| 11. |
- Cuijpers, Pim, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological treatment of depression: Results of a series of meta-analyses
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 65:6, s. 354-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cuijpers P, Andersson G, Donker T, van Straten A. Psychological treatment of depression: Results of a series of meta-analyses. Nord J Psychiatry 2011;65:354-364. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanBackground: In the past few decades, a considerable number of studies have examined the effects of psychotherapies for adult depression. Aim: We described the results of a series of meta-analyses examining what this large body of research has contributed to our knowledge of these treatments of depression. Results: We found that different types of psychotherapy are efficacious in the treatment of adult depression, including cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, non-directive supportive therapy and behavioral activation therapy. Differences between types of psychotherapy are small. The efficacy of psychotherapy for mild to moderate depression is about the same as the efficacy of pharmacotherapy, and that combined treatment is more effective than psychotherapy alone and pharmacotherapy alone. Psychotherapy is not only effective in depressed adults in general, but also in older adults, women with postpartum depression, patients with general medical disorders, in inpatients, in primary care patients, patients with chronic depression and in subthreshold depression. Conclusions: We found no evidence showing that psychotherapy is less efficacious in severe depression ( with mean baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores up to 31, mean Beck Depression Inventory scores up to 35.85 and mean Beck Depression Inventory-II scores up to 36.50), but effects are smaller in chronic depression. We also found that the effects of psychotherapy are probably overestimated because of publication bias and the relatively low quality of many studies in the field.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Dalteg, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosis in adulthood is associated with high rates of ADHD and CD problems during childhood
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-4725 .- 0803-9488. ; 68:8, s. 560-566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia display poor premorbid adjustment (PPA) in half of the cases. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) are common child psychiatric disorders. These two facts have not previously been linked in the literature. Aims: To determine the prevalence of ADHD/CD problems retrospectively among patients with psychoses, and whether and to what extent the high frequency of substance abuse problems among such patients may be linked to ADHD/CD problems. Method: ADHD and CD problems/diagnoses were retrospectively recorded in one forensic (n = 149) and two non-forensic samples (n = 98 and n = 231) of patients with a psychotic illness: schizophrenia, bipolar or other, excluding drug-induced psychoses. Results: ADHD and CD were much more common among the patients than in the general population-the odds ratio was estimated to be greater than 5. There was no significant difference in this respect between forensic and non-forensic patients. Substance abuse was common, but substantially more common among patients with premorbid ADHD/CD problems. Conclusions: Previous views regarding PPA among patients with a psychotic illness may reflect an association between childhood ADHD/CD and later psychosis. The nature of this association remains uncertain: two disorders sharing some generative mechanisms or one disorder with two main clinical manifestations. Childhood ADHD and particularly CD problems contribute to the high frequency of substance abuse in such groups.
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| 14. |
- Dekeyser, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported mental health in 12-year-old second-generation immigrant children in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 65:6, s. 389-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today 29.3% of all newborns in Sweden are second-generation immigrants. Studies on mental health among these children are few, inconclusive and vary widely with regard to the informant used and the age of the immigrant. The majority of previous studies focus on study groups that cover a wide age span but since mental health varies considerably during the pre-adolescent and adolescent years, more age-specific studies are needed. Additional focus on the health and well-being of these children is necessary if a well-functioning society is to develop. Aim: To investigate whether and how second-generation immigrant children in Sweden differ from non-immigrant children in their presentation of self-reported mental health at the age of 12. Methods: Second-generation immigrant children (n = 142) from a birth cohort in southern Sweden, subjects of the SESBiC-study (the South East Sweden Birth Cohort-study) were compared with non-immigrant children (n = 1036) from the same cohort in their presentation of self-reported mental health at the age of 12 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Gender, family structure and parents educational level were controlled for. Results: Second-generation immigrant children did not differ from the non-immigrant children in their own presentation of mental health at the age of 12 in any of the categories of immigrant groups. Conclusion: It is a promising sign for future integration that second-generation immigrant childrens self-reported mental health at the age of 12 was quite similar to that of non-immigrant children.
