant adaptation.
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| 2. |
- Edoff, Karin, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Neuropeptide content and physiological properties of rat cartilage-projecting sensory neurones co-cultured with perichondrial cells
- 2001
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In: Neuroscience Letters. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 315:3, s. 141-144
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In young rats the cartilaginous epiphyses forming the knee joint are supplied with blood vessels and peptidergic sensory nerve fibres through the perichondrium and cartilage canals. In the present study we show that cartilage-related dorsal root ganglion neurones co-cultured with perichondrial cells develop extensive neurite trees and express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in in vivo-like proportions using retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, whole cell patch clamp recordings from these cells showed that the majority is depolarised by application of H+-ions. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that a local imbalance of blood flow and metabolism during normal skeletal maturation may cause tissue acidosis eliciting release of CGRP/SP from sensory nerve endings.
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| 3. |
- Granseth, Björn, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Augmentation of corticogeniculate EPSCs in principal cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat investigated in vitro
- 2004
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In: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 556:1, s. 147-157
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Augmentation is a component of short-term synaptic plasticity with a gradual onset and duration in seconds. To investigate this component at the corticogeniculate synapse, whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from principal cells in a slice preparation of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Trains with 10 stimuli at 25 Hz evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that grew in amplitude, primarily from facilitation. Such trains also induced augmentation that decayed exponentially with a time constant τ= 4.6 ± 2.6 s (mean ± standard deviation). When the trains were repeated at 1–10 s intervals, augmentation markedly increased the size of the first EPSCs, leaving late EPSCs unaffected. The magnitude of augmentation was dependent on the number of pulses, pulse rate and intervals between trains. Augmented EPSCs changed proportionally to basal EPSC amplitudes following alterations in extracellular calcium ion concentration. The results indicate that augmentation is determined by residual calcium remaining in the presynaptic terminal after repetitive spikes, competing with fast facilitation. We propose that augmentation serves to maintain a high synaptic strength in the corticogeniculate positive feedback system during attentive visual exploration.
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| 4. |
- Granseth, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Clathrin-mediated endocytosis : the physiological mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses
- 2007
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In: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 585:3, s. 681-686
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The maintenance of synaptic transmission requires that vesicles are recycled after releasing neurotransmitter. Several modes of retrieval have been proposed to operate at small synaptic terminals of central neurons, but the relative importance of these has been controversial. It is established that synaptic vesicles can collapse on fusion and the machinery for retrieving this membrane by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is enriched in the presynaptic terminal. But it has also been suggested that the majority of vesicles released by physiological stimulation are recycled by a second, faster mechanism called 'kiss-and-run', which operates in 1 s or less to retrieve a vesicle before it has collapsed. The most recent evidence argues against the occurrence of 'kiss-and-run' in hippocampal synapses. First, an improved fluorescent reporter of exocytosis (sypHy), indicates that only a slow mode of endocytosis (tau = 15 s) operates when vesicle fusion is triggered by a single nerve impulse or short burst. Second, this retrieval mechanism is blocked by overexpressing the C-terminal fragment of AP180 or by knockdown of clathrin using RNAi. Third, vesicle fusion is associated with the movement of clathrin and vesicle proteins out of the synapse into the neighbouring axon. These observations indicate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the major, if not exclusive, mechanism of retrieval in small hippocampal synapses.
