| 91. |
- Luo, Jiao, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Alzheimer Disease
- 2023
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Ingår i: JAMA Network Open. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2574-3805. ; 6:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE An estimated 40% of dementia is potentially preventable by modifying 12 risk factors throughout the life course. However, robust evidence for most of these risk factors is lacking. Effective interventions should target risk factors in the causal pathway to dementia.OBJECTIVE To comprehensively disentangle potentially causal aspects of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD) to inspire new drug targeting and improved prevention.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This genetic association study was conducted using 2-sample univariable and multivariable mendelian randomization. Independent genetic variants associated with modifiable risk factors were selected as instrumental variables from genomic consortia. Outcome data for AD were obtained from the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), generated on August 31, 2021. Main analyses were conducted using the EADB clinically diagnosed end point data. All analyses were performed between April 12 and October 27, 2022.EXPOSURES Genetically determined modifiable risk factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for AD were calculated per 1-unit change of genetically determined risk factors.RESULTS The EADB-diagnosed cohort included 39106 participants with clinically diagnosed AD and 401577 control participants without AD. The mean age ranged from 72 to 83 years for participants with AD and 51 to 80 years for control participants. Among participants with AD, 54% to 75% were female, and among control participants, 48% to 60% were female. Genetically determined high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were associated with increased odds of AD (OR per 1-SD increase, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.16]). Genetically determined high systolic blood pressure was associated with increased risk of AD after adjusting for diastolic blood pressure (OR per 10-mm Hg increase, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.02-1.46]). In a second analysis to minimize bias due to sample overlap, the entire UK Biobank was excluded from the EADB consortium; odds for AD were similar for HDL cholesterol (OR per 1-SD unit increase, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.02-1.15]) and systolic blood pressure after adjusting for diastolic blood pressure (OR per 10-mm Hg increase, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.01-1.50]).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This genetic association study found novel genetic associations between high HDL cholesterol concentrations and high systolic blood pressure with higher risk of AD. These findings may inspire new drug targeting and improved prevention implementation.
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| 92. |
- Popp, Andrea L., et al.
(författare)
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A Global Survey on the Perceptions and Impacts of Gender Inequality in the Earth and Space Sciences
- 2019
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Ingår i: Earth and Space Science. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2333-5084. ; 6:8, s. 1460-1468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The leaky pipeline phenomenon refers to the disproportionate decline of female scientists at higher academic career levels and is a major problem in the natural sciences. Identifying the underlying causes is challenging, and thus, solving the problem remains difficult. To better understand the reasons for the leaky pipeline, we assess the perceptions and impacts of gender bias and imbalance—two major drivers of the leakage—at different academic career levels with an anonymous survey in geoscience academia (n=1,220). The survey results show that both genders view male geoscientists as substantially more gender biased than female scientists. Moreover, female geoscientists are more than twice as likely to experience negative gender bias at their workplaces and scientific organizations compared to male geoscientists. There are also pronounced gender differences regarding (i) the relevance of role models, (ii) family-friendly working conditions, and (iii) the approval of gender quotas for academic positions. Given the male dominance in senior career levels, our results emphasize that those feeling less impacted by the negative consequences of gender bias and imbalance are the ones in position to tackle the problem. We thus call for actions to better address gender biases and to ensure a balanced gender representation at decision-making levels to ultimately retain more women in geoscience academia.
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| 93. |
- Popp, Magnus, 1965-
(författare)
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Disentangling the Reticulate History of Polyploids in Silene (Caryophyllaceae)
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DNA sequences from the rps16 intron and the psbE-petL spacer from the chloroplast genome, the ribosomal nuclear ITS region, and introns from the low copy nuclear genes RPA2, RPB2, RPD2a and RPD2b, are in different combinations used to infer phylogenetic relationships in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Used in concert, the biparentally inherited nuclear regions are useful to distinguish between paralogy due to allopolyploidy and single gene duplications, respectively, because the latter are not expected to give rise to repeated phylogenetic patterns in potentially unlinked sequence regions. In addition, the sequences resolve previously poorly known relationships in the tribe Sileneae. Several independent losses and incomplete concerted evolution are inferred between the two RPD2 paralogues in a subgroup of Silene. An allopolyploid origin is suggested for the tetraploid S. aegaea, with the maternal ancestor from the diploid S. pentelica lineage, and the paternal contributor from the diploid S. sedoides lineage. Silene involucrata originated as an allotetraploid with the diploid lineage of Arctic S. uralensis as cytoplasmic donor and the diploid Siberian/Northeast Asian S. ajanensis lineage as pollen donor. A subsequent allopolyploidization with the S. ajanensis lineage as pollen donor and the tetraploid S. involucrata lineage as cytoplasmic donor resulted in the hexaploid lineage of S. sorensenis sensu lato. A monophyletic origin of the North American polyploids is rejected. One lineage consists of tetraploid S. menziesii and its diploid allies. A separate lineage leads to a clade consisting of both diploid and polyploid Arctic, European and Asian taxa in addition to the majority of the North American polyploids. The tetraploid S. californica and the hexaploid S. hookeri are derived from separate allopolyploidization events between these two lineages.
