| 291. |
- Olovsson, Tomas, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Security forms for protection against vulnerabilities in computer systems
- 1992
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Ingår i: IASTED International conference on Reliability, Quality control and Risk Assessment, Washington DC, USA.. - 0889861714 ; , s. 138-143
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a taxonomy that reflects concepts within the area of security which was developed with the intention of creating a useful structure for security analysis, estimation and design. Many terms found in the security area are clearly defined, together with a structured approach to the problem of describing the field of security in a simple and yet correct and usable way. Different types of threats are discussed and three major areas of security mechanisms are identified. A discussion is also included of the areas in which vulnerabilities can be found, and is used as a basis for defining six different forms of security.We believe this work has resulted in a usable taxonomy which comprehensively increases the understanding of the area of security. It clearly explains the relationsbetween different forms of security, and the interrelations with threats, attacks and security mechanisms.
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| 292. |
- Olovsson, Tomas, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Towards operational measures of computer security: Experimentation and modelling
- 1995
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Ingår i: Predictably Secure Computing Systems. - 3540593349 ; , s. 555-572
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The two experiments described here were intended to investigate the empirical issues that arise from the probabilistic view of security assessment discussed in the previous paper. Specifically, they investigated the problems of measureing effort and reward associated with security attacks and breaches.
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| 293. |
- Petkova, Valeria I, et al.
(författare)
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From part- to whole-body ownership in the multisensory brain.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - Cambridge, MA, United States : Cell Press. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 21:13, s. 1118-1122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The question of how we experience ownership of an entire body distinct from the external world is a fundamental problem in psychology and neuroscience [1-6]. Earlier studies suggest that integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information in multisensory areas [7-11] mediates self-attribution of single limbs. However, it is still unknown how ownership of individual body parts translates into the unitary experience of owning a whole body. Here, we used a "body-swap" illusion [12], in which people experienced an artificial body to be their own, in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal a coupling between the experience of full-body ownership and neural responses in bilateral ventral premotor and left intraparietal cortices, and left putamen. Importantly, activity in the ventral premotor cortex reflected the construction of ownership of a whole body from the parts, because it was stronger when the stimulated body part was attached to a body, was present irrespective of whether the illusion was triggered by stimulation of the hand or the abdomen, and displayed multivoxel patterns carrying information about full-body ownership. These findings suggest that the unitary experience of owning an entire body is produced by neuronal populations that integrate multisensory information across body segments.
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| 294. |
- Riaz, Bushra, et al.
(författare)
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Brain structural and functional correlates to defense-related inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in man
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An individual's blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress is linked to increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, inter- and intra-individual BP variability makes understanding the coupling between stress, BP reactivity, and long-term outcomes challenging. Previous microneurographic studies of sympathetic signaling to muscle vasculature (i.e. muscle sympathetic nerve activity, MSNA) have established a neural predictor for an individual's BP reactivity during short-lasting stress. Unfortunately, this method is invasive, technically demanding, and time-consuming and thus not optimal for widespread use. Potential central nervous system correlates have not been investigated. We used MagnetoEncephaloGraphy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging to search for neural correlates to sympathetic response profiles within the central autonomic network and sensorimotor (Rolandic) regions in 20 healthy young males. The main correlates include (a) Rolandic beta rebound and an anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) response elicited by sudden stimulation and (b) cortical thickness in the ACC. Our findings highlight the involvement of the ACC in reactions to stress entailing peripheral sympathetic responses to environmental stimuli. The Rolandic response furthermore indicates a surprisingly strong link between somatosensory and autonomic processes. Our results thus demonstrate the potential in using non-invasive neuroimaging-based measures of stress-related MSNA reactions, previously assessed only using invasive microneurography.
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| 295. |
- Riede, James O., et al.
(författare)
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Stepping in Elton's footprints: a general scaling model for body masses and trophic levels across ecosystems
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:2, s. 169-178
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite growing awareness of the significance of body-size and predator–prey body-mass ratios for the stability of ecological networks,our understanding of their distribution within ecosystems is incomplete. Here, we study the relationships between predator and prey size,body-mass ratios and predator trophic levels using body-mass estimates of 1313 predators (invertebrates, ectotherm and endothermvertebrates) from 35 food-webs (marine, stream, lake and terrestrial). Across all ecosystem and predator types, except for streams (whichappear to have a different size structure in their predator–prey interactions), we find that (1) geometric mean prey mass increases withpredator mass with a power-law exponent greater than unity and (2) predator size increases with trophic level. Consistent with ourtheoretical derivations, we show that the quantitative nature of these relationships implies systematic decreases in predator–prey bodymassratios with the trophic level of the predator. Thus, predators are, on an average, more similar in size to their prey at the top of foodwebsthan that closer to the base. These findings contradict the traditional Eltonian paradigm and have implications for our understandingof body-mass constraints on food-web topology, community dynamics and stability.
