| 1. |
- Degas, A., et al.
(författare)
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A Survey on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and eXplainable AI in Air Traffic Management : Current Trends and Development with Future Research Trajectory
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3417. ; 12:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Air Traffic Management (ATM) will be more complex in the coming decades due to the growth and increased complexity of aviation and has to be improved in order to maintain aviation safety. It is agreed that without significant improvement in this domain, the safety objectives defined by international organisations cannot be achieved and a risk of more incidents/accidents is envisaged. Nowadays, computer science plays a major role in data management and decisions made in ATM. Nonetheless, despite this, Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is one of the most researched topics in computer science, has not quite reached end users in ATM domain. In this paper, we analyse the state of the art with regards to usefulness of AI within aviation/ATM domain. It includes research work of the last decade of AI in ATM, the extraction of relevant trends and features, and the extraction of representative dimensions. We analysed how the general and ATM eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) works, analysing where and why XAI is needed, how it is currently provided, and the limitations, then synthesise the findings into a conceptual framework, named the DPP (Descriptive, Predictive, Prescriptive) model, and provide an example of its application in a scenario in 2030. It concludes that AI systems within ATM need further research for their acceptance by end-users. The development of appropriate XAI methods including the validation by appropriate authorities and end-users are key issues that needs to be addressed. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin, Dr, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A vision-based indoor navigation system for individuals with visual impairment
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Artificial Intelligence. - : CESER Publications. - 0974-0635. ; 17:2, s. 188-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Navigation and orientation in an indoor environment are a challenging task for visually impaired people. This paper proposes a portable vision-based system to provide support for visually impaired persons in their daily activities. Here, machine learning algorithms are used for obstacle avoidance and object recognition. The system is intended to be used independently, easily and comfortably without taking human help. The system assists in obstacle avoidance using cameras and gives voice message feedback by using a pre-trained YOLO Neural Network for object recognition. In other parts of the system, a floor plane estimation algorithm is proposed for obstacle avoidance and fuzzy logic is used to prioritize the detected objects in a frame and generate alert to the user about possible risks. The system is implemented using the Robot Operating System (ROS) for communication on a Nvidia Jetson TX2 with a ZED stereo camera for depth calculations and headphones for user feedback, with the capability to accommodate different setup of hardware components. The parts of the system give varying results when evaluated and thus in future a large-scale evaluation is needed to implement the system and get it as a commercialized product in this area.
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| 3. |
- Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin, Dr, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Machine learning for cognitive load classification : A case study on contact-free approach
- 2020
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Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030491604 ; , s. 31-42
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most common ways of measuring Cognitive Load (CL) is using physiological sensor signals e.g., Electroencephalography (EEG), or Electrocardiogram (ECG). However, these signals are problematic in situations e.g., in dynamic moving environments where the user cannot relax with all the sensors attached to the body and it provides significant noises in the signals. This paper presents a case study using a contact-free approach for CL classification based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) collected from ECG signal. Here, a contact-free approach i.e., a camera-based system is compared with a contact-based approach i.e., Shimmer GSR+ system in detecting CL. To classify CL, two different Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, mainly, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and k-Nearest-Neighbor (k-NN) have been applied. Based on the gathered Inter-Beat-Interval (IBI) values from both the systems, 13 different HRV features were extracted in a controlled study to determine three levels of CL i.e., S0: low CL, S1: normal CL and S2: high CL. To get the best classification accuracy with the ML algorithms, different optimizations such as kernel functions were chosen with different feature matrices both for binary and combined class classifications. According to the results, the highest average classification accuracy was achieved as 84% on the binary classification i.e. S0 vs S2 using k-NN. The highest F1 score was achieved 88% using SVM for the combined class considering S0 vs (S1 and S2) for contact-free approach i.e. the camera system. Thus, all the ML algorithms achieved a higher classification accuracy while considering the contact-free approach than contact-based approach. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2020.
