| 91. |
- Eberth, Alexander, et al.
(author)
-
A BAR domain-mediated autoinhibitory mechanism for RhoGAPs of the GRAF family
- 2009
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 417:1, s. 371-377
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The BAR (Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs) domain defines an emerging superfamily of proteins implicated in fundamental biological processes by sensing and inducing membrane curvature. We identified a novel autoregulatory function for the BAR domain of two related GAPs' (GTPase-activating proteins) of the GRAF (GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase) subfamily. We demonstrate that the N-terminal fragment of these GAPs including the BAR domain interacts directly with the GAP domain and inhibits its activity. Analysis of various BAR and GAP domains revealed that the BAR domain-mediated inhibition of these GAPs' function is highly specific. These GAPs, in their autoinhibited state, are able to bind and tubulate liposomes in vitro, and to generate lipid tubules in cells. Taken together, we identified BAR domains as cis-acting inhibitory elements that very likely mask the active sites of the GAP domains and thus prevent down-regulation of Rho proteins. Most remarkably, these BAR proteins represent a dual-site system with separate membrane-tubulation and GAP-inhibitory functions that operate simultaneously.
|
|
| 92. |
- Ehlde, M, et al.
(author)
-
Influence of experimental errors on the determination of flux control coefficients from transient metabolic concentrations
- 1996
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021. ; 313, s. 721-727
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of experimental errors on the determination of flux control coefficients from transient metabolite concentrations with the method proposed by Delgado and Liao [(1992) Biochem. J. 282, 919-927] has been investigated by using Monte Carlo simulations. The method requires least-squares fitting of the transient metabolite concentrations. Three different fitting methods have been evaluated. Simulated metabolite concentrations of a fictive metabolic pathway were scattered randomly, emulating experimental errors, before performing the fits. This was repeated a large number of times; the mean values and standard deviations of the resulting control coefficients are reported. The results show that the proposed method for determining control coefficients is too sensitive to experimental errors to be practicable, with theoretically justified fitting methods. This is in particular due to the high degree of correlation between the concentrations. An alternative ad hoc fitting method produced biased mean values of the estimates of the control coefficients, but with remarkably low standard deviations.
|
|
| 93. |
- EkRylander, B, et al.
(author)
-
Comparative studies of rat recombinant purple acid phosphatase and bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- 1997
-
In: The Biochemical journal. - : Portland Press Ltd.. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 321321 ( Pt 2), s. 305-311
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) of rat osteoclasts has been shown to exhibit high (85Ő94%) identity at the amino acid sequence level with the purple acid phosphatase (PAP) from bovine spleen and with pig uteroferrin. These iron-containing purple enzymes contain a binuclear iron centre, with a tyrosinate-to-Fe(III) charge-transfer transition responsible for the purple colour. In the present study, production of rat osteoclast TRAP could be achieved at a level of 4.3 mg/litre of medium using a baculovirus expression system. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity using a combination of cation-exchange, hydrophobic-interaction, lectin-affinity and gel-permeation chromatography steps. The protein as isolated had a purple colour, a specific activity of 428 units/mg of protein and consisted of the single-chain form of molecular mass 34 kDa, with only trace amounts of proteolytically derived subunits. The recombinant enzyme had the ability to dephosphorylate bone matrix phosphoproteins, as previously shown for bone TRAP. Light absorption spectroscopy of the isolated purple enzyme showed a λmax at 544 nm, which upon reduction with ascorbic acid changed to 515 nm, concomitant with the transition to a pink colour. EPR spectroscopic analysis of the reduced enzyme at 3.6 K revealed a typical Ɓ-hydr(oxo)-bridged mixed-valent Fe(II)Fe(III) signal with g-values at 1.96, 1.74 and 1.60, proving that recombinant rat TRAP belongs to the family of PAPs. To validate the use of recombinant PAP in substituting for the rat bone counterpart in functional studies, various comparative studies were carried out. The enzyme isolated from bone exhibited a lower Km for p-nitrophenyl phosphate and was slightly more sensitive to PAP inhibitors such as molybdate, tungstate, arsenate and phosphate. In contrast with the recombinant enzyme, TRAP from bone was isolated predominantly as the proteolytically cleaved, two-subunit, form. Both the recombinant enzyme and rat bone TRAP were shown to be substituted with N-linked oligosaccharides. A slightly higher apparent molecular mass of the monomeric form and N-terminal chain of bone TRAP compared with the recombinant enzyme could not be accounted for by differential N-glycosylation. Despite differences in specific post-translational modifications, the recombinant PAP should be useful in future studies on the properties and regulation of the mammalian PAP enzyme.
|
|
| 94. |
- EL Andaloussi, Samir, et al.