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| 296. |
- Romanelli, M., et al.
(författare)
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Code Integration, Data Verification, and Models Validation Using the ITER Integrated Modeling and Analysis System (IMAS) in EUROfusion
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fusion science and technology. - : Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.. - 1536-1055 .- 1943-7641. ; 76:8, s. 894-900
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ITER Integrated Modelling and Analysis System (IMAS) has been adopted by the EUROfusion Consortium as a platform to facilitate the analysis and verification of data from multiple tokamaks for the integration of physics codes and the validation of physics models for fusion plasma simulations. Data mapping tools have been developed to translate the tokamaks’ native data format into IMAS. The mapping required the adoption of standard coordinates, conventions on direction of vectors, signs of fields, and harmonization of physics units. The mapped data have been verified by running integrated simulations using Kepler workflows. Results of the test using IMAS data are reported here along with an assessment of the system for present and future fusion applications.
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| 297. |
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| 298. |
- Sandström, Alfred, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative research enhances selectivity in a lake fishery
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fisheries Management and Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0969-997X .- 1365-2400.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Size and species selectivity are crucial for developing sustainable fisheries. Our objective was to estimate the selectivity of whitefish fisheries in a large European lake through a collaboration of fishers, regional managers, and scientists. Fishers were given special permits to test, within a common framework and together with scientists, selectivity enhancement strategies adapted to their own experiences. Fishers and scientists jointly tested gillnets and pontoon traps and how fishing depth, soak time, fishing season, and mesh size were affected by bycatches of undersized fish of sensitive species. Results indicated that the selectivity of the fishery could be increased, particularly by targeting whitefish adjacent to spawning sites where spatiotemporal overlap with bycatch species was lower. Proposed changes to the fishery, such as new gear, would be costly initially but could become profitable over time due to a lower cost of handling bycatch. Our findings demonstrated that co-constructed knowledge can contribute to the governance of aquatic resources.
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| 299. |
- Sandström, Alfred, et al.
(författare)
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Getting Choosy About Whitefish in Lake Vättern : Using Participatory Approaches to Improve Fisheries Selectivity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Collaborative Research in Fisheries. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030267834 - 9783030267841 ; , s. 43-59
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our case study was channeled through a comanagement group and initiated by fishermen. The aim was to develop the selectivity of the fisheries in Lake Vättern through a collaboration of fishermen, regional managers, and scientists. The case study was planned collectively within the fisheries co-management group and through workshops with participating fishermen. Fishermen were given special permits to test various strategies adapted to their own experiences and the properties of their local fishing grounds. First, the population structure of the focal species, whitefish, was investigated in a joint study utilizing fishermen’s experiential knowledge and genetic analyses of whitefish. The results showed that the population is divided into at least two unique stocks that ideally should be managed separately. Second, the results from studies on by-catch in different areas, seasons, and gears indicated a substantial potential to increase the selectivity in this fishery, particularly by targeting whitefish aggregations adjacent to spawning areas. Our study highlights the potential of the participatory approach when facilitating solutions to problems related to small-scale fisheries management. Nevertheless, we also identify some factors that might jeopardize the long-term success and dissemination of results from this case study. The recent discovery of high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in muscle tissue of whitefish might make it harder for fishermen to sell their catch. Moreover, since the comanagement group only has an advisory function, the Swedish national authority needs to take the initiative and first implement the suggested changes in management.
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| 300. |
- Schubert, Mikkel, et al.
(författare)
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Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 111:52, s. E5661-E5669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domestication of the horse similar to 5.5 kya and the emergence of mounted riding, chariotry, and cavalry dramatically transformed human civilization. However, the genetics underlying horse domestication are difficult to reconstruct, given the near extinction of wild horses. We therefore sequenced two ancient horse genomes from Taymyr, Russia (at 7.4- and 24.3-fold coverage), both predating the earliest archeological evidence of domestication. We compared these genomes with genomes of domesticated horses and the wild Przewalski's horse and found genetic structure within Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, with the ancient population contributing significantly to the genetic variation of domesticated breeds. We furthermore identified a conservative set of 125 potential domestication targets using four complementary scans for genes that have undergone positive selection. One group of genes is involved in muscular and limb development, articular junctions, and the cardiac system, and may represent physiological adaptations to human utilization. A second group consists of genes with cognitive functions, including social behavior, learning capabilities, fear response, and agreeableness, which may have been key for taming horses. We also found that domestication is associated with inbreeding and an excess of deleterious mutations. This genetic load is in line with the "cost of domestication" hypothesis also reported for rice, tomatoes, and dogs, and it is generally attributed to the relaxation of purifying selection resulting from the strong demographic bottlenecks accompanying domestication. Our work demonstrates the power of ancient genomes to reconstruct the complex genetic changes that transformed wild animals into their domesticated forms, and the population context in which this process took place.
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