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11.
  • Björklund, Mattias, 1971- (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Beyond Moral Teaching : Financial Literacy as Citizenship Education
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat_doctoralthesis_t (swepub:level_scientificother_t)abstract
    • This thesis explores what financial literacy is, what financial literacy becomes and what financial literacy could become within the context of a citizenship education such as the Swedish upper secondary subject of social studies.  Financial literacy does not intuitively converge with social sciences which leaves social studies teachers to both teach and realise financial literacy. Thus, teachers become co-creators of financial literacy as a school subject. This thesis explores this process via two different studies resulting in four research articles. In the first study, semi-structured interviews – analysed through PCK – are used to explore the perceptions of Swedish social studies teachers in upper secondary school regarding financial literacy teaching and learning. The findings include differences between experienced and novice teachers regarding which content knowledge and pedagogical approaches they use. However, all teachers express difficulties fitting financial literacy into social studies, mainly due to a perception of financial literacy primarily being a private matter, along with the unclear relationship between financial and societal issues. The second study is designed as a financial literacy teaching intervention. Students’ views on a financial dilemma are analysed using citizenship conceptions and threshold concepts. The findings are used to discuss design principles for financial literacy teaching. Salient conclusions in the thesis include citizenship education being able to frame financial literacy and provide epistemic features which can make financial literacy more teachable and learnable. It is hoped that the results from this thesis can inform future financial literacy teaching design as well as policy discussion related to financial literacy teaching and learning contextualised with another subject, especially citizenship education.
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12.
  • Blank, Malou, 1975, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Mobility patterns in inland southwestern Sweden during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
  • 2021
  • record:In_t: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-9557 .- 1866-9565. ; 13
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • In this paper, we investigate population dynamics in the Scandinavian Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in southwestern Sweden. Human mobility patterns in Falbygden were studied by applying strontium isotope analysis combined with archaeological and bioarchaeological data, including mtDNA and sex assessment on a large dataset encompassing 141 individuals from 21 megalithic graves. In combination with other archaeological and anthropological records, we investigated the temporal and spatial scale of individual movement, mobility patterns of specific categories of people and possible social drivers behind them. Our results of strontium and biomolecular analyses suggest that mobility increased in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age compared to the earlier parts of the Neolithic. The data indicate individuals moving both into and away from Falbygden. Mobility patterns and contact networks also shift over time.
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13.
  • Blum, Michael G. B., et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Deep Divergences of Human Gene Trees and Models of Human Origins
  • 2011
  • record:In_t: Molecular biology and evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0737-4038 .- 1537-1719. ; 28:2, s. 889-898
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Two competing hypotheses are at the forefront of the debate on modern human origins. In the first scenario, known as the recent Out-of-Africa hypothesis, modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000-200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world by replacing the local archaic human populations. By contrast, the second hypothesis posits substantial gene flow between archaic and emerging modern humans. In the last two decades, the young time estimates-between 100,000 and 200,000 years-of the most recent common ancestors for the mitochondrion and the Y chromosome provided evidence in favor of a recent African origin of modern humans. However, the presence of very old lineages for autosonnal and X-linked genes has often been claimed to be incompatible with a simple, single origin of modern humans. Through the analysis of a public DNA sequence database, we find, similar to previous estimates, that the common ancestors of autosomal and X-linked genes are indeed very old, living, on average, respectively, 1,500,000 and 1,000,000 years ago. However, contrary to previous conclusions, we find that these deep gene genealogies are consistent with the Out-of-Africa scenario provided that the ancestral effective population size was approximately 14,000 individuals. We show that an ancient bottleneck in the Middle Pleistocene, possibly arising from an ancestral structured population, can reconcile the contradictory findings from the mitochondrion on the one hand, with the autosomes and the X chromosome on the other hand.
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14.
