| 51. |
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Olsson, Mats J., et al.
(författare)
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The Scent of Disease : Human Body Odor Contains an Early Chemosensory Cue of Sickness
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 25:3, s. 817-823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observational studies have suggested that with time, some diseases result in a characteristic odor emanating from different sources on the body of a sick individual. Evolutionarily, however, it would be more advantageous if the innate immune response were detectable by healthy individuals as a first line of defense against infection by various pathogens, to optimize avoidance of contagion. We activated the innate immune system in healthy individuals by injecting them with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Within just a few hours, endotoxin-exposed individuals had a more aversive body odor relative to when they were exposed to a placebo. Moreover, this effect was statistically mediated by the individuals' level of immune activation. This chemosensory detection of the early innate immune response in humans represents the first experimental evidence that disease smells and supports the notion of a "behavioral immune response" that protects healthy individuals from sick ones by altering patterns of interpersonal contact.
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| 54. |
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| 55. |
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| 56. |
- Olsson, Rolf, 1969-
(författare)
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MANAGING PROJECT UNCERTAINTY BY USING AN ENHANCED RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An increasing number of companies are focusing their efforts on project management. Project management is frequently used as an enabler for meeting an uncertain and turbulent environment. Consequently, the overall effectiveness of the project management process is essential for long-term profitability. The aim and final effects of project management are to predict the outcome, i.e. cost, time and quality. However, uncertainty is inherent in the objectives of the project itself, as we use assumptions and expectations in defining and realizing the outcome of the project. A project’s ability to identify and react to uncertainty will influence the outcome of the project. Presently, risk management processes exist in several forms and are often used to manage uncertainty. However, it is frequently argued in academia as well as for the practitioner that risk management does not live up to expected results. The overall objective of this research is to improve the process for managing risks and opportunities within a project organization. The research starts from the single project view, followed by the strategic link to business strategy by including the project portfolio management perspective. Finally, the research focuses on opportunities and the ability of a project to realize them. Thus, the research questions addressed concern how risk is conceived in a theoretical global context and how this would assist in developing a methodology for risk management in an international project organization. They also involve how risk management within a project portfolio could be conducted and its effectiveness measured. Finally, the research questions also address how the management of opportunities could be improved. This research includes the development of four methodologies, based on industrial need. A holistic approach with a systems perspective has been used in order to handle the complexity of the research task. Both empirical and theoretical material has been used for developing the proposed methodologies. The developed methodologies for project risk management and the measures of its effectiveness have been tested and improved over a five-year period within the complete case company. Subsequently, two of them were implemented. The developed methodologies show that the risk management process in a single project does not foster learning and is not directly applicable within a portfolio of projects. Furthermore, the risk management process is not able to address all types of uncertainty. The project manager is a major factor in an effective management of uncertainty. When identifying and managing opportunity, having the ability to create a holistic view, to oversee both customer expectations, and to communicate project related information are important factors. Furthermore, the implementation also showed that it is actually possible, through the consistent use of a risk management process, to develop a cultural behavior within an organization that is much more preventive and proactive than before.
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| 57. |
- Olsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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A SEM study on the use of epoxy functional vegetable oil and reactive UV-absorber as UV-protecting pretreatment for wood
- 2015
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Ingår i: Polymer degradation and stability. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-3910 .- 1873-2321. ; 113:SI, s. 40-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates the ageing performance of a UV protective system for wood, comprising the reactive UV absorber 2-hydroxy-4(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-benzophenone (HEPBP) and epoxy functional vegetable oils (linseed and soybean oil). Scots pine samples of radial or cross-sectional surfaces were treated using a combination of the two components, or using only one of the oils. The treated samples were then aged in a Weather-Ometer for 2 x 60 h and analysed using VPSEM to follow the degradation of the wood substrate in the exact same spot before, during and after ageing. The results of the radial surfaces show slightly less degradation of samples treated with a combination of HEPBP and oil, and for the cross-sectional surfaces an even stronger protective effect is visible. For samples treated with only one of the two oils, no improvement was detectable. The radial surfaces were also analysed using FTIR where the results indicate presence of the protective treatment even after 120 h of exposure. Overall the combined pretreatment of HEPBP and epoxy functional linseed oil was concluded to have a photo-stabilising effect of the wood substrate.
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| 58. |
- Olsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Covalently attached UV-absorbers for improved UV-protection of wood
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of The Fifth European Conference on Wood Modification ECWM5. - : Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study describes the use of reactive UV-absorbers (UVAs) that can be covalently attached to a wood substrate to obtain an improved exterior durability. It has previously been demonstrated that the photostability of wood is increased if the UVA is grafted to the wood surface. The grafting of an epoxide-functional UVA, 2-hydroxy-4(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-benzophenone (HEPBP), to thin veneer wood specimens had a larger photostabilizing effect than if the corresponding UVA without the reactive handle was added to the wood coating. The present study shows that not only the chemical structure of the UVA is important but also how the modification is performed i.e. the reaction procedure. A successful attachment of the UVA depends on both the reaction conditions as well as if other reactive species are present at the same time. The presence of for example a vegetable oil (epoxy functionalized soy bean oil) affects the grafting reaction of the UVA. Details on the effect of reaction conditions, reaction sequences, and presence of co-reactants will be presented.
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
- Olsson, Sara, 1984-
(författare)
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Enhancing UV-protection of clear coated wood by utilizing reactive UV-absorber and epoxyfunctionalized soybean oil
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work presents the development of a new pretreatment for clear coated wood, that aims to increase the photoprotection of exterior wood products, and at the same time make the system more environmentally friendly. The pretreatment comprises the reactive UV absorber 2-hydroxy-4(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-benzophenone (HEPBP), which has a primary epoxy group that can be covalently attached to the hydroxyl groups of the wood substrate. This reactant is accompanied by renewable epoxy functionalized soybean oil (ESBO), which contains a secondary epoxy group that also has the ability to react with the substrate and that promotes the compatibility between the two reactants. The ESBO further seems to have the advantage of increasing the flexibility of the pretreated veneers as well as decreasing the amount of water in the cell wall of the wood. The study was performed in two parts where the first part focused solely on the development and performance of the pretreatment, whereas the second part used the knowledge gained from part one to evaluate the pretreatment in combination with an acrylic clear coating. Grafting reactions were performed on thin wood veneers heated in solvent. In the first part the reaction parameters, temperature and reaction time, were varied to study their effects on the final properties of the pretreatments. The veneers where then analyzed using FTIR to determine if grafting was achieved. Results show that grafting was successful for reactions performed at temperatures above 90 °C. For part two, grafting was successful for both the boil- and dip process, indicating that a considerably shorter reaction time can be used. Samples from both part one and two where then exposed to accelerated ageing and the color change was measured to estimate the UV-resistance. The first part showed improved UV-resistance for some of the pretreatments, whereas the second part was more difficult to evaluate due to the top coat, but a slight improvement can be seen for samples using the pretreatment. A positive result for part two is also that the pretreatment do not appear to affect the adhesion between the substrate and the top coat. It is hence concluded that the proposed pretreatment is a possible way of increasing the photostability of exterior wood.
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