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| 4. |
- Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Quality index analysis on camera- A sed R-eak identification considering movements and light illumination
- 2018
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Ingår i: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, vol 249. - : IOS Press. - 9781614998679 ; , s. 84-92
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a quality index (QI) analysis on R-peak extracted by a camera system considering movements and light illumination. Here, the proposed camera system is compared with a reference system named Shimmer PPG sensor. The study considers five test subjects with a 15 minutes measurement protocol, where the protocol consists of several conditions. The conditions are: Normal sittings, head movements i.e., up/down/left/right/forward/backword, with light on/off and with moving flash on/off. A percentage of corrected R-peaks are calculated based on time difference in milliseconds (MS) between the R-peaks extracted both from camera-based and sensor-based systems. A comparison results between normal, movements, and lighting condition is presented as individual and group wise. Furthermore, the comparison is extended considering gender and origin of the subjects. According to the results, more than 90% R-peaks are correctly identified by the camera system with ±200 MS time differences, however, it decreases with while there is no light than when it is on. At the same time, the camera system shows more 95% accuracy for European than Asian men.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Alf, et al.
(författare)
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Inline Process Control – a concept study of efficient in-line process control and process adjustment with respect to product geometry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium 2016 SPS 2016. - Lund, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- All manufacturing processes have variation which may violate the fulfillment of assembly, functional, geometrical or esthetical requirements and difficulties to reach desired form in all areas. The cost for geometry defects rises downstream in the process chain. Therefore, it is vital to discover these defects as soon as they appear. Then adjustments can be done in the process without losing products or time. In order to find a solution for this, a project with the overall scope “development of an intelligent process control system” has been initiated. This project consists of five different work packages: Inline measurement, Process Evaluation, Corrective actions, Flexible tooling and demonstrator cell. These work packages address different areas which are necessary to fulfill the overall scope of the project. The system shall both be able to detect geometrical defects, propose adjustments and adjust simple process parameters. The results are demonstrated in a demo cell located at Chalmers University of Technology. In the demonstrator all the different areas have been verified in an industrial case study – assembly of GOR Volvo S80. Efficient offline programming for robot based measurement, efficient process evaluation based on case base reasoning (CBR) methodology, flexible fixtures and process adjustments based on corrective actions regarding in going part positioning.
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| 6. |
- Rahman, Hamidur, et al.
(författare)
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A Case-Based Classification for Drivers’ Alcohol Detection Using Physiological Signals
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a case-based classification system for alcohol detection using physiological parameters. Here, four physiological parameters e.g. Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Respiration Rate (RR), Finger Temperature (FT), and Skin Conductance (SC) are used in a Case-based reasoning (CBR) system to detect alcoholic state. In this study, the participants are classified into two groups as drunk or sober. The experimental work shows that using the CBR classification approach the obtained accuracy for individual physiological parameters e.g., HRV is 85%, RR is 81%, FT is 95% and SC is 86%. On the other hand, the achieved accuracy is 88% while combining the four parameters i.e., HRV, RR, FT and SC using the CBR system. So, the evaluation illustrates that the CBR system based on physiological sensor signal can classify alcohol state accurately when a person is under influence of at least 0.2 g/l of alcohol.