  • Bradshaw, Clare, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Physical Disturbance by Bottom Trawling Suspends Particulate Matter and Alters Biogeochemical Processes on and Near the Seafloor
  • 2021
  • record:In_t: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 8
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Bottom trawling is known to affect benthic faunal communities but its effects on sediment suspension and seabed biogeochemistry are less well described. In addition, few studies have been carried out in the Baltic Sea, despite decades of trawling in this unique brackish environment and the frequent occurrence of trawling in areas where hypoxia and low and variable salinity already act as ecosystem stressors. We measured the physical and biogeochemical impacts of an otter trawl on a muddy Baltic seabed. Multibeam bathymetry revealed a 36 m-wide trawl track, comprising parallel furrows and sediment piles caused by the trawl doors and shallower grooves from the groundgear, that displaced 1,000 m3 (500 t) sediment and suspended 9.5 t sediment per km of track. The trawl doors had less effect than the rest of the gear in terms of total sediment mass but per m2 the doors had 5× the displacement and 2× the suspension effect, due to their greater penetration and hydrodynamic drag. The suspended sediment spread >1 km away over the following 3–4 days, creating a 5–10 m thick layer of turbid bottom water. Turbidity reached 4.3 NTU (7 mgDW L–1), 550 m from the track, 20 h post-trawling. Particulate Al, Ti, Fe, P, and Mn were correlated with the spatio-temporal pattern of suspension. There was a pulse of dissolved N, P, and Mn to a height of 10 m above the seabed within a few hundred meters of the track, 2 h post-trawling. Dissolved methane concentrations were elevated in the water for at least 20 h. Sediment biogeochemistry in the door track was still perturbed after 48 h, with a decreased oxygen penetration depth and nutrient and oxygen fluxes across the sediment-water interface. These results clearly show the physical effects of bottom trawling, both on seabed topography (on the scale of km and years) and on sediment and particle suspension (on the scale of km and days-weeks). Alterations to biogeochemical processes suggest that, where bottom trawling is frequent, sediment biogeochemistry may not have time to recover between disturbance events and elevated turbidity may persist, even outside the trawled area.
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15.
  • Breton, Gwenna, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Comparison of sequencing data processing pipelines and application to underrepresented African human populations
  • 2021
  • record:In_t: BMC Bioinformatics. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2105. ; 22:1
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Background Population genetic studies of humans make increasing use of high-throughput sequencing in order to capture diversity in an unbiased way. There is an abundance of sequencing technologies, bioinformatic tools and the available genomes are increasing in number. Studies have evaluated and compared some of these technologies and tools, such as the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and its "Best Practices" bioinformatic pipelines. However, studies often focus on a few genomes of Eurasian origin in order to detect technical issues. We instead surveyed the use of the GATK tools and established a pipeline for processing high coverage full genomes from a diverse set of populations, including Sub-Saharan African groups, in order to reveal challenges from human diversity and stratification. Results We surveyed 29 studies using high-throughput sequencing data, and compared their strategies for data pre-processing and variant calling. We found that processing of data is very variable across studies and that the GATK "Best Practices" are seldom followed strictly. We then compared three versions of a GATK pipeline, differing in the inclusion of an indel realignment step and with a modification of the base quality score recalibration step. We applied the pipelines on a diverse set of 28 individuals. We compared the pipelines in terms of count of called variants and overlap of the callsets. We found that the pipelines resulted in similar callsets, in particular after callset filtering. We also ran one of the pipelines on a larger dataset of 179 individuals. We noted that including more individuals at the joint genotyping step resulted in different counts of variants. At the individual level, we observed that the average genome coverage was correlated to the number of variants called. Conclusions We conclude that applying the GATK "Best Practices" pipeline, including their recommended reference datasets, to underrepresented populations does not lead to a decrease in the number of called variants compared to alternative pipelines. We recommend to aim for coverage of > 30X if identifying most variants is important, and to work with large sample sizes at the variant calling stage, also for underrepresented individuals and populations.
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16.
  • Breton, Gwenna, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Comparison of sequencing data processing pipelines and application to underrepresented human populations
  • record:In_t: BMC Bioinformatics. - 1471-2105.
