| 20231. |
- Díaz, Miguel, Högskoleadjunkt, et al.
(författare)
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Tortyrens påverkan på exekutiva funktioner : Konsekvenser av PTSD och traumatisk hjärnskada hos tortyröverlevare vid traumabehandling, asylprocess och integration
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En hög andel av de personer som söker asyl uppger att de har varit utsatta för tortyr. Omfattande fysisk och psykisk illabehandling, som tortyr ofta innebär, medför en ökad risk för att hjärnans struktur och funktion förändras. Tortyr leder i mycket hög ut sträckning till psykisk ohälsa som posttraumatisk stress (PTSD). Till följd av olika typer av våld ökar också risken för hjärnskada. Litteraturstudien fokuserar på de neurobiologiska förändringarna av hjärnstrukturer som kan uppstå till följd av tortyr, fr amför allt traumatisk hjärnskada (traumatic brain injury, TBI). Både PTSD och TBI kan påverka de så kallade exekutiva funktionerna så att en person får svårigheter att minnas, planera, verkställa planer, reglera sina känslor och överväga olika alternativ f ör att lösa problem. Detta kan få betydande negativa konsekvenser i vardagen, för arbetsprestationer och sociala interaktioner. Litteraturen uppmärksammar specifikt risker i asylprocessen då tortyrskadade förväntas kunna minnas och återberätta detaljer om traumatiserande händelser. Kunskap om tortyrens effekt på exekutiva funktioner kan vara avgörande för en kvalitativ asylprocess och verksamma integrationsinsatser.
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| 20232. |
- Dierckens, M., et al.
(författare)
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National-Level Wealth Inequality and Socioeconomic Inequality in Adolescent Mental Well-Being : A Time Series Analysis of 17 Countries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescent Health. - : Elsevier. - 1054-139X .- 1879-1972. ; 66:6, s. 21-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Although previous research has established a positive association between national income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health, very little is known about the extent to which national-level wealth inequalities (i.e., accumulated financial resources) are associated with these inequalities in health. Therefore, this study examined the association between national wealth inequality and income inequality and socioeconomic inequality in adolescents' mental well-being at the aggregated level. Methods: Data were from 17 countries participating in three consecutive waves (2010, 2014, and 2018) of the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. We aggregated data on adolescents' life satisfaction, psychological and somatic symptoms, and socioeconomic status (SES) to produce a country-level slope index of inequality and combined it with country-level data on income inequality and wealth inequality (n = 244,771). Time series analyses were performed on a pooled sample of 48 country-year groups. Results: Higher levels of national wealth inequality were associated with fewer average psychological and somatic symptoms, while higher levels of national income inequality were associated with more psychological and somatic symptoms. No associations between either national wealth inequality or income inequality and life satisfaction were found. Smaller differences in somatic symptoms between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national wealth inequality. In contrast, larger differences in psychological symptoms and life satisfaction (but not somatic symptoms) between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national income inequality. Conclusions: Although both national wealth and income inequality are associated with socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental well-being at the aggregated level, associations are in opposite directions. Social policies aimed at a redistribution of income resources at the national level could decrease socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental well-being while further research is warranted to gain a better understanding of the role of national wealth inequality in socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health.
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| 20233. |
- Dierckens, M., et al.
(författare)
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National level wealth inequality and socioeconomic inequality in adolescent mental wellbeing
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 30:Supplement 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPrevious research established a positive association between national income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health, but little is known about the extent to which national level inequalities in accumulated financial resources (i.e. wealth) are associated with these health inequalities. Therefore, we examined the association between national wealth inequality and income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing.MethodsData were from 17 countries participating in three successive waves (2010, 2014 and 2018) of the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. We combined individual-level data on adolescents' life satisfaction, psychological and somatic symptoms and socioeconomic status (SES) with country-level data on income and wealth inequality (n = 244771). We performed time-series analysis on a pooled sample of 48 country/year groups.ResultsHigher levels of national wealth inequality were associated with fewer average psychological and somatic symptoms, while higher levels of national income inequality were associated with more psychological and somatic symptoms. No associations between either national wealth inequality or income inequality and life satisfaction were found. Smaller differences in somatic symptoms between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national wealth inequality. In contrast, larger differences in psychological symptoms and life satisfaction (but not somatic symptoms) between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national income inequality.ConclusionsAlthough both national wealth and income inequality are associated with (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent mental wellbeing, associations are in opposite directions. Further research is warranted to gain better understanding in the role of national wealth inequality on (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent health.Key MessagesThis is one of the first studies to examine if socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing are associated with national wealth inequality independently from national income inequality.Opposing effects of national wealth inequality and income inequality on socioeconomic inequalities in adolescents’ mental wellbeing warrant further research before policy recommendations can be made.