(author)
-
Cargo-dependent cytotoxicity and delivery efficacy of cell-penetrating peptides : a comparative study
- 2007
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 407:2, s. 285-292
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of CPPs (cell-penetrating peptides) as delivery vectors for bioactive molecules has been an emerging field since 1994 when the first CPP, penetratin, was discovered. Since then, several CPPs, including the widely used Tat (transactivator of transcription) peptide, have been developed and utilized to translocate a wide range of compounds across the plasma membrane of cells both in vivo and in vitro. Although the field has emerged as a possible future candidate for drug delivery, little attention has been given to the potential toxic side effects that these peptides might exhibit in cargo delivery. Also, no comprehensive study has been performed to evaluate the relative efficacy of single CPPs to convey different cargos. Therefore we selected three of the major CPPs, penetratin, Tat and transportan 10, and evaluated their ability to deliver commonly used cargos, including fluoresceinyl moiety, double-stranded DNA and proteins (i.e. avidin and streptavidin), and studied their effect on membrane integrity and cell viability. Our results demonstrate the unfeasibility to use the translocation efficacy of fluorescein moiety as a gauge for CPP efficiency, since the delivery properties are dependent on the cargo used. Furthermore, and no less importantly, the toxicity of CPPs depends heavily on peptide concentration, cargo molecule and coupling strategy.
|
|
| 95. |
- El Hachmane, Michael, et al.
(author)
-
Extracellular ATP activates store-operated Ca2+ entry in white adipocytes: functional evidence for STIM1 and ORAI1
- 2018
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - : Portland Press Ltd.. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 475, s. 691-704
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, we have applied ratiometric measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+](i)) to show that extracellularly applied ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (100 mM) stimulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ATP produced a rapid increase in [Ca2+](i) consisting of an initial transient elevation followed by a sustained elevated phase that could be observed only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Gene expression data and [Ca2+](i) recordings with uridine-50-triphosphate or with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 demonstrated the involvement of purinergic P2Y2 receptors and the PLC/inositol trisphosphate pathway. The [Ca2+](i) elevation produced by reintroduction of a Ca2+-containing intracellular solution to adipocytes exposed to ATP in the absence of Ca2+ was diminished by known SOCE antagonists. The chief molecular components of SOCE, the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (ORAI1), were detected at the mRNA and protein level. Moreover, SOCE was largely diminished in cells where STIM1 and/or ORAI1 had been silenced by small interfering (si) RNA. We conclude that extracellular ATP activates SOCE in white adipocytes, an effect predominantly mediated by STIM1 and ORAI1.
|
|
| 96. |
- Elbashir, M I, et al.
(author)
-
Monoclonal antibodies to the pituitary growth-hormone receptor by the anti-idiotypic approach. Production and initial characterization
- 1990
-
In: The Biochemical journal. - : Portland Press Ltd.. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 266:2, s. 467-474
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We obtained 10/192 and 3/384 antibody-secreting hybrids after immunization of Balb/c mice with either human growth hormone or affinity-purified rabbit anti-(human growth hormone) respectively. Radiolabelled rabbit anti-(human growth hormone) antibodies, but not human growth hormone, were specifically bound by supernatants from the 13 hybrids. The binding was completely inhibited by human-growth-hormone serum binding protein. However, anti-(human growth hormone antibodies) were detected in the sera of all the mice immunized with human growth hormone. In an independent fusion, which was carried out after immunization with fewer doses of human growth hormone, anti-(human growth hormone) antibodies were also obtained. Five hybrids, where the starting antigen was human growth hormone, were selected for ascites production, and the corresponding monoclonal antibodies were partially purified and characterized with respect to their immunoglobulin isotype and their interaction with human-growth-hormone receptors. These antibodies were found to enhance the binding of radioiodinated human growth hormone to human-growth-hormone serum binding protein from human and rabbit plasma by 40%. Scatchard analysis of the effect of one of the monoclonal antibodies showed that this enhancement was due to an increased number of binding sites. All of the partially purified antibodies but one (F12) inhibited the binding of human growth hormone to rat but not rabbit, liver microsomes to various extents, as well as to H-4-II-E rat hepatoma cells. Monoclonal antibody F12 enhanced the binding of radiolabelled human growth hormone to rat liver microsomes and H-4-II-E hepatoma cells. This enhancement was found to be due to an increase in the number of binding sites.
|
|
| 97. |
- Elfström, Lisa, et al.
(author)
-
Catalysis of potato epoxide hydrolase, StEH1
- 2005
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 390, s. 633-640
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The kinetic mechanism of epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) from potato, StEH1 (Solanum tuberosum epoxide hydrolase 1), was studied by presteady-state and steady-state kinetics as well as by pH dependence of activity. The specific activities towards the different enantiomers of TSO (trans-stilbene oxide) as substrate were 43 and 3 mmol·min-1·mg-1 with the R,R- or S,S-isomers respectively. The enzyme was, however, enantioselective in favour of the S,S enantiomer due to a lower Km value. The pH dependences of kcat with R,R or S,S-TSO were also distinct and supposedly reflecting the pH dependences of the individual kinetic rates during substrate conversion. The rate-limiting step for TSO and cis- and trans-epoxystearate was shown by rapid kinetic measurements to be the hydrolysis of the alkylenzyme intermediate. Functional characterization of point mutants verified residues Asp105, Tyr154, Tyr235 and His300 as crucial for catalytic activity. All mutants displayed drastically decreased enzymatic activities during steady state. Presteady-state measurements revealed the base-deficient H300N (His300Asn) mutant to possess greatly reduced efficiencies in catalysis of both chemical steps (alkylation and hydrolysis).
|
|
| 98. |
- Elgán, Tobias H., et al.
