| 41. |
- Boin, Arjen, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining Success and Failure in Crisis Coordination
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 97:1, s. 123-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In virtually every assessment of responses to large-scale crises and disasters, coordination is identified as a critical failure factor. After the crisis, official committees and political opponents often characterize the early phases of the response as a ‘failure to coordinate.’ Not surprisingly, improved coordination quickly emerges as the prescribed solution. Coordination, then, is apparently both the problem and the solution. But the proposed solutions rarely solve the problem: coordination continues to mar most crises and disasters. In the absence of a shared body of knowledge on coordination, it is hard to formulate a normative framework that allows for systematic assessment of coordination in times of crisis. As coordination is widely perceived as an important function of crisis and disaster management, this absence undermines a fair and balanced assessment of crisis management performance. This paper seeks to address that void. We aim to develop a framework that explains both the failure and success of crisis coordination. We do this by exploring the relevant literature, reformulating what coordination is and distilling from research the factors that cause failure and success.
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| 42. |
- Bonow, Johan M., et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 102:4, s. 331-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Another year has passed, and indeed it has been turbulent for many of us. Despite the hardship in many aspects of life, our Associated Editors have made tremendous effort and thus, Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography have successfully published volume 102 with 4 issues, including a special issue on different aspects of dendrochronology in Asia.
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| 43. |
- Bonow, Johan M., et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 102:4, s. 331-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 44. |
- Chen, Deliang, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroclimate changes over Sweden in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: a millennium perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 103:2, s. 103-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change poses additional risks for natural and human systems including the hydrological cycle, leading to altered temporal and spatial variation of hydroclimatic conditions. This work assessed the current understanding of the dryness and wetness conditions in Sweden over the last two millenniums based on proxy and instrumental data, as well as climate model simulations and projections until the end of the twenty-first century. The assessment represents a summary of the existing literature concerning analysis of four selected indices for dry/wet conditions relating to precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), and soil moisture (SPEI, PDSI [including scPDSI], SPI, and AI). SPEI considers both precipitation and PET and can show hydroclimatic conditions at different time scales. Therefore, it was chosen to summarize the past and future changes. A focus is put on dry conditions, as drought has strong influences on groundwater which is an important freshwater resource for Sweden. The millennium historical perspective reveals that the current climate is relatively wet and the future would become even wetter as a general wetting trend started some 120 years ago. However, there have been and will be large variations of both dry and wet conditions on short time scales, especially on decadal and interannual time scales. Further, the changes since the 1950s show a regional pattern with most significant wetting in the north, a slightly overall wetting in the south but a drying in central-eastern part including the island of Gotland since 1981. This pattern is broadly consistent with climate model projections for the future.
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| 45. |
- Chen, Deliang, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Projecting future local precipitation and its extremes for Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 97:1, s. 25-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A procedure to obtain future local precipitation characteristics focused on extreme conditions has been developed based on a weather generator. The method involves six major steps: (1) the weather generator was calibrated using observed daily precipitation at 220 Swedish stations during 1961–2004; (2) present and future daily precipitation characteristics for the Swedish stations from two global climate models, namely ECHAM5 and HadCM3, were used to calculate weather generator parameters for the present and future climates at global climate model spatial scales; (3) the ratio of the weather generator parameters for the present climate simulated by the global climate models to those calculated for each station falling into the global climate model grid box were computed for all the stations; (4) these ratios were also assumed to be valid in the future climate, that way the future parameters for each station for the global climate model projected future climate could be calculated; (5) using the estimated future parameters of the weather generator, the future daily precipitation at each station could be simulated by the weather generator; (6) the simulated daily precipitation was used to compute eight indices describing mean and extreme precipitation climates. The future mean and extreme precipitation characteristics at the stations under the Second Report on Emission Scenarios A2 scenario were obtained and presented. An overall increasing trend for frequency and intensity of the indices are identified for the majority of the stations studied. The developed downscaling methodology is relatively simple but useful in deriving local precipitation changes, including changes in the precipitation extremes.
