| 51. |
- Baczyk, Marcin, et al.
(author)
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Facilitation of ipsilateral actions of corticospinal tract neurons on feline motoneurons by transcranial direct current stimulation
- 2014
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In: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 0953-816X. ; 40:4, s. 2628-2640
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ipsilateral actions of pyramidal tract (PT) neurons are weak but may, if strengthened, compensate for deficient crossed PT actions following brain damage. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can strengthen ipsilateral PT (iPT) actions; in particular, those relayed by reticulospinal neurons co-excited by axon collaterals of fibres descending in the iPT and contralateral PT (coPT) and of reticulospinal neurons descending in the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF). The effects of tDCS were assessed in acute experiments on deeply anaesthetized cats by comparing postsynaptic potentials evoked in hindlimb motoneurons and discharges recorded from their axons in a ventral root, before, during and after tDCS. tDCS was consistently found to facilitate joint actions of the iPT and coPT, especially when they were stimulated together with the MLF. Both excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in motoneurons and the ensuing ventral root discharges were facilitated, even though the facilitatory effects of tDCS were not sufficient for activation of motoneurons by iPT neurons alone. Facilitation outlasted single tDCS periods by at least a few minutes, and the effects evoked by repeated tDCS by up to 2 h. The results of this study thus indicate that tDCS may increase the contribution of iPT actions to the recovery of motor functions after injuries to coPT neurons, and thereby assist rehabilitation, provided that corticoreticular and reticulospinal connections are preserved.
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| 52. |
- Bakalkin, Georgy, et al.
(author)
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Coordinated expression of the renin-angiotensin genes in the lumbar spinal cord : Lateralization and effects of unilateral brain injury
- 2021
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In: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0953-816X .- 1460-9568. ; 54:4, s. 5560-5573
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In spite of its apparent symmetry, the spinal cord is asymmetric in its reflexes and gene expression patterns including leftward expression bias of the opioid and glutamate genes. To examine whether this is a general phenomenon for neurotransmitter and neurohormonal genes, we here characterized expression and co-expression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that is involved in neuroprotection and pathological neuroplasticity in the left and right lumbar spinal cord. We also tested whether the RAS expression patterns were affected by unilateral brain injury (UBI) that rewired lumbar spinal neurocircuits. The left and right halves of the lumbar spinal cord were analysed in intact rats, and rats with left- or right-sided unilateral cortical injury, and left- or right-sided sham surgery. The findings were (i) lateralized expression of the RAS genes Ace, Agtr2 and Ren with higher levels on the left side; (ii) the asymmetry in coordination of the RAS gene expression that was stronger on the right side; (iii) the decay in coordination of co-expression of the RAS and neuroplasticity-related genes induced by the right-side but not left-side sham surgery and UBI; and (iv) the UBI-induced shift to negative regulatory interactions between RAS and neuroplasticity-related genes on the contralesional spinal side. Thus, the RAS genes may be a part of lateralized gene co-expression networks and have a role in a side-specific regulation of spinal neurocircuits.
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| 53. |
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| 54. |
- Bannatyne, B Anne, et al.
(author)
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Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions.
- 2003
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In: The European journal of neuroscience. - 0953-816X. ; 18:8, s. 2273-84
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Axonal projections and neurotransmitters used by commissural interneurons mediating crossed actions of reticulospinal neurons were investigated in adult cats. Eighteen interneurons, located in or close to lamina VIII in midlumbar segments, that were monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal tract fibres and projected to contralateral motor nuclei were labelled by intracellular injection of tetramethylrhodamine-dextran and Neurobiotin. The nine most completely labelled interneurons were analysed with combined confocal and light microscopy. None of the stem axons gave off ipsilateral axon collaterals. Seven cells had axon collaterals that arborized in the contralateral grey matter in the ventral horn of the same segments. Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. Three cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. None of the axons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Electron microscopy of two cells revealed direct synaptic connections with motoneurons and other neurons. Axonal swellings of one neuron formed synapses with profiles in motor nuclei whereas those of the other formed synapses with other structures, including cell bodies in lamina VII. The results show that this population of commissural interneurons includes both excitatory and inhibitory cells that may excite or inhibit contralateral motoneurons directly. They may also influence the activity of motoneurons indirectly by acting through interneurons located outside motor nuclei in the contralateral grey matter but are unlikely to have direct actions on interneurons in the ipsilateral grey matter.