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| 94. |
- Schwarz, Johanna F. A., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of partial sleep deprivation on computer-based measures of fitness to drive
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sleep and Breathing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1520-9512 .- 1522-1709. ; 20:1, s. 285-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: Using a partial sleep deprivation paradigm, the aim of the study was to investigate the sensitivity of a computer-based test battery of fitness to drive to detect impairments related to sleepiness.METHODS: Forty-seven healthy subjects (34 females, mean age 26.0 ± 6.8 years) participated in a counterbalanced within-subject design of two conditions: (i) normal night sleep and (ii) partial sleep deprivation (PSD) with 4 h time in bed. For the assessment of fitness to drive, we used a validated traffic psychological test battery. Moreover, well-established measures of sleepiness highly responsive to sleep deprivation were applied: the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), pupillography (Pupil Unrest Index (PUI) as physiological sleepiness indicator) and two sustained attention tasks (psychomotor Vigilance Task and Mackworth Clock Test).RESULTS: Subjective and physiological sleepiness were significantly increased after PSD, accompanied by large (d > 1.50 for KSS) and medium (d = 0.55 for PUI) effect sizes. Sleepiness-related performance decrements were found in both sustained attention tasks (d = 0.59-0.77). Assessing driving-related ability, PSD induced decrements only in the test domain Reaction Test (reaction time d = 0.54 and motor time d = 0.45). All other subtests-as well as the overall judgement of fitness to drive-were not significantly affected by PSD.CONCLUSION: In contrast to established tests of sustained attention and subjective sleepiness, computer-based test batteries of fitness to drive might lack sensitivity to core aspects of sleepiness as they mainly consist of short and stimulating subtests. Therefore, tasks that require sustained attention should be an essential part of traffic psychological test batteries when sleepiness is a potential issue.
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| 95. |
- Seidler, A., et al.
(författare)
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Health effects of railway-induced vibration combined with railway noise-A systematic review with exposure-effect curves
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - 0013-9351. ; 233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The combined health impact of concurrent railway noise and railway vibration exposure is not yet well understood. Objectives: This systematic review gives an overview of epidemiological studies on health effects from railway vibration, aiming to quantify this association with exposure-effect curves. Moreover, the combined health effects of vibration and concurrent noise were investigated.Methods: We converted the vibration metric to an equivalent noise level and calculated an overall noise level by energetically summing the equivalent and railway noise level. The combined health effect was determined by using published evidence-based exposure-effect formulas.Results: Studies included in this systematic review predominately investigated annoyance and self-reported sleep disturbances; no studies on manifest diseases were identified. For the combined effects of vibration and noise on "total" annoyance, the results based on the pooled analysis of CargoVibes project are recommended as conservative approach.Discussion: Converting railway vibration into equivalent noise levels in dB may offer a pragmatic approach to assess the combined health effects of railway noise and railway vibration exposure. Future studies should include cardiovascular and mental diseases in addition to vibration-induced annoyance and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, future studies should include in-depth investigations of the interaction between railway noise and railway vibration to allow for a more accurate assessment of the railway-induced burden of disease.
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| 96. |
- Smith, P., et al.
(författare)
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How much land-based greenhouse gas mitigation can be achieved without compromising food security and environmental goals?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2486 .- 1354-1013. ; 19:8, s. 2285-2302
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Feeding 9-10billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply- and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5-15.6Gt CO2-eq. yr(-1)) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5-4.3Gt CO2-eq. yr(-1) at carbon prices between 20 and 100US$ tCO(2)-eq. yr(-1)), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
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| 97. |
- Steffensen, Jörgen Peder, et al.
(författare)
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High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years
- 2008
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 321, s. 680-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted bythe Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the NorthGreenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitationmoisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a moregradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable waterisotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasingGreenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of theIntertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphereatmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture sourcetemperature from one year to the next.
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| 98. |
- Umrao, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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A possible mechanism for the emergence of an additional band gap due to a Ti-O-C bond in the TiO2-graphene hybrid system for enhanced photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light
- 2014
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 4:104, s. 59890-59901
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we report the experimental and theoretical study of two TiO2-graphene oxide (TG) and TiO2-reduced graphene oxide (TR) composites synthesized by a facile and ecological route, for enhanced visible light (similar to 470 nm) photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) (99% efficiency), with high rate constant values (1800% over bare TiO2). TG couples TiO2 nanopowder with Graphene Oxide (GO) while TR couples it with reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The present study, unlike previous reports, discusses never-before-reported double absorption edges obtained for both TG (3.51 eV and 2.51 eV) and TR (3.42 eV and 2.39 eV) composites, which represents the reason behind feasible visible light (2.56 eV) induced photocatalysis. TiO2 domains in the composites dominate the higher band edge, while GO/RGO domains explain the lower band edge. Formation of Ti-O-C bonds in both TG and TR drives the shifting upwards of the valence band edge and reduction in band gap. Further, these bonds provide a conductive pathway for charge carriers from TiO2 nanopowder to the degraded species via the GO/RGO matrix, resulting in decreased charge carrier recombination in TiO2 and enhanced efficiency. To attest that the developed theory is correct, density function theory (DFT) calculations were performed. DFT obtained energetics and electronic structures support experimental findings by demonstrating the role of the Ti-O-C bond, which results in double band edge phenomenon in composites. Finally, the mechanism behind MB degradation is discussed comprehensively and the effect of the weight percent of GO/RGO in the composite on the rate constant and photodegradation efficiency has been studied experimentally and explained by developing analytical equations.
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| 99. |
- Walker, Mike, et al.
(författare)
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Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Quaternary Science. - : Wiley. - 1099-1417 .- 0267-8179. ; 24:1, s. 3-17
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary have also been recognised. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 100. |
- Walker, Mike, et al.
(författare)
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The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core
- 2008
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Ingår i: Episodes. - 0705-3797. ; 31:2, s. 264-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).
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