| 121. |
- Kaufman, M., et al.
(författare)
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Observations of the Ocular Galaxy NGC 2535 and its Starburst Companion NGC 2536
- 1997
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-3881 .- 0004-6256. ; 114, s. 2323-2349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H I, radio continuum, and 12CO J=1-->0 observations at resolutions of 12" to 33" (=2.9-8 kpc), and B, I, J, and K-band images, are presented of the galaxy NGC 2535 and its small starburst companion NGC 2536. NGC 2535 has an ocular (eye-shaped) structure with two long tidal arms indicative of a recent, close, nonmerging encounter. Our observations reveal widespread high velocity dispersions (30 km s-1) in the H I gas and five clouds with masses of ˜10^8 Msun in the tidal arms of NGC 2535. These clouds do not correspond to the most luminous blue knots or to major clumps in the old stellar population. Similar phenomena were found previously in other pairs (IC 2163/NGC 2207 and NGC 5774/5), suggesting that enhanced turbulence and massive gas clouds may be a general feature of interacting spiral galaxies during an early phase of post-encounter evolution. A search for 12CO J= 1-->O emission at 11 positions in NGC 2535 and one position in NGC 2536 yielded two clear detections, one at the center of NGC 2535 and the other on its tidal tail but close to the center of NGC 2535. Most of the massive H I clouds in NGC 2535 are not detected in CO emission. The virial masses of these clouds are significantly greater than their measured masses in gas, presumably because of the presence of old disk stars in the clouds. A form of the virial theorem that includes gas and stars is presented. NGC 2535 shows several unusual features, including an intrinsically oval shape to the disk, that are similar to those in the ocular galaxy IC 2163 studied previously. NGC 2535 also contains structures that are not seen in IC 2163. For example, there is an extended (R =48 kpc) H I envelope and a long, outer, elliptically-shaped H I arc in NGC 2535 that may be a gravitational wake produced by the passage of the companion within or close to the envelope. In the radio continuum, NGC 2535 exhibits a bar-like feature that leads the small stellar bar by 50°. The starburst companion, NGC 2536, lies in a 2 X 10^9 Msun clump of H I gas at the outer end of the tidal bridge from NGC 2535. Most of the gas in this clump is associated with the bridge. The H I emission on the anticompanion side of NGC 2536 has the same line-of-sight velocity and projected position as some of the bridge gas there. This observation is consistent with a previous model by Klaric in which NGC 2536 accretes gas from NGC 2535; we even find an H I feature that may represent bridge gas streaming towards NGC 2536. The failure to detect 12CO emission in NGC 2536 places an upper limit of 6 X H2 on its H2 mass if the standard value of the conversion factor between I_CO and N(H2) applies.
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| 122. |
- Kaufman, M., et al.
(författare)
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The Interacting Galaxies NGC 5394/5395: A Post-Ocular Galaxy and Its Ring/Spiral Companion
- 1999
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-3881 .- 0004-6256. ; 118:4, s. 1577-1608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H I, radio continuum, Fabry-Perot Hα, and 12CO J = 1 → 0 observations and broadband optical and near infrared images are presented of the interacting spiral galaxies NGC 5395 and NGC 5394. Kinematically, there are three important, separate components to the H I gas associated with this galaxy pair: (1) the main disk of NGC 5395, (2) a long, northern tidal arm of NGC 5395 distinct in velocity from its main disk, and (3) the disk of NGC 5394. The H I northern tidal arm of NGC 5395 has a line of–sight velocity as much as 75–100 km s-1 greater than the main disk of NGC 5395 at the same projected location and thus is not in the same plane as the disk. The velocity field of the disk of NGC 5395 is asymmetric and distorted by large-scale and small-scale noncircular motions. In NGC 5395, the encounter appears to be exciting m = 1 and m = 0 modes in what had been a two-armed spiral. The dominant spiral arm of NGC 5395 forms a large ring or pseudo-ring of Hα, radio continuum, and H I emission, somewhat off center with respect to the nucleus. The H I trough in the center of NGC 5395 is not filled in by molecular gas. The Hα velocity contours exhibit an organized pattern of kinks in crossing the ring and also show streaming motions in a large stellar caustic feature. The eastern side of the ring is brighter in radio continuum and Hα; the western side is brighter in H I and contains massive (108 M☉) H I clouds not associated with the most luminous H II regions. The smaller galaxy NGC 5394 is in an immediate post-ocular phase, with a central starburst, an intrinsically oval disk, two long, fairly symmetric, open tidal arms with high arm-interarm contrast, and very bright inner spiral arms, disjoint from the outer tidal arms. Most of the gas in NGC 5394 is in molecular form and concentrated within 3.8 kpc of the center, so is suitable for fueling the starburst. Despite the presence of H I gas, two of the three optically bright inner spiral arms of NGC 5394 show no evidence of ongoing star formation.A galaxy encounter simulation reproduces some of the main features of this system with a collision that is prograde relative to NGC 5394 and retrograde at a high tilt angle relative to NGC 5395. The model finds that the inner spiral structure of NGC 5394 developed from an eye-shaped ("ocular") structure at slightly earlier times. NGC 5394 and the two ocular galaxies IC 2163 and NGC 2535, studied earlier, form an evolutionary sequence of structures resulting from prograde encounters and thus confirm the generic models of such collisions. The agreement between the model for NGC 5394/95 and the ring/spiral structures seen in NGC 5395 extends our understanding of collisional ring galaxies.