(author)
-
Determinants of activity in glutaredoxins : An in vitro evolved Grx1-like variant of Escherichia coli Grx3
- 2010
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 430:3, s. 487-495
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Escherichia coli glutaredoxins 1 and 3 (Grx1 and Grx3) are structurally similar (37% sequence identity), yet have different activities in vivo. Unlike Grx3, Grx1 efficiently reduces protein disulfides in proteins such as RR (ribonucleotide reductase), whereas it is poor at reducing S-glutathionylated proteins. An E. coli strain lacking genes encoding thioredoxins 1 and 2 and Grx1 is not viable on either rich or minimal medium; however, a M43V mutation in Grx3 restores growth under these conditions and results in a Grx1-like protein [Ortenberg, Gon, Porat and Beckwith (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 7439-7944]. To uncover the structural basis of this change in activity, we have compared wild-type and mutant Grx3 using CD and NMR spectroscopy. Ligand-induced stability measurements demonstrate that the Grx3(M43V/C65Y) mutant has acquired affinity for RR. Far-UV CD spectra reveal no significant differences, but differences are observed in the near-UV region indicative of tertiary structural changes. NMR 1H- 15N HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) spectra show that approximately half of the 82 residues experience significant (Δδ > 0.03 p.p.m.) chemical shift deviations in the mutant, including nine residues experiencing extensive (Δδ ≥ 0.15 p.p.m.) deviations. To test whether the M43V mutation alters dynamic properties of Grx3, H/D (hydrogen/deuterium) exchange experiments were performed demonstrating that the rate at which backbone amides exchange protons with the solvent is dramatically enhanced in the mutant, particularly in the core of the protein. These data suggest that the Grx1-like activity of the Grx3(M43V/C65Y) mutant may be explained by enhanced intrinsic motion allowing for increased specificity towards larger substrates such as RR.
|
|
| 99. |
- Elle, Ida C, et al.
(author)
-
Tissue- and paralogue-specific functions of acyl-CoA-binding proteins in lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
- 2011
-
In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 437:2, s. 231-241
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ACBP (acyl-CoA-binding protein) is a small primarily cytosolic protein that binds acyl-CoA esters with high specificity and affinity. ACBP has been identified in all eukaryotic species, indicating that it performs a basal cellular function. However, differential tissue expression and the existence of several ACBP paralogues in many eukaryotic species indicate that these proteins serve distinct functions. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses seven ACBPs: four basal forms and three ACBP domain proteins. We find that each of these paralogues is capable of complementing the growth of ACBP-deficient yeast cells, and that they exhibit distinct temporal and tissue expression patterns in C. elegans. We have obtained loss-of-function mutants for six of these forms. All single mutants display relatively subtle phenotypes; however, we find that functional loss of ACBP-1 leads to reduced triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and aberrant lipid droplet morphology and number in the intestine. We also show that worms lacking ACBP-2 show a severe decrease in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. A quadruple mutant, lacking all basal ACBPs, is slightly developmentally delayed, displays abnormal intestinal lipid storage, and increased β-oxidation. Collectively, the present results suggest that each of the ACBP paralogues serves a distinct function in C. elegans.
|
|
| 100. |
- Engberg, ST, et al.
(author)
-
Peroxisome proliferator-induced acyl-CoA thioesterase from rat liver cytosol: molecular cloning and functional expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells
- 1997
-
In: The Biochemical journal. - : Portland Press Ltd.. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 323323 ( Pt 2), s. 525-531
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have isolated and cloned a cDNA that codes for one of the peroxisome proliferator-induced acyl-CoA thioesterases of rat liver. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponds to the major induced isoform in cytosol. Analysis and comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the established consensus sequences suggested that this enzyme represents a novel kind of esterase with an incomplete lipase serine active site motif. Analyses of mRNA and its expression indicated that the enzyme is significantly expressed in liver only after peroxisome proliferator treatment, but isoenzymes are constitutively expressed at high levels in testis and brain. The reported cDNA sequence is highly homologous to the recently cloned brain acyl-CoA thioesterase [Broustas, Larkins, Uhler and Hajra (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 10470–10476], but subtle differences throughout the sequence, and distinct differences close to the resulting C-termini, suggest that they are different enzymes, regulated in different manners. A full-length cDNA clone was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and the expressed enzyme was characterized. The palmitoyl-CoA hydrolysing activity (Vmax) was induced approx. 9-fold to 1 μmol/min per mg of cell protein, which was estimated to correspond to a specific activity of 250 μmol/min per mg of cDNA-expressed enzyme. Both the specific activity and the acyl-CoA chain length specificity were very similar to those of the purified rat liver enzyme.
|
|
