| 181721. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert, et al.
(författare)
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Design method for Unconventional Computing
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings 10th IEEE Workshop on CNNA and their Applications. - 1424406404 ; , s. 334-339
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Network-on-Chip concepts allow moving away from the classical, centralized computer. The meaningful collaboration of computing units over a well-behaved network creates the infinite state space that underlies the Turing computer concept. The combinatorial state explosion that results from a Network-on-Chip will easily prove more valuable than the mere technological progress in memory storage, when the network nodes become small enough. Embedded Super-Computing has this unconventional goal. This paper introduces a design method for such computing concepts. It discusses how a software simulation is gradually migrated into a Network-on-Chip implementation. The approach is illustrated by the development of a Cellular Neural Network as a typical example of a well-behaved network on small, embedded nodes.
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| 181722. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert
(författare)
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Early detection of abnormal emergent behaviour
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings European Signal Processing Conference. ; , s. 1741-1744
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emergent behaviour has become a plague of automation systems based on communication networks. Centralized monitoring of the network comes generally to late to sup-press unwanted behaviour. It is required to mark the ten-dency towards state changes in a decentralized manner. The paper discusses the role of local awareness by inspection of the model learning behaviour of feed-forward networks. The correlated movement of weight changes over time provides a clear indication of such profound changes, as demonstrated by some initial experience in industrial automation.
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| 181723. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert, et al.
(författare)
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Embedded sensory systems based on topographic maps
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proceedings Progress 03. - 9073461375 ; , s. 232-237
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Image processing is one of the popular applications of Cellular Neural Networks. Macro enriched field-programmable gate-arrays can be used to realize such systems on silicon. The paper discusses a pipelined implementation that supports the handling of gray-level images at 180 to 240 Mpixels per second by exploiting the Virtex-II macros to spatially unroll the local feedback.
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| 181724. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert
(författare)
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Ensuring Safety in Distributed Networks
- 2010
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Ingår i: 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. - 9781424477449 ; , s. 6815-6820
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large-scale distributed networks are not easy to control centrally. Local set-point variations will likely create flooding alarm fluctuations. However, local control can cause emergence of unwanted network behavior. The paper overviews the problems with model-based control in sensory networks, such as currently rolled out for the Electric Grid, and shows how networked intelligence can bridge between central and distributed control.
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| 181725. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert, et al.
(författare)
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Natural learning of neural networks by reconfiguration
- 2003
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Ingår i: SPIE Proceedings on Bioengineered and Bioinspired Systems. - : SPIE. - 1996-756X .- 0277-786X. ; 5119, s. 273-284
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The communicational and computational demands of neural networks are hard to satisfy in a digital technology. Temporal computing solves this problem by iteration, but leaves a slow network. Spatial computing was no option until the coming of modern FPGA devices. The letter shows how a small feed-forward neural module can be configured on the limited logic blocks between RAM and multiplier macro’s. It is then described how by spatial unrolling or by reconfiguration a large modular ANN can be built from such modules.
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| 181726. |
- Spaanenburg, Lambert, et al.
(författare)
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Self-similar module for FP/LNS arithmetic in high-performance FPGA systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE. - 0277-786X .- 1996-756X. ; 5837 PART II, s. 880-887
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scientific community has gratefully embraced floating-point arithmetic to escape the close attention for accuracy and precision required in fixed-point computational styles. Though its deficiencies are well known, the role of the floating-point system as standard has kept other number representation systems from coming into practice. The paper discusses the relation between fixed and floating-point numbers from a pragmatic point of view that allows to mix both systems to optimize FPGA-based hardware accelerators. The method is developed for the Mitrion "processor on demand" technology, where a computationally intensive algorithm is transformed into a dedicated. The large gap in cycle time between fixed and floating-point operations and between direct and reverse operations makes the on-chip control for the fine-grain pipelines of parallel logic very complicated. Having alternative hardware realizations available can alleviate this. The paper uses a conjunctive notation, also known as DIGILOG, to introduce a flexible means in creating configurable arithmetic of arbitrary order using a single module type. This allows the Mitrion hardware compiler to match the hardware closer to the demands of the specific algorithm. Typical applications are in molecular simulation and real-time image analysis.
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| 181727. |
- Spaans, Florentine, et al.