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| 5. |
- Granseth, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the dominant mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses
- 2006
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In: Neuron. - : Elsevier BV. - 0896-6273 .- 1097-4199. ; 51:6, s. 773-786
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The maintenance of synaptic transmission requires that vesicles be recycled after releasing neurotransmitter. Several modes of retrieval have been proposed to operate at small synaptic terminals of central neurons, including a fast "kiss-and-run" mechanism that releases neurotransmitter through a fusion pore. Using an improved fluorescent reporter comprising pHluorin fused to synaptophysin, we find that only a slow mode of endocytosis (tau = 15 s) operates at hippocampal synapses when vesicle fusion is triggered by a single nerve impulse or short burst. This retrieval mechanism is blocked by overexpression of the C-terminal fragment of AP180 or by knockdown of clathrin using RNAi, and it is associated with the movement of clathrin and vesicle proteins out of the synapse. These results indicate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the major, if not exclusive, mechanism of vesicle retrieval after physiological stimuli.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Granseth, Björn
(author)
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Dynamic properties of corticogeniculate excitatory transmission in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro
- 2004
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In: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 556:1, s. 135-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The feedback excitation from the primary visual cortex to principal cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is markedly enhanced with firing frequency. This property presumably reflects the ample short-term plasticity at the corticogeniculate synapse. The present study aims to explore corticogeniculate excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by brief trains of stimulation with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in dLGN slices from DA-HAN rats. The EPSCs rapidly increased in amplitude with the first two or three impulses followed by a more gradual growth. A double exponential function with time constants 39 and 450 ms empirically described the growth for 5–25Hz trains. For lower train frequencies (down to 1Hz) a third component with time constant 4.8 s had to be included. The different time constants are suggested to represent fast and slow components of facilitation and augmentation. The time constant of the fast component changed with the extracellular calcium ion concentration as expected for a facilitation mechanism involving an endogenous calcium buffer that is more efficiently saturated with larger calcium influx. Concerning the function of the corticogeniculate feedback pathway, the different components of short-term plasticity interacted to increase EPSC amplitudes on a linear scale to firing frequency in the physiological range. This property makes the corticogeniculate synapse well suited to function as a neuronal amplifier that enhances the thalamic transfer of visual information to the cortex.
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| 8. |
- Granseth, Björn, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Paired pulse facilitation of corticogeniculate EPSCs in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat investigated in vitro
- 2002
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In: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 544:2, s. 477-486
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To investigate paired pulse facilitation of corticogeniculate EPSCs, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from principal cells in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in vitro. Thalamic slices, oriented so that both corticogeniculate and retinogeniculate axons could be stimulated, were cut from young (16- to 37-day-old) DA-HAN rats. Corticogeniculate EPSCs displayed pronounced paired pulse facilitation at stimulus intervals up to 400 ms. The facilitation had a fast and a slow component of decay with time constants of 12 ± 7 and 164 ± 47 ms (means ± s.d.), respectively. Maximum paired pulse ratio (EPSC2 × EPSC1−1) was 3.7 ± 1.1 at the 20-30 ms interval. Similar to other systems, the facilitation was presynaptic. Retinogeniculate EPSCs recorded in the same dLGN cells displayed paired pulse depression at intervals up to at least 700 ms. The two types of EPSCs differed in their calcium response curves. At normal [Ca2+]o, the corticogeniculate synapse functioned over the early rising part of a Hill function, while the retinogeniculate synapse operated over the middle and upper parts of the curve. The paired pulse ratio of corticogeniculate EPSCs was maximal at physiological [Ca2+]o. The facilitation is proposed to have an important role in the function of the corticogeniculate circuit as a neuronal amplifier.
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| 9. |
- Granseth, Björn, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
- 2013
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In: Frontiers in Neural Circuits. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5110. ; 7:202
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During development, axons form branches in response to extracellular molecules. Little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we investigate how neurotrophin-induced axon branching is related to synaptic vesicle cycling for thalamocortical axons. The exogenous application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) markedly increased axon branching in thalamocortical co-cultures, while removal of endogenous BDNF reduced branching. Over-expression of a C-terminal fragment of AP180 that inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis affected the laminar distribution and the number of branch points. A dominant-negative synaptotagmin mutant that selectively targets synaptic vesicle cycling, strongly suppressed axon branching. Moreover, axons expressing the mutant synaptotagmin were resistant to the branch-promoting effect of BDNF. These results suggest that synaptic vesicle cycling might regulate BDNF induced branching during the development of the axonal arbor.
