| 51. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the impact of Cloud Database services on Industrial IoT Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728144603
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Things applied to Industry (IIoT) is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0. The connection to Internet of all the industrial devices, and the storage (sharing) of enormous amount of data inside Cloud database, enable the development of analysis algorithms for the delivery of new "high value" services. However, the industrial market may require response with short predictable latency (real-time response) even for supervision and optimization functions. Often today, the estimation of the latency of new services is not taken into account. For all these reasons, this work introduces an experimental measurement procedure for investigating the impact of Cloud database services on the communication delay from the production line to the Cloud and the way back (feedback). In this paper, a use case demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed test methodology. In details, the considered use case is a predictive maintenance system with Siemens S7 industrial automation controller sending data to a Cloudant database inside the IBM Bluemix platform. The use case results show that the IIoT solutions based on Cloud database services can be easily evaluated, compared (and optimized) thanks to the proposed approach. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 52. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the impact on industrial applications of NTP Used by IoT devices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728148922 ; , s. 223-228
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The requirements of distributed systems implemented using IoT paradigms include the sharing of a common time reference. When the applications are intended for industrial scenarios, the desired time synchronization uncertainty decreases, due to the real-time needs of this kind of systems. Currently, the most diffused way to obtain a time reference for an Internet connected device is to use NTP (Network Time Protocol) for querying time servers. This paper is focused on industrial IoT applications and it is aimed to evaluate the impact that NTP synchronization performance and NTP throughput may have on the real-time host network. Analytical formulas for estimating the NTP impact are introduced. The work is complemented by the presentation of a use case that shows the use of NTP for the synchronization of a large industrial plant at field level. The results highlight the threat to the real-time behavior of the automation system caused by the uncontrolled peaks of traffic due to NTP. Last, some design considerations for mitigation of the impact are discussed. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 53. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization of an IoV framework leveraging mobile wireless technologies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728195391
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm highlighted the importance of core technologies at the root of any distributed systems, as wireless communications, cloud computing and big data analysis. Today, companies and organizations, pursuing the so-called Industry 4.0 (r)evolution, are moving toward smart factories, smart workforce, and intelligent transportation. The use of IoT technologies for connecting smart vehicles is identified by the IoV acronym, i.e. the Internet of Vehicle. In this work, the authors address the characterization of a distributed measurement platform for vehicle fleet management, focusing on time-related performance. In particular, a commercially available solution has been considered and real-world use cases have been identified, showing obtainable performance: with default configuration, an average overall delay less than 11 s has been estimated. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 54. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Model-Based Stealth Attack to Networked Control System Based on Real-Time Ethernet
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:8, s. 7672-7683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, industrial control systems include networked control systems (NCS), which use real-time Ethernet (RTE) protocols since many years, well before the time sensitive networking initiative debut. Today, ethernet-based control systems are used all across Industry 4.0, including in critical applications, allowing for straight integration with information technology layers. Even if it is known that current RTE protocols do not have strong authentication or ciphering options, it is still very challenging to perform undetected cyber-attacks to these protocols while the NSC is in operation, in particular because such attacks must comply with very strict and small temporal constraints. In this article, a model-based attack is proposed for service degradation of NCS. The attack is carried out in real-time and it can remain undetected for the entire plant life. The attack can be applied to any RTE protocols and, without loss of generality, a detailed analysis of stealth techniques is provided for a specific real use case based on PROFINET. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed attack and its high effectiveness. The article also points out some possible future investigation directions in order to mitigate the attack. © 1982-2012 IEEE.
