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- Shahim, Pashtun, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Time course and diagnostic utility of NfL, tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in subacute and chronic TBI
- 2020
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In: Neurology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 95:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective To determine whether neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau, and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) measured in serum relate to traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosis, injury severity, brain volume, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) in patients with TBI. Methods Patients with TBI (n = 162) and controls (n = 68) were prospectively enrolled between 2011 and 2019. Patients with TBI also underwent serum, functional outcome, and imaging assessments at 30 (n = 30), 90 (n = 48), and 180 (n = 59) days, and 1 (n = 84), 2 (n = 57), 3 (n = 46), 4 (n = 38), and 5 (n = 29) years after injury. Results At enrollment, patients with TBI had increased serum NfL compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Serum NfL decreased over the course of 5 years but remained significantly elevated compared to controls. Serum NfL at 30 days distinguished patients with mild, moderate, and severe TBI from controls with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.84, 0.92, and 0.92, respectively. At enrollment, serum GFAP was elevated in patients with TBI compared to controls (p < 0.001). GFAP showed a biphasic release in serum, with levels decreasing during the first 6 months of injury but increasing over the subsequent study visits. The highest AUROC for GFAP was measured at 30 days, distinguishing patients with moderate and severe TBI from controls (both 0.89). Serum tau and UCH-L1 showed weak associations with TBI severity and neuroimaging measures. Longitudinally, serum NfL was the only biomarker that was associated with the likely rate of MRI brain atrophy and DTI measures of progression of TAI. Conclusions Serum NfL shows greater diagnostic and prognostic utility than GFAP, tau, and UCH-L1 for subacute and chronic TBI. Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that serum NfL distinguishes patients with mild TBI from healthy controls.
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| 56. |
- Smail, Ian, et al.
(author)
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An ALMA survey of the S2CLS UDS field: optically invisible submillimetre galaxies
- 2021
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 502:3, s. 3426-3435
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyse a robust sample of 30 near-infrared-faint (K-AB > 25.3, 5 sigma) submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) selected from a 0.96 deg(2) field to investigate their properties and the cause of their faintness in optical/near-infrared wavebands. Our analysis exploits precise identifications based on Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) 870-mu m continuum imaging, combined with very deep near-infrared imaging from the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey. We estimate that SMGs with K-AB > 25.3 mag represent 15 +/- 2 per cent of the total population brighter than S-870 = 3.6 mJy, with a potential surface density of similar to 450 deg(-2) above S870 >= 1 mJy. As such, they pose a source of contamination in surveys for both high-redshift 'quiescent' galaxies and very high redshift Lyman-break galaxies. We show that these K-faint SMGs represent the tail of the broader submillimetre population, with comparable dust and stellar masses to K-AB <= 25.3 mag SMGs, but lying at significantly higher redshifts (z = 3.44 +/- 0.06 versus z = 2.36 +/- 0.11) and having higher dust attenuation (A(V) = 5.2 +/- 0.3 versus A(V) = 2.9 +/- 0.1). We investigate the origin of the strong dust attenuation and find indications that these K-faint galaxies have smaller dust continuum sizes than the K-AB <= 25.3 mag galaxies, as measured by ALMA, which suggests their high attenuation is related to their compact sizes. We identify a correlation of dust attenuation with star formation rate surface density (Sigma(SFR)), with the K-faint SMGs representing the higher Sigma(SFR) and highest A(V) galaxies. The concentrated, intense star formation activity in these systems is likely to be associated with the formation of spheroids in compact galaxies at high redshifts, but as a result of their high obscuration these galaxies are completely missed in ultraviolet, optical, and even near-infrared surveys.
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| 57. |
- Birkin, Jack E., et al.