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| 7. |
- Rahman, Hamidur, 1984-
(författare)
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An Intelligent Non-Contact based Approach for Monitoring Driver’s Cognitive Load
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The modern cars have been equipped with advanced technical features to help make driving faster, safer and comfortable. However, to enhance transport security i.e. to avoid unexpected traffic accidents it is necessary to consider a vehicle driver as a part of the environment and need to monitor driver’s health and mental state. Driving behavior-based and physiological parameters-based approaches are the two commonly used approaches to monitor driver’s health and mental state. Previously, physiological parameters-based approaches using sensors are often attached to the human body. Although these sensors attached with body provide excellent signals in lab conditions it can often be troublesome and inconvenient in driving situations. So, physiological parameters extraction based on video images offers a new paradigm for driver’s health and mental state monitoring. This thesis report presents an intelligent non-contact-based approach to monitor driver’s cognitive load based on physiological parameters and vehicular parameters. Here, camera sensor has been used as a non-contact and pervasive methods for measuring physiological parameters.The contribution of this thesis is in three folds: 1) Implementation of a camera-based method to extract physiological parameters e.g., heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), inter-bit-interval (IBI), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiration rate (RR) considering several challenging conditions e.g. illumination, motion, vibration and movement. 2) Vehicular parameters e.g. lateral speed, steering wheel angle, steering wheel reversal rate, steering wheel torque, yaw rate, lanex, and lateral position extraction from a driving simulator. 3) Investigation of three machine learning algorithms i.e. Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to classify driver’s cognitive load. Here, according to the results, considering the challenging conditions, the highest correlation coefficient achieved for both HR and SpO2 is 0.96. Again, the Bland Altman plots shows 95% agreement between camera and the reference sensor. For IBI, the quality index (QI) is achieved 97.5% considering 100 ms R-peak error. For cognitive load classification, two separate studies are conducted, study1 with 1-back task and study2 with 2-back task and both time domain and frequency domain features are extracted from the facial videos. Finally, the achieved average accuracy for the classification of cognitive load is 91% for study1 and 83% for study2. In future, the proposed approach should be evaluated in real-road driving environment considering other complex challenging situations such as high temperature, complete dark/bright environment, unusual movements, facial occlusion by hands, sunglasses, scarf, beard etc.
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| 8. |
- Rahman, Hamidur, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence-Based Life Cycle Engineering in Industrial Production : A Systematic Literature Review
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 133001-133015
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the last few years, cases of applying articial intelligence (AI) to engineering activitiestowards sustainability have been reported. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) provides a potential to systematicallyreach higher and productivity levels, owing to its holistic perspective and consideration of economic andenvironmental targets. To address the current gap to more systematic deployment of AI with LCE (AI-LCE)we have performed a systematic literature review emphasizing the three aspects:(1) the most prevalent AItechniques, (2) the current AI-improved LCE subelds and (3) the subelds with highly enhanced by AI.A specic set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to identify and select academic papers fromseveral elds, i.e. production, logistics, marketing and supply chain and after the selection process describedin the paper we ended up with 42 scientic papers. The study and analysis show that there are manyAI-LCE papers addressing Sustainable Development Goals mainly addressing: Industry, Innovation, andInfrastructure; Sustainable Cities and Communities; and Responsible Consumption and Production. Overall,the papers give a picture of diverse AI techniques used in LCE. Production design and Maintenance andRepair are the top explored LCE subelds whereas logistics and Procurement are the least explored subareas.Research in AI-LCE is concentrated in a few dominating countries and especially countries with a strongresearch funding and focus on Industry 4.0; Germany is standing out with numbers of publications. Thein-depth analysis of selected and relevant scientic papers are helpful in getting a more correct picture ofthe area which enables a more systematic approach to AI-LCE in the future.
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| 9. |
- Rahman, Hamidur, Doctoral Student, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence-Based Life Cycle Engineering in Industrial Production : A Systematic Literature Review
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 133001-133015
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the last few years, cases of applying artificial intelligence (AI) to engineering activities towards sustainability have been reported. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) provides a potential to systematically reach higher and productivity levels, owing to its holistic perspective and consideration of economic and environmental targets. To address the current gap to more systematic deployment of AI with LCE (AI-LCE) we have performed a systematic literature review emphasizing the three aspects:(1) the most prevalent AI techniques, (2) the current AI-improved LCE subfields and (3) the subfields with highly enhanced by AI. A specific set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to identify and select academic papers from several fields, i.e. production, logistics, marketing and supply chain and after the selection process described in the paper we ended up with 42 scientific papers. The study and analysis show that there are many AI-LCE papers addressing Sustainable Development Goals mainly addressing: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure; Sustainable Cities and Communities; and Responsible Consumption and Production. Overall, the papers give a picture of diverse AI techniques used in LCE. Production design and Maintenance and Repair are the top explored LCE subfields whereas logistics and Procurement are the least explored subareas. Research in AI-LCE is concentrated in a few dominating countries and especially countries with a strong research funding and focus on Industry 4.0; Germany is standing out with numbers of publications. The in-depth analysis of selected and relevant scientific papers are helpful in getting a more correct picture of the area which enables a more systematic approach to AI-LCE in the future.