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| 15. |
- Dyster-Aas, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of physical injury on mental health after the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 66:3, s. 203-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background : The risk of developing enduring post-traumatic stress reactions and mental health problems in the aftermath of disasters is substantial. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the contribution of physical injury as an independent risk factor for developing psychiatric morbidity after disasters. Aims : The aim was to assess whether physical injury was associated with post-traumatic stress reactions and general mental health after adjusting for perceived life-threat in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. Methods : A sample of 1501 highly exposed survivors from the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami was selected from a cohort of Swedish survivors surveyed 14 and 36 months after the event. The impact of physical injury on post-traumatic stress and general mental health was assessed by regression models accounting for subjective life-threat. Results : Physical injury was associated with higher levels of post-traumatic stress reactions and poorer general mental health. These associations were observed at both 14 and 36 months after the disaster. Conclusions : Physical injury has a specific contribution to the association between traumatic experience and both post-traumatic stress reactions and general mental health in victims of the 2004 tsunami. The effect is stable over several years.
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| 16. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Flunitrazepam intake in male offenders
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 66:2, s. 131-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The abuse of flunitrazepam (FZ) compounds is worldwide, and several studies have reflected on the consequences with regard to violence, aggression and criminal lifestyle of FZ users. Criminals take high doses of FZ or some other benzodiazepines to "calm down" before the planned crime. There is support from earlier studies that most likely, all benzodiazepines may increase aggression in vulnerable males. Chronic intake of high doses of FZ increases aggression in male rats. Because psychopathy involves aggression, we have examined whether psychopathy as well as any of the four facets of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle and Antisocial) are related to different substance use disorders, with the focus on FZ. We have also examined the relationship between each PCL-R item and FZ use. Participants were 114 male offenders aged 14-35 years, all of whom were convicted for severe, predominantly violent, offences. Substance use, including FZ, was not more common in those who scored high in psychopathy. Use of FZ was more common in offenders who scored high in Facet 4 (Antisocial) of the PCL-R (odds ratio = 4.30, 95% CI 1.86-9.94). Only one of the PCL-R items, "Criminal versatility", was significantly associated with FZ use (odds ratio = 3.7). It may be concluded that intake of FZ has a specific relationship to only one of the facets and not to psychopathy per se. ; The findings have also important theoretical implications because Facet 4 is not a key factor of the construct of psychopathy. Clinical implications of the article: We have used the new two-factor and four-facet theoretical model of psychopathy in the young offender population, many of them with one or more substance use disorders. The present results suggest that antisocial behavior defined by Facet 4 (poor behavioral control, early behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release and criminal versatility) in the studied subjects is more typical for FZ users than it is for non-FZ users. This may have implications for assessment and treatment. Clinicians should be aware that criminals with high scores on Facet 4 have a more than fourfold odds of being a FZ user. This conclusion has an important clinical implication because FZ abuse is very common and is not always the focus of a forensic psychiatric assessment. ;
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| 17. |
- Eklund, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Swedish version of the Perceived Stress Scale.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 68:7, s. 494-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measures general stress and the Swedish version, although used in several studies, has not been extensively evaluated for psychometric properties. Aims: This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties and the factor solution of the Swedish 14-item version when used with two samples, namely a mixed Internet sample of women and men (n = 171) and another of women with stress-related disorders (n = 84). Classical test theory, including confirmatory factor analysis, was employed. Results: The factor structure supported a two-factor model for the PSS and confirmed other language versions of the PSS, although one items showed a low item-total correlation. The PSS showed to be feasible with the investigated samples and the results indicated no ceiling or floor effects and good internal consistency of the PSS. Several aspects of construct validity were shown. An association of − 0.66 between the PSS and a measure of coping indicated good concurrent validity. Criterion validity was demonstrated through a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the women with stress-related disorders and the Internet sample. Predictive validity of the PSS could be demonstrated in a short-term perspective. Based on the sample with stress-related disorders, sensitivity to change was shown through a statistically significant stress reduction (P < 0.001) from entering work rehabilitation to discharge. Conclusions: The Swedish version of the PSS showed satisfactory psychometric properties and may be recommended for use with people with and without known stress-related disorders.