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| 20234. |
- Diesen, Christian
(författare)
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Terapeutisk juridik
- 2017
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Ingår i: Klinisk forensisk psykologi. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144114491 ; , s. 255-270
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20235. |
- Dimant, Eugen, et al.
(författare)
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Politicizing mask-wearing: predicting the success of behavioral interventions among republicans and democrats in the US
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scientists and policymakers seek to choose effective interventions that promote preventative health measures. We evaluated whether academics, behavioral science practitioners, and laypeople (N=1034) were able to forecast the effectiveness of seven different messages compared to a baseline message for Republicans and Democrats separately. These messages were designed to nudge mask-wearing attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. When examining predictions across political parties, forecasters predicted larger effects than those observed for Democrats compared to Republicans and made more accurate predictions for Republicans compared to Democrats. These results are partly driven by a lack of nudge effects on Democrats, as reported in Gelfand et al. (J Exp Soc Psychol, 2021). Academics and practitioners made more accurate predictions compared to laypeople. Although forecasters' predictions were correlated with the nudge interventions, all groups overestimated the observed results. We discuss potential reasons for why the forecasts did not perform better and how more accurate forecasts of behavioral intervention outcomes could potentially provide insight that can help save resources and increase the efficacy of interventions.
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| 20236. |
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| 20237. |
- Dimberg, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Empathy, emotional contagion and rapid facial reactions to angry and happy facial expressions
- 2012
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Ingår i: PsyCh Journal. - : Wiley. - 2046-0252. ; 1:2, s. 118-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to explore whether emotional empathy is related to the capacity to react with rapid facial reactions to facial expressions of emotion, and if emotional empathy is related to the ability to experience a similar emotion as expressed by another person. People high or low in emotional empathy were exposed to pictures of happy and angry faces while their facial electromyography from the zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscle regions was detected. High empathy participants rapidly reacted with larger zygomatic muscle activity to happy as compared with angry faces as early as after 500 ms after stimulus onset, and with larger corrugator muscle activity to angry than to happy faces after 500 ms. Accordingly, this group also reacted with a corresponding experience of emotion. The low empathy participants, in contrast, did not differentiate between the happy and angry stimuli with either facial muscles or in their self experience of emotion. The findings are related to the facial feedback hypothesis and the results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that rapid and automatically evoked facial mimicry may be one important mechanism for emotional and empathic contagion to occur.
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| 20238. |
- Dimitrova, Radosveta, et al.
(författare)
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Heritage Identity and Maintenance Enhance Well-Being of Turkish-Bulgarian and Turkish-German Adolescents
- 2015
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 46:2, s. 93-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares Turkish minority youth in Bulgaria and Germany by examining differences in ethnic identity (heritage and mainstream), acculturation (host culture adoption and heritage culture maintenance), and their influence on psychological and sociocultural outcomes. Participants were 178 Turkish-Bulgarian and 166 Turkish-German youth (mean age of 15.96 years). Youth in both cultural contexts regarded their Turkish identity and culture maintenance as more relevant than their mainstream identity and culture adoption. Turkish-Bulgarians also reported higher scores on host culture adoption than Turkish-Germans. A multigroup path model showed that Turkish identity and maintenance were positively related to well-being and adjustment to both cultures, whereas mainstream identity and adoption were positively associated with adjustment to the host culture only.
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| 20239. |
- Dimitrova, Radosveta, et al.