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| 55. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
-
On the performance of cloud services and databases for industrial IoT scalable applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Electronics. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-9292. ; 9:9, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Industry 4.0 the communication infrastructure is derived from the Internet of Things (IoT), and it is called Industrial IoT or IIoT. Smart objects deployed on the field collect a large amount of data which is stored and processed in the Cloud to create innovative services. However, differently from most of the consumer applications, the industrial scenario is generally constrained by time-related requirements and its needs for real-time behavior (i.e., bounded and possibly short delays). Unfortunately, timeliness is generally ignored by traditional service provider, and the Cloud is treated as a black box. For instance, Cloud databases (generally seen as “Database as a service”—DBaaS) have unknown or hard-to-compare impact on applications. The novelty of this work is to provide an experimental measurement methodology based on an abstract view of IIoT applications, in order to define some easy-to-evaluate metrics focused on DBaaS latency (no matter the actual implementation details are). In particular, the focus is on the impact of DBaaS on the overall communication delays in a typical IIoT scalable context (i.e., from the field to the Cloud and the way back). In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a real use case is discussed (it is a predictive maintenance application with a Siemens S7 industrial controller transmitting system health status information to a Cloudant DB inside the IBM Bluemix platform). Experiments carried on in this use case provide useful insights about the DBaaS performance: evaluation of delays, effects of involved number of devices (scalability and complexity), constraints of the architecture, and clear information for comparing with other implementations and for optimizing configuration. In other words, the proposed evaluation strategy helps in finding out the peculiarities of Cloud Database service implementations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 56. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Turning old into new : Adding LoRaWAN connectivity to PLC in brownfield installations
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT, MetroInd 4.0 and IoT 2021 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665419802 ; , s. 665-670
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industry 4.0 paradigm improves industrial automation systems efficiency leveraging on the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), offering pervasive connectivity with field devices and paving the way to innovative services. Updating legacy machines in brownfield installations is needed for preserving investments. This paper discusses the design and the experimental validation in a real-world use case of a low-cost solution aiming at providing LoRaWAN Class A connectivity to a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Widespread modules, offering full compatibility with the standard, are considered. They behave as 'modems' controlled by AT-like commands via simple serial links (RS232), minimizing the need for additional glue logic. The developed solution has been connected to a public LoRaWAN infrastructure, showing average uplink delays in the order of 300-500 ms; on the contrary, downlink messages are constrained by uplink interarrival time. The experiments also highlighted strong correlation between the LoRaWAN network congestion and the end-to-end delay. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 57. |
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| 58. |
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
- Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo, et al.
(författare)
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Direct Evidence of Two-component Ejecta in Supernova 2016gkg from Nebular Spectroscopy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 902:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spectral observations of the type-IIb supernova (SN) 2016gkg at 300-800 days are reported. The spectra show nebular characteristics, revealing emission from the progenitor star's metal-rich core and providing clues to the kinematics and physical conditions of the explosion. The nebular spectra are dominated by emission lines of [O i] lambda lambda 6300, 6364 and [Ca ii] lambda lambda 7292, 7324. Other notable, albeit weaker, emission lines include Mg I] lambda 4571, [Fe ii] lambda 7155, O I lambda 7774, Ca II triplet, and a broad, boxy feature at the location of H alpha. Unlike in other stripped-envelope SNe, the [O i] doublet is clearly resolved due to the presence of strong narrow components. The doublet shows an unprecedented emission line profile consisting of at least three components for each [O i]lambda 6300, 6364 line: a broad component (width similar to 2000 km s(-1)), and a pair of narrow blue and red components (width similar to 300 km s(-1)) mirrored against the rest velocity. The narrow component appears also in other lines, and is conspicuous in [O i]. This indicates the presence of multiple distinct kinematic components of material at low and high velocities. The low-velocity components are likely to be produced by a dense, slow-moving emitting region near the center, while the broad components are emitted over a larger volume. These observations suggest an asymmetric explosion, supporting the idea of two-component ejecta that influence the resulting late-time spectra and light curves. SN 2016gkg thus presents striking evidence for significant asymmetry in a standard-energy SN explosion. The presence of material at low velocity, which is not predicted in 1D simulations, emphasizes the importance of multidimensional explosion modeling of SNe.
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