| 471. |
- Peters, Ann-Christin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers and Pathways to Environmental Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in Middle-and Low-Income Settings: An Exploratory Qualitative Key Expert Study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - 1654-9880 .- 1654-9880. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local and global surveillance of antibiotic resistance (ABR) has proven a challenge to implement effectively in low- and middle income (LMI) settings. Environmental surveillance solutions are increasingly highlighted as a strategy to help overcoming such problems, and thus to promote global health as well as the local management of ABR in LMI countries. While technical and scientific aspects of such solutions are being probed continuously, no study has investigated their practical feasibility. Objective: Explore practical barriers for environmental surveillance of ABR in LMI countries, and pathways for surveillance experts to manage these. Method: To start charting this unknown territory, we conducted an explorative, qualitative interview study with key informants, applying a constructivist grounded theory approach to analyze the results. Results: barriers were identified across infrastructural, institutional and social dimensions, and pathways to manage them were mostly counterproductive from an ABR management perspective, including avoiding entire regions, applying substandard methods and failing to include local collaborators. Conclusion: the research community as well as international agencies, organizations and states have key roles and responsibilities for improving the prospects of feasible environmental ABR surveillance in LMI-settings.
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| 472. |
- Ranisch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23, s. 285-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic management. It is crucial to consider ethical requirements before, while, and after implementing such apps. In this paper, we illustrate the complexity and multiplicity of the ethical considerations by presenting an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. Using this framework as a starting point, we briefly highlight the interconnection of social and political contexts, available measures of pandemic management, and a multi-layer assessment of CT apps. We will discuss some trade-offs that arise from this perspective. We then suggest that public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely undermine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness.
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| 473. |
- Ranisch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethics of digital contact tracing apps for the Covid-19 pandemic response
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic man- agement. These apps raise significant moral concerns. It is therefore crucial to consider ethical requirements before and while implementing such apps. Public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely under- mine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness. In response to these demands, to meet ethical requirements and find a basis for justified trust, this background introduces an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. However, even prudently chosen measures of digital contact tracing carry moral costs, which makes it necessary address different trade-offs. This background paper aims to inform developers, researchers and decision-makers be- fore and throughout the process of implementing contact tracing apps.
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| 474. |
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| 475. |
- Richardson, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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Definition of Public health
- 2007
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Ingår i: Public policies, law and bioethics: a framework for producing public health policy across the European Union. - Leeds : University of Leeds. ; , s. 35-37
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 476. |
- Salvén, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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”Gymnasieelever bör studera filosofi”
- 2023
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Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet. - 1101-2412. ; :2023-04-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Filosofin har en särställning när det handlar om att stärka elevernas skydd mot desinformation och att utveckla deras kritiska tänkande. Därför bör ämnet vara obligatoriskt för elever på de teoretiska programmen i Gymnasiet.
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| 477. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Technology neutrality and regulation of agricultural biotechnology
- 2018
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Ingår i: Professionals in food chains: ethics, rules and responsibility. EurSafe 2018, Vienna, Austria 13 – 16 June 2018 / edited by: Svenja Springer, Herwig Grimm. - Wageningen, Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086863211
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural biotechnology, in particular genetically modified organisms (GMOs), is subject to regulation in many areas of the world, not least in the European Union (EU). A number of authors have argued that those regulatory processes are unfair, costly, and slow and that regulation therefore should move in the direction of increased ‘technology neutrality’. The issue is becoming more pressing, especially since new biotechnologies such as CRISPR increasingly blur the regulatory distinction between GMOs and non-GMOs. This paper offers a definition of technology neutrality, uses the EU GMO regulation as a starting point for exploring technology neutrality, and presents distinctions between variants of the call for technology neutral GMO regulation in the EU.
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| 478. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Neutrality in European Regulation of GMOs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ethics, Policy & Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2155-0085 .- 2155-0093. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objections to the current EU regulatory system on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in terms of high cost and lack of consistency, speed and scientific underpinning have prompted proposals for a more technology-neutral system. We sketch the conceptual background of the notion of ‘technology neutrality’ and propose a refined definition of the term. The proposed definition implies that technology neutrality of a regulatory system is a gradual and multidimensional feature. We use the definition to analyze two regulatory reform proposals: One proposal from the Netherlands for improving the exemption mechanism for GMOs under Directive 2001/18/EC, and one from the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board, outlining a new stratified risk assessment procedure. While both proposals offer some degree of improved technology neutrality in some dimensions compared to current EU regulation, in some extents and dimensions, they do not. We conclude that proposals for more technology-neutral regulation of GMOs need, first, to make explicit to what extent and in what dimensions the proposal improves neutrality and, second, to present arguments supporting that these specific improvements constitute desirable policy change against the background of objections to current policy.
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| 479. |
- Sandman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Adherence, shared decision-making and patient autonomy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Verlag. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 15:2, s. 115-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years the formerly quite strong interest in patient compliance has been questioned for being too paternalistic and oriented towards overly narrow biomedical goals as the basis for treatment recommendations. In line with this there has been a shift towards using the notion of adherence to signal an increased weight for patients’ preferences and autonomy in decision making around treatments. This ‘adherence-paradigm’ thus encompasses shared decision-making as an ideal and patient perspective and autonomy as guiding goals of care. What this implies in terms of the importance that we have reason to attach to (non-)adherence and how has, however, not been explained. In this article, we explore the relationship between different forms of shared decision-making, patient autonomy and adherence. Distinguishing between dynamically and statically framed adherence we show how the version of shared decision-making advocated will have consequences for whether one should be interested in a dynamically or statically framed adherence and in what way patient adherence should be assessed. In contrast to the former compliance paradigm (where non-compliance was necessarily seen as a problem), using observations about (non-)adherence to assess the success of health care decision making and professional-patient interaction turns out to be a much less straightforward matter.
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| 480. |
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