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Population genetic studies of humans make increasing use of high-throughput sequencing in order to capture human diversity in an unbiased way. There is an abundance of sequencing technologies, bioinformatic tools and the available genomes are increasing in number. Studies have evaluated and compared some of these technologies and tools, such as the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and its “Best Practices” bioinformatic pipelines. However, studies often focus on few genomes of Eurasian origin in order to detect technical issues. We instead surveyed the use of the GATK tools and established a pipeline for processing high coverage full genomes from a diverse set of populations, including Sub-Saharan African groups, in order to reveal challenges from human diversity and stratification.We started by surveying 29 studies using high-throughput sequencing data, and compared their strategies for data pre-processing and variant calling. We found that processing of data is very variable across studies, that the GATK “Best Practices” are seldom followed strictly and that processing pipelines are often not reported in full details. We then compared three versions of the GATK pipeline, differing in the inclusion of an indel realignment step and with a modification of the base quality score recalibration step. We applied the pipelines on a diverse set of 28 individuals. We compared the pipelines in terms of count of called variants and overlap of the callsets. We found that the pipelines resulted in similar callsets, in particular after callset filtering. We also ran one of the pipeline on a larger dataset of 179 individuals. We noted that including more individuals at the joint genotyping step resulted in different counts of variants. At the individual level, we observed that the average genome coverage was correlated to the number of variants called.We conclude that applying the GATK “Best Practices” pipeline, including their recommended reference datasets, to underrepresented populations does not lead to a decrease in the number of called variants compared to alternative pipelines. We recommend to aim for a coverage of >30X, and to work with large sample sizes at the variant calling stage, also for underrepresented individuals and populations.
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17.
  • Breton, Gwenna, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Deciphering early human history using Approximate Bayesian Computation and 74 whole genomes from Central and Southern Africa
  • swepub:Mat_publicationother_t (swepub:level_scientificother_t)abstract
    • Human evolutionary history in Africa before and after the out-of-Africa event remains largely unexplored, due to lack of genome sequence data, limited representation of populations and limitations of presently available inference methods. We generated high-coverage genomes from 49 Central African individuals, from five rainforest hunter-gatherer populations and four neighboring populations, and from 25 Khoe-San individuals, from five populations. We analyzed these genomes jointly with 104 comparative genomes from worldwide populations. We showed that rainforest hunter-gatherers and Khoe-San populations define two distinct major axes of genetic variation both at the worldwide and Sub-Saharan scales. This new data provides unprecedented resolution to unravel complex genetic differentiation among rainforest hunter-gatherer populations in particular. Using both deterministic and Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences, we found strong support for gene flow throughout the entire history of Central and Southern Africa, and an early divergence, some 250-370 kya ago, of Khoe-San ancestors from the lineage ancestral to all Central African populations. This event was followed, still in the presence of gene-flow, some 80-240 kya, by the divergence of lineages ancestral to rainforest hunter-gatherers and their neighbors. Finally, divergence between the different Khoe-San populations likely predated that of eastern and western rainforest hunter-gatherers which occurred 16-44 kya. Altogether, our results indicate that a tree-like history of Central Africa incorporating gene-flow among ancient lineages as well as among recent lineages can explain genomic variation observed among populations today.
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18.
  • Breton, Gwenna (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Human demographic history : Insights on the human past based on genomes from Southern through Central Africa
  • 2020
  • swepub:Mat_doctoralthesis_t (swepub:level_scientificother_t)abstract
    • Evidence from paleontology, archaeology and population genetics support that modern humans originated in Africa. While the out-of-Africa event and subsequent colonization of all continents are well documented, human history in Africa at that time and before is less studied. Some current-day hunter-gatherer populations trace most of their genetic lineages to populations who inhabited Sub-Saharan Africa until the arrival of farming. They are informative about human history before and after the arrival of farming.I studied high-coverage genomes from two such groups, the Khoe-San from Southern Africa and the rainforest hunter-gatherers from Central Africa. I generated a total of 74 genomes, significantly increasing the number of genomes from Sub-Saharan African hunter-gatherers. I compared several versions of a commonly used pipeline for high-coverage genomes and showed that using standard ascertained reference datasets has no significant impact on variant calling in populations from Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the full genome information, I described the genetic diversity in the Khoe-San and in the rainforest hunter-gatherers and showed that gene flow from agropastoralist groups increased the Khoe-San genetic diversity. I also detected a signal of population size decline in the Khoe-San around the time of the out-of-Africa event, and I evaluated the power of the method to detect bottlenecks by applying it to simulated data. I investigated the history of modern humans in Africa by estimating divergence times between populations and applying an Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis. We confirmed that the earliest divergence event was between the Khoe-San ancestral lineage and the rest of modern humans, ~250-350 kya. I also showed that the possibility of high gene flow should be incorporated in models of human evolution.I furthermore examined SNP array data for two BaTwa populations from Zambia and showed that 20-30% of their autosomal diversity is hunter-gatherer-like. The estimated times for the admixture between a presumably local hunter-gatherer population and incoming agropastoralist groups are consistent with archaeological records.In this thesis, I investigated questions related to human history in Sub-Saharan Africa, from the emergence of modern humans ~300 kya to recent events related to the expansion of farming.