(author)
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An ALMA/NOEMA survey of the molecular gas properties of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
- 2021
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 501:3, s. 3926-3950
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have used ALMA and NOEMA to study the molecular gas reservoirs in 61 ALMA-identified submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) in the COSMOS, UDS, and ECDFS fields. We detect 12CO (Jup = 2-5) emission lines in 50 sources, and [C I](3P1 -3P0) emission in eight, at z = 1.2-4.8 and with a median redshift of 2.9±0.2. By supplementing our data with literature sources, we construct a statistical CO spectral line energy distribution and find that the 12CO line luminosities in SMGs peak at Jup ∼ 6, consistent with similar studies. We also test the correlations of the CO, [C I], and dust as tracers of the gas mass, finding the three to correlate well, although the CO and dust mass as estimated from the 3-mm continuum are preferable. We estimate that SMGs lie mostly on or just above the star-forming main sequence, with a median gas depletion timescale, tdep = Mgas/SFR, of 210±40 Myr for our sample. Additionally, tdep declines with redshift across z ∼ 1-5, while the molecular gas fraction, μgas = Mgas/M*, increases across the same redshift range. Finally, we demonstrate that the distribution of total baryonic mass and dynamical line width, Mbaryon-σ, for our SMGs is consistent with that followed by early-type galaxies in the Coma cluster, providing strong support to the suggestion that SMGs are progenitors of massive local spheroidal galaxies. On the basis of this, we suggest that the SMG populations above and below an 870-μm flux limit of S870 ∼ 5mJy may correspond to the division between slow and fast rotators seen in local early-type galaxies.
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| 58. |
- Cresswell, J. A., et al.
(author)
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Measurement of maternal functioning during pregnancy and postpartum: findings from the cross-sectional WHO pilot study in Jamaica, Kenya, and Malawi
- 2020
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In: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2393. ; 20:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundThe World Health Organization's definition of maternal morbidity refers to "a negative impact on the woman's wellbeing and/or functioning". Many studies have documented the, mostly negative, effects of maternal ill-health on functioning. Although conceptually important, measurement of functioning remains underdeveloped, and the best way to measure functioning in pregnant and postpartum populations is unknown.MethodsA cross-sectional study among women presenting for antenatal (N=750) and postpartum (N=740) care in Jamaica, Kenya and Malawi took place in 2015-2016. Functioning was measured through the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-12). Data on health conditions and socio-demographic characteristics were collected through structured interview, medical record review, and clinical examination. This paper presents descriptive data on the distribution of functioning status among pregnant and postpartum women and examines the relationship between functioning and health conditions.ResultsWomen attending antenatal care had a lower level of functioning than those attending postpartum care. Women with a health condition or associated demographic risk factor were more likely to have a lower level of functioning than those with no health condition. However, the absolute difference in functioning scores typically remained modest.ConclusionsFunctioning is an important concept which integrates a woman-centered approach to examining how a health condition affects her life, and ultimately her return to functioning after delivery. However, the WHODAS-12 may not be the optimal tool for use in this population and additional components to capture pregnancy-specific issues may be needed. Challenges remain in how to integrate functioning outcomes into routine maternal healthcare at-scale and across diverse settings.
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| 60. |
- Darst, Burcu F., et al.
(author)
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The Four-Kallikrein Panel Is Effective in Identifying Aggressive Prostate Cancer in a Multiethnic Population
- 2020
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In: Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. - 1538-7755. ; 29:7, s. 1381-1388
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The four-kallikrein (4K) panel has been demonstrated to improve prediction of aggressive prostate cancer compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among men with moderately elevated PSA levels. However, the development and testing of the 4K panel has been conducted primarily in White men, with limited data in African Americans and no studies in other racial and ethnic groups. METHODS: We evaluated the 4K panel in a nested case-control study among African American, Latino, Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and White men in the Multiethnic Cohort. Prediagnostic blood levels of free, intact, and total PSA and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 were measured among 1,667 incident prostate cancer cases and 691 controls with PSA ≥2 ng/mL. We evaluated the discriminative ability of the 4K panel within and across all racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS: The 4K panel enhanced discrimination of overall prostate cancer compared with free plus total PSA and total PSA alone (AUC 0.748 vs. 0.711 and 0.669, respectively). Discrimination was further enhanced for Gleason 8+ prostate cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, and death due to prostate cancer, and to a lesser degree for nonaggressive prostate cancer. Improvement of the 4K panel over PSA was observed in each population. Adding a prostate cancer polygenic risk score slightly improved upon the discriminative ability of the 4K panel. CONCLUSIONS: The superior discriminative ability of the 4K panel over PSA for overall and aggressive prostate cancer across multiethnic populations indicates the broad clinical applicability of the 4K panel. IMPACT: Our multiethnic investigation suggests potential for the 4K panel to improve current prostate cancer screening practices.
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