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Barraud, Perrine, et al.
(author)
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Isolation and characterization of neural precursor cells from the Sox1-GFP reporter mouse.
- 2005
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In: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 1460-9568 .- 0953-816X. ; 22:7, s. 1555-1569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have made use of a reporter mouse line in which enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP) is inserted into the Sox1 locus. We show that the GFP reporter is coexpressed with the Sox1 protein as well as with other known markers for neural stem and progenitor cells, and can be used to identify and isolate these cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from the developing or adult brain and from neurosphere cultures. All neurosphere-forming cells with the capacity for multipotency and self-renewal reside in the Sox1–GFP-expressing population. Thus, the Sox1–GFP reporter system is highly useful for identification, isolation and characterization of neural stem and progenitor cells, as well as for the validation of alternative means for isolating neural stem and progenitor cells. Further, transplantation experiments show that Sox1–GFP cells isolated from the foetal brain give rise to neurons and glia in vivo, and that many of the neurons display phenotypic characteristics appropriate for the developing brain region from which the Sox1–GFP precursors were derived. On the other hand, Sox1–GFP cells isolated from the adult subventricular zone or expanded neurosphere cultures gave rise almost exclusively to glial cells following transplantation. Thus, not all Sox1–GFP cells possess the same capacity for neuronal differentiation in vivo.
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| 57. |
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| 58. |
- Bazzurro, V., et al.
(author)
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Involvement of GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(6) subtypes in antisecretory factor activity on rat cerebellar granule cells studied by two-photon uncaging
- 2022
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In: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 0953-816X .- 1460-9568. ; 56:5, s. 4505-4513
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The antisecretory factor (AF) is an endogenous protein that counteracts intestinal hypersecretion and various inflammation conditions in vivo. It has been detected in many mammalian tissues and plasma, but its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. To study the pharmacological action of the AF on different GABA(A) receptor populations in cerebellar granule cells, we took advantage of the two-photon uncaging method as this technique allows to stimulate the cell locally in well-identified plasma membrane parts. We compared the electrophysiological response evoked by releasing a caged GABA compound on the soma, the axon initial segment and neurites before and after administering AF-16, a 16 amino acids long peptide obtained from the amino-terminal end of the AF protein. After the treatment with AF-16, we observed peak current increases of varying magnitude depending on the neuronal region. Thus, studying the effects of furosemide and AF-16 on the electrophysiological behaviour of cerebellar granules, we suggest that GABA(A) receptors, containing the alpha(6) subunit, may be specifically involved in the increase of the peak current by AF, and different receptor subtype distribution may be responsible for differences in this increase on the cell.
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
- Bengtsson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Feedback control of Purkinje cell activity by the cerebello-olivary pathway.
- 2004
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In: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 1460-9568 .- 0953-816X. ; 20:11, s. 2999-3005
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pathway from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the inferior olive, the source of the climbing fibre input to the cerebellum, inhibits olivary transmission. As climbing fibre activity can depress the background firing of the Purkinje cells, it was suggested that nucleo-olivary (N–O) inhibition is a negative feedback mechanism for regulating Purkinje cell excitability. This suggestion was investigated, in a set-up with decerebrate ferrets, both by blocking and by stimulating cerebellar output while recording Purkinje cell activity. Blocking the N–O pathway was followed by an increased climbing fibre activity and a dramatic reduction in simple spike firing. Stimulation of the N–O fibres depressed climbing fibre responses and caused an increase in simple spike firing. These results are taken as support for the feedback hypothesis.
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