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19.
  • Breton, Gwenna, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Lactase Persistence Alleles Reveal Partial East African Ancestry of Southern African Khoe Pastoralists
  • 2014
  • record:In_t: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 24:8, s. 852-858
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • The ability to digest milk into adulthood, lactase persistence (LP), as well as specific genetic variants associated with LP, is heterogeneously distributed in global populations [1-4]. These variants were most likely targets of selection when some populations converted from hunter-gatherer to pastoralist or farming lifestyles [5-7]. Specific LP polymorphisms are associated with particular geographic regions and populations [1-4, 8-10]; however, they have not been extensively studied in southern Africa. We investigate the LP-regulatory region in 267 individuals from 13 southern African populations (including descendants of hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, and agropastoralists), providing the first comprehensive study of the LP-regulatory region in a large group of southern Africans. The "East African" LP single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (14010G>C) was found at high frequency (>20%) in a strict pastoralist Khoe population, the Nama of Namibia, suggesting a connection to East Africa, whereas the "European" LP SNP (13910C>T) was found in populations of mixed ancestry. Using genome-wide data from various African populations, we identify admixture (13%) in the Nama, from an Afro-Asiatic group dating to >1,300 years ago, with the remaining fraction of their genomes being from San hunter-gatherers. We also find evidence of selection around the LCT gene among Khoe-speaking groups, and the substantial frequency of the 14010C variant among the Nama is best explained by adaptation to digesting milk. These genome-local and genome-wide results support a model in which an East African group brought pastoralist practices to southern Africa and admixed with local hunter-gatherers to form the ancestors of Khoe people.
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20.
  • Breton, Gwenna, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • The “BaTwa” populations from remote areas in Zambia retain ancestry of past forager groups
  • swepub:Mat_publicationother_t (swepub:level_scientificother_t)abstract
    • Sub-equatorial Africa is inhabited today predominantly by Bantu-speaking farmers of west African descent. However, before the arrival of agriculture and pastoralism ~2,000 years ago, the region was inhabited by hunter-gatherers. The incoming farmer populations replaced, displaced or admixed with local hunter-gatherer groups. In some regions such as southern and central Africa, current-day farming populations have absorbed a large local hunter-gatherer genetic component. In other regions, such as Malawi, and Mozambique current-day populations have absorbed little to none of the local component. In this study, we generated genome-wide SNP data from two populations from Zambia thought to represent former hunter-gatherers, known locally as “BaTwa”, but for which no direct evidence exists of a hunter-gatherer past, either in language or lifestyle. We compared the BaTwa data to three Bantu-speaker agropastoralist populations from Zambia, and to other African and non-African populations. We show that the two BaTwa populations harbor a hunter-gatherer-like genetic component, representing respectively ~20% and ~30% of their genetic ancestry, while the rest is similar to Bantu-speaker agropastoralists. Although the component is closest related to current-day Khoe-San populations from southern Africa, results still suggest a unique local hunter-gatherer component. These results accord with Middle and Late Holocene skeletal evidence from Zambia and Malawi for a regionally separate hunter-gatherer population, which is now only detectable among the BaTwa. A two-way admixture scenario between a Bantu-speaker agropastoralist-like source and a hunter-gatherer-like source is supported for the two populations, occurring ~40 and ~16 generations ago respectively. These estimates are consistent with archaeological records for the arrival of agropastoralists in northern and central Zambia respectively. The study demonstrate the value of studying underrepresented minority groups to better understand the complexity of regional population histories.
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