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| 10. |
- Granseth, Björn, 1973-
(author)
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The corticogeniculate synapse : a neuronal amplifier?
- 2003
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Consciousness is a nervous process that handles only a limited amount of information. Therefore the nervous system needs to select the most relevant input for aware processing. For the visual system, it has been suggested that recurrent excitation from the cortex to neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus provides a "spotlight of attention", that selectively enhances the relay of information to the cortex. Such feedback excitation could be supplied by corticogeniculate neurones in layer 6 of the primary visual cortex. The corticogeniculate synaptic strength increases with neuronal firing frequency. From this property it can be hypothesised that the feedback excitation would function as a variable neuronal amplifier for boosting the information transfer in the attentive state. The general aim of this thesis was to study the synaptic mechanisms that make the corticogeniculate synapse frequency sensitive and evaluate this property in relation to the proposed neuronal amplifier function.Experiments were performed with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from principal cells in a slice preparation of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Ex citatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by stimulation of corticogeniculate axons consistently displayed paired pulse facilitation. The ratio EPSC2 I EPSC1 was 3.7 ± 1.6 (mean ± standard deviation) for two pulses separated 40 ms. The paired pulse facilitation comprised a fast and slow component, evident from its double exponential decay. EPSCs evoked in the same cells by stimulating axons from the retina displayed paired pulse depression. The two types of EPSCs differed in their response to alterations in the extracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]o). The paired pulse depression at retinogeniculate synapses was attenuated by decreasing [Ca2+]o, apparently from lowering the level of transmitter release. At the corticogeniculate synapse, paired pulse facilitation was optimal at physiological [Ca2+]o. The facilitation was presynaptic in origin since the facilitated EPSC2 quantal size (q = - 5.2 ± 0.8 pA) was essentially the same as for EPSC1 (q = - 4.9 ± 0.9 pA). Each corticogeniculate axon terminated with 1 - 2 functional synapses (nsyn) per principal cell and the basal transmitter release probability was low (psyn = 0.09 ± 0.04) but increased with facilitation (psyn = 0.25 ± 0.10).When short trains of pulses were used for stimulation of corticogeniculate axons, the EPSCs rapidly increased in amplitude with the first 2 - 3 stimuli followed by a more gradual growth. A double exponential function, likely to represent the fast and slow components of facilitation could describe the EPSC build-up in amplitude. The time constant of fast facilitation was dependent on [Ca2+]o , presumably representing Ca2+ binding to a saturable intraterminal Ca2+ buffer. When pulse trains were repeated at 1 - 10 s intervals, EPSC1 in each train was progressively enhanced by augmentation, leaving late EPSCs unaffected. When [Ca2+]o was altered, augmented EPSCs changed in proportion to the basal EPSC amplitude, i.e. EPSC1:n / EPSC1,1 remained the same. The results indicate that augmentation is determined by a Ca2+ residue in the presynaptic terminal after repetitive spike firing, competing with the mechanism of the fast component of facilitation.The two components of facilitation and augmentation at the corticogeniculate synapse define the function of the suggested neuronal amplifier. The low basal synaptic strength ascertains that single random spikes will be virtually ineffective at the target cell, which protects the ex citatory feedback system from self-generated cyclic activity. Since the different forms of synaptic enhancement are presynaptic, the neuronal amplifier will be strictly stimulus specific in increasing synaptic strength. Furthermore, the different components seem to interact to increase EPSC amplitudes on a linear scale to firing frequency, that will increase the dynamic range of neuronal firing without distorting the basic characteristics of thalamic relay. Fast facilitation would account for most of the gain of the neuronal amplifier, while augmentation primarily reduces the time required to reach an effective level of synaptic strength. Thus it might serve to preserve the gain of the neuronal amplifier during attentive visual exploration, when the gaze may return repeatedly to the same fixation point.
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