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| 123. |
- Kim, K, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in the ICAM1-ICAM4-ICAM5 locus is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility in multiple ancestries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Annals of the rheumatic diseases. - : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 71:11, s. 1809-1814
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; OMIM 152700) is a chronic autoimmune disease for which the aetiology includes genetic and environmental factors. ITGAM, integrin αM (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit) encoding a ligand for intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) proteins, is an established SLE susceptibility locus. This study aimed to evaluate the independent and joint effects of genetic variations in the genes that encode ITGAM and ICAM.MethodsThe authors examined several markers in the ICAM1–ICAM4–ICAM5 locus on chromosome 19p13 and the single ITGAM polymorphism (rs1143679) using a large-scale case–control study of 17 481 unrelated participants from four ancestry populations. The single-marker association and gene–gene interaction were analysed for each ancestry, and a meta-analysis across the four ancestries was performed.ResultsThe A-allele of ICAM1–ICAM4–ICAM5 rs3093030, associated with elevated plasma levels of soluble ICAM1, and the A-allele of ITGAM rs1143679 showed the strongest association with increased SLE susceptibility in each of the ancestry populations and the trans-ancestry meta-analysis (ORmeta=1.16, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.22; p=4.88×10−10 and ORmeta=1.67, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.79; p=3.32×10−46, respectively). The effect of the ICAM single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was independent of the effect of the ITGAM SNP rs1143679, and carriers of both ICAM rs3093030-AA and ITGAM rs1143679-AA had an OR of 4.08 compared with those with no risk allele in either SNP (95% CI 2.09 to 7.98; p=3.91×10−5).ConclusionThese findings are the first to suggest that an ICAM–integrin-mediated pathway contributes to susceptibility to SLE.
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| 124. |
- Kottyan, Leah C., et al.
(författare)
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The IRF5-TNPO3 association with systemic lupus erythematosus has two components that other autoimmune disorders variably share.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 24:2, s. 582-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploiting genotyping, DNA sequencing, imputation and trans-ancestral mapping, we used Bayesian and frequentist approaches to model the IRF5-TNPO3 locus association, now implicated in two immunotherapies and seven autoimmune diseases. Specifically, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we resolved separate associations in the IRF5 promoter (all ancestries) and with an extended European haplotype. We captured 3230 IRF5-TNPO3 high-quality, common variants across 5 ethnicities in 8395 SLE cases and 7367 controls. The genetic effect from the IRF5 promoter can be explained by any one of four variants in 5.7 kb (P-valuemeta = 6 × 10(-49); OR = 1.38-1.97). The second genetic effect spanned an 85.5-kb, 24-variant haplotype that included the genes IRF5 and TNPO3 (P-valuesEU = 10(-27)-10(-32), OR = 1.7-1.81). Many variants at the IRF5 locus with previously assigned biological function are not members of either final credible set of potential causal variants identified herein. In addition to the known biologically functional variants, we demonstrated that the risk allele of rs4728142, a variant in the promoter among the lowest frequentist probability and highest Bayesian posterior probability, was correlated with IRF5 expression and differentially binds the transcription factor ZBTB3. Our analytical strategy provides a novel framework for future studies aimed at dissecting etiological genetic effects. Finally, both SLE elements of the statistical model appear to operate in Sjögrens syndrome and systemic sclerosis whereas only the IRF5-TNPO3 gene-spanning haplotype is associated with primary biliary cirrhosis, demonstrating the nuance of similarity and difference in autoimmune disease risk mechanisms at IRF5-TNPO3.
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| 125. |
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| 126. |
- Lessard, Christopher J., et al.
(författare)
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Variants at multiple loci implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with Sjogren's syndrome
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 45:11, s. 1284-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sjogrens syndrome is a common autoimmune disease (affecting similar to 0.7% of European Americans) that typically presents as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Here we report results of a large-scale association study of Sjogrens syndrome. In addition to strong association within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region at 6p21 (P-meta = 7.65 x 10(-114)), we establish associations with IRF5-TNPO3 (P-meta = 2.73 x 10(-19)), STAT4 (Pmeta = 6.80 x 10-15), IL12A (P-meta = 1.17 x 10(-10)), FAM167ABLK (P-meta = 4.97 x 10(-10)), DDX6-CXCR5 (P-meta = 1.10 x 10(-8)) and TNIP1 (P-meta = 3.30 x 10(-8)). We also observed suggestive associations (P-meta andlt; 5 x 10(-5)) with variants in 29 other regions, including TNFAIP3, PTTG1, PRDM1, DGKQ, FCGR2A, IRAK1BP1, ITSN2 and PHIP, among others. These results highlight the importance of genes that are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity in Sjogrens syndrome.