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| 46. |
- Franzén, Lars, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Small Scale Glacial Erosion Forms and Their Possible Relation to Post-Glacial Weathering
- 1991
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 73:1, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes several types of small scale forms on the stoss side of a roche moutonnee surface, recently exposed in a gravel pit in the Fjaras bracka complex, SW Sweden. The forms were filled with weathered rock debris. When excavated, they showed a striking resemblance to 5 forms generally accepted to be shaped by glacial/glaciofluvial erosion. In addition to these forms there were irregular cavities for instance smoothly rounded throughs and irregular rough surfaces resembling those claimed to be preglacial weathering forms. In spite of the few observations made, many small scale glacial erosion forms are likely to be the result of a three-step process i.e. glacial pressure deformation of the bedrock, subsequent weathering of the deformed rock, and finally excavation of the deformed rock by exogenic processes. Further on it seems probable that many rough surfaces of the type described in the paper are the result of glacial pressure deformation and subsequent weathering
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Girons Lopez, Marc, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Location and Density of Rain Gauges for the Estimation of Spatial Varying Precipitation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 97:1, s. 167-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate estimation of precipitation and its spatial variability is crucial for reliable discharge simulations. Although radar and satellite based techniques are becoming increasingly widespread, quantitative precipitation estimates based on point rain gauge measurement interpolation are, and will continue to be in the foreseeable future, widely used. However, the ability to infer spatially distributed data from point measurements is strongly dependent on the number, location and reliability of measurement stations.In this study we quantitatively investigated the effect of rain gauge network configurations on the spatial interpolation by using the operational hydrometeorological sensor network in the Thur river basin in north-eastern Switzerland as a test case. Spatial precipitation based on a combination of radar and rain gauge data provided by MeteoSwiss was assumed to represent the true precipitation values against which the precipitation interpolation from the sensor network was evaluated. The performance using scenarios with both increased and decreased station density were explored. The catchment-average interpolation error indices significantly improve up to a density of 24 rain gauges per 1000 km2, beyond which improvements were negligible. However, a reduced rain gauge density in the higher parts of the catchment resulted in a noticeable decline of the performance indices. An evaluation based on precipitation intensity thresholds indicated a decreasing performance for higher precipitation intensities. The results of this study emphasise the benefits of dense and adequately distributed rain gauge networks.
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| 49. |
- Guinea Barrientos, Héctor Estuardo, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Disaster management cooperation in central america : The case of rainfall-induced natural disasters
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 97:1, s. 85-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rainfall-induced natural disasters rank first among all natural disasters in Central America. Due to the geographical conditions of the Central American region, it is common that two or more countries are struck by the same rainfall event, for example Hurricane Mitch in 1998 affected the entire Central American region, killing more than 18000 people. As a consequence, Central American countries have started to promote regional policies and programs that aim for better preparation and response to these events, including disaster management cooperation. However, cooperation poses several challenges that may hinder its goals. In order to analyse these challenges, we present analysis in this paper of the current policy and legal institutions as well as the main challenges that may hinder international disaster management cooperation in Central America.
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| 50. |
- Hall, Adrian M., et al.
(författare)
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Glacial ripping: geomorphological evidence from Sweden for a new process of glacial erosion
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler Series a-Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 2:4, s. 333-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In low relief Precambrian gneiss terrain in eastern Sweden, abraded bedrock surfaces were ripped apart by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The resultantboulder spreadsare covers of large, angular boulders, many with glacial transport distances of 1-100 m. Boulder spreads occur alongside partly disintegrated roches moutonnees and associated fracture caves, and are associated withdisrupted bedrock, which shows extensive fracture dilation in the near surface. These features are distributed in ice-flow parallel belts up to 10 km wide and extend over distances of >500 km. Our hypothesis is that the assemblage results from (1) hydraulic jacking and bedrock disruption, (2) subglacial ripping and (3) displacement, transport and final deposition of boulders. Soft sediment fills indicate jacking and dilation of pre-existing bedrock fractures by groundwater overpressure below the ice sheet. Overpressure reduces frictional resistance along fractures. Where ice traction overcomes this resistance, the rock mass strength is exceeded, resulting in disintegration of rock surfaces and ripping apart into separate blocks. Further movement and deposition create boulder spreads and moraines. Short boulder transport distances and high angularity indicate that glacial ripping operated late in the last deglaciation. The depths of rock mobilized in boulder spreads are estimated as 1-4 m. This compares with 0.6-1.6 m depths of erosion during the last glaciation derived from cosmogenic nuclide inventories of samples from bedrock surfaces without evidence of disruption. Glacially disrupted and ripped bedrock is also made ready for removal by future ice sheets. Henceglacial rippingis a highly effective process of glacial erosion.
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