(författare)
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National collective identity in transitional societies : Salience and relations to life satisfaction for youth in South Africa, Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Kosovo and Romania
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychology in Africa. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1433-0237 .- 1815-5626. ; 27:2, s. 150-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we investigated the salience of the construct of national collective identity and its associations with life satisfaction among adolescents living in transitional societies characterised by relevant change in the last decades. Participants were 1 066 adolescents (M = 15.35 years, SD = 1.35) from South Africa (n = 186) and five Central Eastern European countries, including Albania (n = 209), Bulgaria (n = 146), Czech Republic (n = 306), Kosovo (n = 116), and Romania (n = 103). They completed a questionnaire including national identity and life satisfaction scales. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group structural equation modeling. Results showed that national identity of adolescents in transitional societies is multidimensional and pertains to different salient dimensions (i.e., self-categorisation, evaluation, importance, attachment, and behavioural involvement). Importantly, the findings provided evidence to suggest that higher levels of national collective identity are associated with increased levels of life satisfaction.
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| 20240. |
- Ding, Yi, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The Importance of Mathematics Self-concept and Self-efficacy on Mathematics Achievement: Comparison between the Public and Independent Schools in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: The European Conference on Educational Research (ECER), Glasgow.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Achievement gaps in mathematics can be found among education systems all over the world in international large-scale assessment studies (ILSAs). In almost all education systems, students’ socioeconomic status (SES) has been documented as one of the most important factors associated with achievement, known as the “socioeconomic achievement gap” (Chmielewski, 2019), while in other education systems, achievement gaps can be accounted for by gender, immigration background, ethnicity and/or urban-rural locations of schools and students (e.g., Bondy et al., 2017; Brozo et al., 2014; Song et al., 2014). In Sweden, remarkable differences can be observed between public and independent schools and the differences might be explained by a larger share of students with well-educated parents in independent schools than in public schools (Klapp Lekholm, 2008). Taking mathematics as an example, students in independent schools perform better than students from public schools in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), even after controlling the background variables, and the crucial difference in achievement holds consistent from PISA 2003 to PISA 2012 regardless of the sharp decline, and the advantage of independent schools has emerged over time (OECD, 2019). The types of schools (private or public as categorised in PISA) are generally differentiated by the ownership of schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-government organisation (such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution), while public schools are managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by the government or elected by a public franchise (OECD, 2020). In the Swedish context, instead of private schools, it would be more accurate to use the term independent schools, which can be run by private organisations to operate educational activities through a publicly funded voucher system (Yang Hansen & Gustafsson, 2016) and could be running for profit (Wiborg, 2015). Research also indicates that students’ motivational beliefs seem to be important for academic achievement in the Swedish education system (Klapp, 2018). Previous research has established that student self-beliefs could predict and impact academic achievement, among which self-concept and self-efficacy are the most identified ones (Bong & Skaalvik, 2003; Multon et al., 1991). Mathematics self-concept is an individual’s perceived competence in mathematics (OECD, 2013), and was found strongly related to students’ general mathematics achievement (Bong & Skaalvik, 2003; Ma & Kishor, 1997). Mathematics self-efficacy measures students’ expectations and conviction of what can be accomplished when they need to solve pure and/or applied mathematics tasks. Students’ mathematics self-efficacy had a strong direct effect on mathematics problem-solving despite their general mental ability (Pajares & Kranzler, 1995). It is well established that mathematics self-concept and self-efficacy to a varying degree are associated with students’ mathematics achievement. It has also been observed for many decades that student gender, socioeconomic status and immigration background influence academic achievement, directly and indirectly (e.g., Bondy et al., 2017; Schleicher, 2006). There is still uncertainty, however, regarding how the relations among mathematics self-concept, self-efficacy, student characteristics (SES, gender, immigrationbackground) and mathematics achievement may vary for students in different types of schools (public or independent) in the Swedish education system and over the years. The main aim of the study was to investigate the relative importance of student mathematics self-concept and self-efficacy for mathematics achievement across Swedish public and independent schools over time, concerning student characteristics such as SES, gender and immigration background.
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