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| 127. |
- Liu, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 2326-5191 .- 2326-5205. ; 68:5, s. 1290-1300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. More than 80% of autoimmune disease predominantly affects females, but the mechanism for this female bias is poorly understood. We suspected that an X chromosome dose effect accounts for this, and we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that trisomy X (47, XXX; occurring in similar to 1 in 1,000 live female births) would be increased in patients with female-predominant diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], primary Sjogrens syndrome [SS], primary biliary cirrhosis, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) compared to patients with diseases without female predominance (sarcoidosis) and compared to controls. Methods. All subjects in this study were female. We identified subjects with 47, XXX using aggregate data from single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and, when possible, we confirmed the presence of 47, XXX using fluorescence in situ hybridization or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results. We found 47, XXX in 7 of 2,826 SLE patients and in 3 of 1,033 SS patients, but in only 2 of 7,074 controls (odds ratio in the SLE and primary SS groups 8.78 [95% confidence interval 1.67-86.79], P = 0.003 and odds ratio 10.29 [95% confidence interval 1.18-123.47], P = 0.02, respectively). One in 404 women with SLE and 1 in 344 women with SS had 47, XXX. There was an excess of 47, XXX among SLE and SS patients. Conclusion. The estimated prevalence of SLE and SS in women with 47, XXX was similar to 2.5 and similar to 2.9 times higher, respectively, than that in women with 46, XX and similar to 25 and similar to 41 times higher, respectively, than that in men with 46, XY. No statistically significant increase of 47, XXX was observed in other female-biased diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis or RA), supporting the idea of multiple pathways to sex bias in autoimmunity.
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| 128. |
- Liu, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases : Increased 47,XXX in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : Wiley. - 2326-5191 .- 2326-5205. ; 68:5, s. 1290-1300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:More than 80% of autoimmune disease is female dominant, but the mechanism for this female bias is poorly understood. We suspected an X chromosome dose effect and hypothesized that trisomy X (47,XXX, 1 in ∼1,000 live female births) would be increased in female predominant diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], primary Sjögren's syndrome [SS], primary biliary cirrhosis [PBC] and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) compared to diseases without female predominance (sarcoidosis) and controls.METHODS:We identified 47,XXX subjects using aggregate data from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and confirmed, when possible, by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR).RESULTS:We found 47,XXX in seven of 2,826 SLE and three of 1,033 SS female patients, but only in two of the 7,074 female controls (p=0.003, OR=8.78, 95% CI: 1.67-86.79 and p=0.02, OR=10.29, 95% CI: 1.18-123.47; respectively). One 47,XXX subject was present for ∼404 SLE women and ∼344 SS women. 47,XXX was present in excess among SLE and SS subjects.CONCLUSION:The estimated prevalence of SLE and SS in women with 47,XXX was respectively ∼2.5 and ∼2.9 times higher than in 46,XX women and ∼25 and ∼41 times higher than in 46,XY men. No statistically significant increase of 47,XXX was observed in other female-biased diseases (PBC or RA), supporting the idea of multiple pathways to sex bias in autoimmunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 129. |
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| 130. |
- Lorentzon, Mattias, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Algorithm for the Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in the Diagnosis, Assessment and Follow-Up of Treatment for Osteoporosis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Advances in Therapy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0741-238X .- 1865-8652. ; 36:10, s. 2811-2824
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Increased biochemical bone turnover markers (BTMs) measured in serum are associated with bone loss, increased fracture risk and poor treatment adherence, but their role in clinical practice is presently unclear. The aim of this consensus group report is to provide guidance to clinicians on how to use BTMs in patient evaluation in postmenopausal osteoporosis, in fracture risk prediction and in the monitoring of treatment efficacy and adherence to osteoporosis medication. Methods A working group with clinical scientists and osteoporosis specialists was invited by the Scientific Advisory Board of European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Results Serum bone formation marker PINP and resorption marker beta CTX-I are the preferred markers for evaluating bone turnover in the clinical setting due to their specificity to bone, performance in clinical studies, wide use and relatively low analytical variability. BTMs cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis because of low sensitivity and specificity, but can be of value in patient evaluation where high values may indicate the need to investigate some causes of secondary osteoporosis. Assessing serum levels of beta CTX-I and PINP can improve fracture prediction slightly, with a gradient of risk of about 1.2 per SD increase in the bone marker in addition to clinical risk factors and bone mineral density. For an individual patient, BTMs are not useful in projecting bone loss or treatment efficacy, but it is recommended that serum PINP and beta CTX-I be used to monitor adherence to oral bisphosphonate treatment. Suppression of the BTMs greater than the least significant change or to levels in the lower half of the reference interval in young and healthy premenopausal women is closely related to treatment adherence. Conclusion In conclusion, the currently available evidence indicates that the principal clinical utility of BTMs is for monitoring oral bisphosphonate therapy.
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