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- Beronius, A., et al.
(author)
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Assessing the risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- 2009
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In: Endocrine disrupting chemicals in food. - : Woodhead Publishing Limited. - 9781845692186 ; , s. 356-380
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this chapter, four European regulatory frameworks are compared concerning how they cope with identifying and risk assessing endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This comparison is performed by using four example chemicals, bisphenol A, dioxins, ethinyl estradiol and vinclozolin, representing four different regulatory categories. It is concluded that within these regulations, there are no general test requirements that specifically enable identification of endocrine disruptors, and there seem to be little conformity in the risk assessment processes even though the route of exposure and the mode of toxicity are similar. Further development of risk assessment guidance for endocrine disruptors requires continued cooperation between experimental scientists, risk assessors, regulators and industry.
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- Beronius, A., et al.
(author)
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Improving the transparency of data evaluation in risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds-Implications from the bisphenol A case study
- 2011
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In: Toxicology Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274 .- 1879-3169. ; 205, s. S256-S256
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The complex biology and toxicology of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) makes toxicity testing as well as evaluation of data for risk assessment difficult. Standardized test guidelines have previously been questioned as to their applicability for evaluating EDC toxicity. However, several guidelines have been updated and enhanced in an effort to better cover EDCs. Also, EDC toxicity is a very active research field and a lot of toxicological data are generated in research studies NOT conducted according to standardized guidelines. Our previous work indicates that differences in how the reliability and relevance of toxicity studies are judged may vary greatly between risk assessments of the same compound and may result in different conclusions about the size and nature of health risks. Further, the process of data evaluation is in many cases in-transparent. The purpose of this on-going study is to contribute to making health risk assessments of EDCs more transparent, systematic, and predictable. The investigation is conducted as a literature study using the EDC bisphenol A (BPA) for a case study. We scrutinize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of both guideline and non-guideline studies evaluating developmental neurotoxicity of BPA. One goal is to further assess the applicability of standardized guidelines in this case. Another aim is to propose improvements in the process of data reporting of non-guideline studies and recommend criteria for the evaluation of data in order to facilitate risk assessment of EDCs.
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- Büchert, A., et al.
(author)
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Dioxin contamination in food : Bayreuth, Germany, from September 28 to October 1, 2000
- 2001
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Ecomed Publishers. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 8:2, s. 84-88
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dioxin and PCB monitoring programs for food and feeding stuff in most countries of the world, including many European Countries are currently inadequate. Better control of food production lines and food processing procedures is needed to minimize entry of dioxin to the food chain and will help to avoid dioxin contamination accidents. This would also improve the ability to trace back a possible contamination to its source. European guidelines for monitoring programs should be established to ensure comparable and meaningful results. These guidelines should define the minimum requirements for the design of monitoring programs, analytical methods, and quality assurance.Though data from Northern Europe shows that the general population exposure to dioxin and PCB has decreased during the last ten years these compounds continue to be a risk of accidental contamination of the food chain. The most prominent recent example is the Belgian dioxin contamination of feeding stuff in 1999. The Belgian dioxin contamination was not detected due to dioxin monitoring programs but by their direct biological effects seen in animals. Four other cases of dioxin contamination have been detected in Europe since 1997 due to local monitoring programs. One of them (citrus pulp pellets 1998) was in a much larger scale than the Belgian dioxin contamination.The general population's exposure to dioxins and PCBs is still in the same range (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight and day) as the recently revised WHO tolerable daily intake (TDI). There is concern that short-term high level exposure to dioxins, furans, and PCB may cause biological effects on the human fetal development and further research is required.Further actions to control sources building on considerable advances already made in many countries may need to be supplemented by measures to prevent direct contamination of feeding stuff or food to reduce general population exposure further.
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- Hakansson, H, et al.
(author)
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Training of risk assessors in Europe
- 2011
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In: TOXICOLOGY LETTERS. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274. ; 205, s. S34-S34
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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| 17. |
- Hakansson, H, et al.
(author)
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Training of risk assessors in Europe
- 2011
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In: TOXICOLOGY LETTERS. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274. ; 205, s. S262-S262
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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- Andersson, P, et al.
(author)
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A constitutively active dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces stomach tumors
- 2002
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 99:15, s. 9990-9995
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating transcription of a battery of genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Known receptor ligands are environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dioxins. Loss-of-function (gene-disruption) studies in mice have demonstrated that the AhR is involved in toxic effects of dioxins but have not yielded unequivocal results concerning the physiological function of the receptor. Gain-of-function studies therefore were performed to unravel the biological functions of the AhR. A constitutively active AhR expressed in transgenic mice reduced the life span of the mice and induced tumors in the glandular part of the stomach, demonstrating the oncogenic potential of the AhR and implicating the receptor in regulation of cell proliferation.
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- Dich, J, et al.
(author)
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Pesticides and cancer
- 1997
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In: Cancer causes & control : CCC. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-5243. ; 8:3, s. 420-443
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Hanberg, A, et al.
(author)
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Assessing internal validity
- 2019
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In: TOXICOLOGY LETTERS. - 0378-4274. ; 314, s. S5-S6
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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| 48. |
- Hanberg, A
(author)
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Toxicology of environmentally persistent chlorinated organic compounds
- 1996
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In: PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 68:9, s. 1791-1799
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The chlorinated organic compounds comprise a large group of compounds with a complex diversity of biologic effects and mechanisms of action. Based on the persistence and high toxicity of dioxins, PCBs, and DDT, this chapter focuses primarily on the toxicology of these organochlorine compounds. Not even these groups of compounds can be regarded as homogenous since the individual congeners show diverse environmental fates and toxicities. In this chapter, we will consider primarily the critical effects suspected to occur at human exposure at background levels, i.e. cancer, and effects on reproduction, neurobehaviour and the immune system. In recent years, interactions between these compounds and hormonal systems have received increasing attention. They have also been shown to be particularly toxic to the developing embryo, fetus and infant. In order to conduct accurate risk assessment, there is a need for further mechanistical data, and additional epidemiological studies, especially with regard to effects on reproductive, neurobehavioural and immune systems. The data presently available suggest that such effects already occur in the human population and thus, in order to reduce the exposure to these compounds, further release into the environment should be prevented.
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