(författare)
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Trees in trimmed hedgerows but not tree health increase diversity of oribatid mite communities in intensively managed agricultural land
- 2019
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hedgerows structure agricultural landscape worldwide but little is known on their soil communities. In the intensively managed agricultural landscapes of Ireland and the UK, hedgerows protect soil from degradation and are thought to provide a reservoir of soil biodiversity for the farmed fields. But hedgerows are currently threatened by emergent tree diseases spread with rising volumes of trade in plants. This study analysed the effect of the most dominant hedgerow tree species on the composition and diversity of soil communities, which we estimated with oribatid mites in the context of an imminent ash dieback outbreak in Northern Ireland. We hypothesised that the environmental heterogeneity created by different tree species and good tree health are beneficial to the abundance and diversity of these soil communities. We found that communities differ, both in terms of species composition and relative abundances, between different trees in the trimmed hedgerows, and between untrimmed and trimmed hedgerows. The presence of trees was associated with more variable species composition. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) showed that pasture and adjacent hedgerows were dominated by bacteria but there was no clear relationship between bacterial biomass and oribatid abundance or richness. However, changes in bacterial PLFAs were correlated positively with changes in oribatid community composition. Soil under ash trees which were diseased supported a higher species richness and greater abundance of oribatids than healthy trees. We conclude that the presence of different tree species in hedgerows adds to the overall diversity of soil hedgerow communities and hypothesise that the structural heterogeneity created by tree canopy drives increased diversity. Ill health in ash trees is currently positively affecting oribatid communities, possibly due to the temporarily increase in organic matter in soil. The epidemic of ash dieback, however, is expected to kill and remove trees in the medium term and so reduce soil community diversity in the long term.
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| 181728. |
- Špacírová, Zuzana, et al.
(författare)
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The cost-effectiveness of a uniform versus age-based threshold for one-off screening for prevention of cardiovascular disease
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-7598 .- 1618-7601. ; 24:7, s. 1033-1045
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this article was to assess the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A decision analytic model was constructed to estimate the costs and benefits of one-off screening strategies differentiated by screening age, sex and the threshold for initiating statin therapy (“uniform” or “age-adjusted”) from the Spanish NHS perspective. The age-adjusted thresholds were configured so that the same number of people at high risk would be treated as under the uniform threshold. Health benefit was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Transition rates were estimated from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-CVD), a large multicentre nested case-cohort study with 12 years of follow-up. Unit costs of primary care, hospitalizations and CVD care were taken from the Spanish health system. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were employed. The comparator was no systematic screening program. The base case model showed that the most efficient one-off strategy is to screen both men and women at 40 years old using a uniform risk threshold for initiating statin treatment (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio of €3,274/QALY and €6,085/QALY for men and women, respectively). Re-allocating statin treatment towards younger individuals at high risk for their age and sex would not offset the benefit obtained using those same resources to treat older individuals. Results are sensitive to assumptions about CVD incidence rates. To conclude, one-off screening for CVD using a uniform risk threshold appears cost-effective compared with no systematic screening. These results should be evaluated in clinical studies.
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| 181729. |
- Spada, C., et al.
(författare)
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Colon capsule endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline
- 2012
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Ingår i: Endoscopy. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 1438-8812 .- 0013-726X. ; 44:5, s. 527-535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PillCam colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is an innovative noninvasive, and painless ingestible capsule technique that allows exploration of the colon without the need for sedation and gas insufflation. Although it is already available in European and other countries, the clinical indications for CCE as well as the reporting and work-up of detected findings have not yet been standardized. The aim of this evidence-based and consensus-based guideline, commissioned by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) is to furnish healthcare providers with a comprehensive framework for potential implementation of this technique in a clinical setting.
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| 181730. |
- Spada, Cristiano, et al.
(författare)
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Factors Associated with Polyp Detection Rate in European Colonoscopy Practice : Findings of The European Colonoscopy Quality Investigation (ECQI) Group
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The European Colonoscopy Quality Investigation (ECQI) Group aims to raise awareness for improvement in colonoscopy standards across Europe. We analysed data collected on a sample of procedures conducted across Europe to evaluate the achievement of the polyp detection rate (PDR) target. We also investigated factors associated with PDR, in the hope of establishing areas that could lead to a quality improvement. Methods: 6445 form completions from 12 countries between 2 June 2016 and 30 April 2018 were considered for this analysis. We performed an exploratory analysislooking at PDR according to European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) definition. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the most influential associated factors after adjusting for the other pre-specified variables. Results: In our sample therewere 3365 screening and diagnostic procedures performed in those over 50 years. The PDR was 40.5%, which is comparable with the ESGE minimum standard of 40%. The variables found to be associated with PDR were in descending order: Use of high-definition equipment, body mass index (BMI), patient gender, age group, and the reason for the procedure. Use of HD equipment was associated with a significant increase in the reporting of flat lesions (14.3% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.0001) and protruded lesions (34.7% vs. 25.4%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: On average, the sample of European practice captured by the ECQI survey meets the minimum PDR standard set by the ESGE. Our findings support the ESGE recommendation for routine use of HD colonoscopy.
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