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| 10. |
- Rahman, Hamidur, Doctoral Student, 1984-
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence for Non-Contact-Based Driver Health Monitoring
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In clinical situations, a patient’s physical state is often monitored by sensors attached to the patient, and medical staff are alerted if the patient’s status changes in an undesirable or life-threatening direction. However, in unsupervised situations, such as when driving a vehicle, connecting sensors to the driver is often troublesome and wired sensors may not produce sufficient quality due to factors such as movement and electrical disturbance. Using a camera as a non-contact sensor to extract physiological parameters based on video images offers a new paradigm for monitoring a driver’s health and mental state. Due to the advanced technical features in modern vehicles, driving is now faster, safer and more comfortable than before. To enhance transport security (i.e. to avoid unexpected traffic accidents), it is necessary to consider a vehicle driver as a part of the traffic environment and thus monitor the driver’s health and mental state. Such a monitoring system is commonly developed based on two approaches: driving behaviour-based and physiological parameters-based.This research work demonstrates a non-contact approach that classifies a driver’s cognitive load based on physiological parameters through a camera system and vehicular data collected from control area networks considering image processing, computer vision, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). In this research, a camera is used as a non-contact sensor and pervasive approach for measuring and monitoring the physiological parameters. The contribution of this research study is four-fold: 1) Feature extraction approach to extract physiological parameters (i.e. heart rate [HR], respiration rate [RR], inter-beat interval [IBI], heart rate variability [HRV] and oxygen saturation [SpO2]) using a camera system in several challenging conditions (i.e. illumination, motion, vibration and movement); 2) Feature extraction based on eye-movement parameters (i.e. saccade and fixation); 3) Identification of key vehicular parameters and extraction of useful features from lateral speed (SP), steering wheel angle (SWA), steering wheel reversal rate (SWRR), steering wheel torque (SWT), yaw rate (YR), lanex (LAN) and lateral position (LP); 4) Investigation of ML and DL algorithms for a driver’s cognitive load classification. Here, ML algorithms (i.e. logistic regression [LR], linear discriminant analysis [LDA], support vector machine [SVM], neural networks [NN], k-nearest neighbours [k-NN], decision tree [DT]) and DL algorithms (i.e. convolutional neural networks [CNN], long short-term memory [LSTM] networks and autoencoders [AE]) are used. One of the major contributions of this research work is that physiological parameters were extracted using a camera. According to the results, feature extraction based on physiological parameters using a camera achieved the highest correlation coefficient of .96 for both HR and SpO2 compared to a reference system. The Bland Altman plots showed 95% agreement considering the correlation between the camera and the reference wired sensors. For IBI, the achieved quality index was 97.5% considering a 100 ms R-peak error. The correlation coefficients for 13 eye-movement features between non-contact approach and reference eye-tracking system ranged from .82 to .95.For cognitive load classification using both the physiological and vehicular parameters, two separate studies were conducted: Study 1 with the 1-back task and Study 2 with the 2-back task. Finally, the highest average accuracy achieved in terms of cognitive load classification was 94% for Study 1 and 82% for Study 2 using LR algorithms considering the HRV parameter. The highest average classification accuracy of cognitive load was 92% using SVM considering saccade and fixation parameters. In both cases, k-fold cross-validation was used for the validation, where the value of k was 10. The classification accuracies using CNN, LSTM and autoencoder were 91%, 90%, and 90.3%, respectively. This research study shows such a non-contact-based approach using ML, DL, image processing and computer vision is suitable for monitoring a driver’s cognitive state.
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