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| 18. |
- Eklund, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Pearlin Mastery Scale in people with mental illness and healthy people
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 66:6, s. 380-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Mastery refers to the degree to which people perceive that they can control factors that influence their life situation, and has been found important for people's quality of life and well-being. It is thus essential to be able to measure mastery in a valid and reliable way. Aim: This study aimed at using the Rasch measurement model to investigate the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Pearlin Mastery Scale (Mastery-S). Methods: A sample of 300 healthy individuals and 278 persons with mental illness responded to the Mastery-S. Item responses were Rasch analysed regarding model fit, response category functioning, differential item functioning (DIF) and targeting, using the partial credit model. Results: The Mastery-S items represented a logical continuum of the measured construct but one item displayed misfit. Reliability (Person Separation Index) was 0.7. The response categories did not work as expected in three items, which could be corrected for by collapsing categories. Three items displayed DIF between the two subsamples, which caused a bias when comparing mastery levels between subsamples, suggesting the Mastery-S is not truly generic. Conclusions: The Mastery-S may be used to obtain valid and reliable data, but some precautions should be made. If used to compare groups, new analyses of DIF should first be made. Users of the scale should also consider exempting item 6 from the scale and analyse it as a separate item. Finally, rewording of response categories should be considered in order to make them more distinct and thereby improve score reliability.
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| 19. |
- Ewalds-Kvist, Béatrice, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of gender and age on attitudes towards mental illness in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 67:5, s. 360-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Factors such as respondent's sex, age, experience of mental illness and marital status have been found to impact public prejudices toward persons with mental illness. Aims: The impact of respondents' sex, age, real-life experience and marital status on their attitudes towards mental illness was the focus of this study. Methods: Altogether, 2391 respondents completed the Swedish version of Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill, CAMI-S. Their answers were reduced by principal component analysis into four factors: Open-minded and Pro-integration, Fear and Avoidance, Community Mental Health Ideology and Intention to Interact with Persons with Mental Illness. By Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the relations between public's sex and age on their attitudes toward mental illness on these four factors were assessed. Impact of experience and marital status on attitudes towards mental illness was assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Females were found to hold a greater open-mindedness and were positive to pro-integration, but they were also fearful and avoidant, more so than males, relative to persons with mental illness. With regard to getting older, as age increased, so did open-mindedness and a pro-integration attitude relative to persons with mental illness; on the other hand as age increased, community mental health ideology decreased. As attitudes of open-mindedness and pro-integration improved, so did attitudes representing community mental health ideology. Furthermore, as fear and avoidance increased, attitudes of open-mindedness and pro-integration increased but also the intention to interact with persons subject to mental illness was improved.
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| 20. |
- Ewalds-Kvist, Béatrice, et al.
(författare)
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Student nurses and the general population in Sweden : Trends in attitudes towards mental illness
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 67:3, s. 164-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate attitudes towards mental illness displayed by student nurses' with previous contact with mentally disordered persons prior to education in psychiatric nursing and to evaluate trends in attitudes towards mental illness exhibited by student nurses and the public in Sweden. Methods: Altogether 246 student nurses enrolled in three universities in Sweden (mean age = 27.9 +/- 7.5 years) out of which 210 were females and 36 males, completed prior to their obligatory course in psychiatric nursing a shortened version of 11 internally reliable (Cronbach's alpha 0.84) items from the Swedish version of the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness questionnarie. The selected items were named the Student Nurse Attitude Index (SNAI) and formed the basis for an evaluation of trends exhibited by student nurses and the attitudes of the general population towards mental illness by means of Jonkheere's trend test. By linear regression analysis, the impact of previous contact with mental illness on student nurses' attitudes towards mental illness prior to education in psychiatric nursing was assessed. Results: Student nurses did not demonstrate, in contrast to the public in Sweden, a trend of positive attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Even so, it was revealed that student nurses who had experienced some type of contact with mental illness prior to education in psychiatric nursing exhibited a positive attitude, more so than those lacking contact, toward mental illness. Conclusions: The findings corroborated the contact hypothesis, implying that direct contact with persons with mental illness will encourage acceptance and enhance a positive attitude towards mental illness in general.
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