| 11. |
- Posledovich, Diana, et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping and monitoring genetic diversity in Sweden : A proposal for species, methods and costs
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biologiska övervakningsprogram är en central del för uppföljningen av konventionen för biologisk mångfald (CBD). Genetisk mångfald är identifierad av CBD som en av tre nivåer av biologisk mångfald, och den form av variation som är grunden för övriga nivåer (art- och ekosystemnivå). Målet med denna rapport är att presentera ett förslag till ett övervakningsprogram för genetisk mångfald i Sverige som kan implementeras med start 2020 och vara i bruk under många år framöver. Vi fokuserar främst på genetisk variation inom arter och inte på tekniker där genetiska analyser används för att kartlägga variation på art- och ekosystemnivå.Genetisk variation är central för populationers överlevnad på kort sikt genom att minska risken för inavelsdepression, och på lång sikt genom att möjliggöra evolutionära anpassningar till förändrade miljöer (exempelvis som en följd av klimatförändringar). Redan 1997 uppmärksammades behovet av ett nationellt program för att övervaka genetisk mångfald. Liknande uppmaningar har sedan kommit vid flera tillfällen i forskningsartiklar, rapporter från Naturvårdsverket och genom regeringsbeslut.Vi har utfört en omfattande litteraturgenomgång och sammanställt kunskapsläget kring genetisk mångfald i svenska naturliga populationer (delvis baserat på tidigare publicerade rapporter). I ca en tredjedel av de genomgångna studierna hade man undersökt förändringar i genetisk variation över tid.Vi har även identifierat olika arter och populationer som anses vara lämpliga för genetisk övervakning. Bland dessa arter har vi föreslagit en inbördes prioritering baserat på flera faktorer: redan pågående insatser som möjliggör effektiv provinsamling, hotbild, representation av olika organismgrupper och genomförbarhet, samt uppskattat grova och mycket ungefärliga kostnader för övervakning av dessa. För att identifiera arter som lämpliga för genetisk övervakning och prioritera mellan dessa har vi använt oss av sju kategorier:1) Arter som är påverkade av beskattning (jakt, fiske, etc.)2) Arter som är listade i EU:s art-, habitat- och fågeldirektiv3) Arter som riskerar påverkan från oönskat genflöde4) Arter som är nationellt rödlistade enligt IUCN:s kriterier5) Arter där den svenska populationen är genetisk särpräglad från övriga populationer6) Populationer som förväntas vara särskilt sårbara för klimatförändringar7) Naturliga referenspopulationer (ej hotade eller listade enligt ovanstående kriterier, men där mycket kunskap redan finns som man kan använda som utgångspunkt och referens)Dessutom beaktades följande kriterier i bedömningen:a) Arter som är viktiga för ekosystemets funktionb) Pollinerande insekter (enligt särskilt direktiv från beställaren – se separat delrapport)c) Arter med befintliga samlingar av vävnad/DNA för att kunna göra historiska jämförelserd) Arter som redan i dagsläget är del av genetisk insamling/övervakning e) Arter där det finns andra typer av övervakningsprogram som inkluderar manuell hantering av individer som enkelt skulle kunna utökas till att omfatta även genetisk provtagningf) Inhemska naturliga arter som är nära besläktade med domesticerade arterPrioriteringar gjordes så att varje art placerades i en av tre kategorier (hög, medel och låg prioritering). Vi identifierade totalt 167 arter som lämpliga för genetisk övervakning. Av dessa prioriterades 60 som ”hög”, inkluderande 15 pollinerande insekter (se separat delrapport) och 12 akvatiska arter (se separat rapport från Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten).Eftersom den tekniska utvecklingen inom genetiska analyser just nu går väldigt fort är det svårt att uppskatta framtida kostnader för den laborativa delen av ett genetiskt övervakningsprogram. Programmet bör också vara adaptivt, så att man kan anpassa metoder allteftersom ny kunskap tillkommer och nya tekniker blir tillgängliga. Här blir det därför centralt att DNA-prover lagras på ett säkert och överskådligt sätt så att man kan gå tillbaka och analysera om äldre prover i framtiden. Upprätthållande och kurrering av biobanker med vävnadsprover bör således vara en prioriterad del av programmet.Beroende på ambitionsnivå (med avseende på antal arter/populationer som inkluderas, vilken typ av genetiska data som samlas in och antal prov per art/population) beräknas den årliga kostnaden för övervakningsprogrammet ungefär uppgå till mellan 9 (ambitionsnivå 1), 14 (ambitionsnivå 2) och 27 (ambitionsnivå 3) miljoner kronor (inkluderande kostnaderna för de delvis separat finansierade projekten på pollinerande insekter och marina arter). För vissa enstaka arter tillkommer engångskostnader för utveckling av genetiska markörer.För att programmet ska kunna bli framgångsrikt krävs en tydlig plan för koordinering och projektledning. För att fylla sin funktion, måste övervakningsprogrammet för genetisk mångfald pågå under lång tid framöver, det är därför centralt att det finns en långsiktig, förutsägbar och transparent struktur för finansiering.
|
|
| 12. |
- Posledovich, Diana, et al.
(författare)
-
Phenological synchrony between a butterfly and its host plants : Experimental test of effects of spring temperature
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 87:1, s. 150-161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Climate-driven changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species may potentially alter the outcome of species interactions. 2. Phenotypic plasticity is expected to be important for short-term response to new climate conditions, and differences between species in plasticity are likely to influence their temporal overlap and interaction patterns. As reaction norms of interacting species may be locally adapted, any such climate-induced change in interaction patterns may vary among localities. However, consequences of spatial variation in plastic responses for species interactions are understudied. 3. We experimentally explored how temperature affected synchrony between spring emergence of a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and onset of flowering of five of its host plant species across a latitudinal gradient. We also studied potential effects on synchrony if climate-driven northward expansions would be faster in the butterflies than in host plants. Lastly, to assess how changes in synchrony influence host use we carried out an experiment to examine the importance of the developmental stage of plant reproductive structures for butterfly oviposition preference. 4. In southern locations, the butterflies were well-synchronized with the majority of their local host plant species across temperatures, suggesting that thermal plasticity in butterfly development matches oviposition to host plant development and that thermal reaction norms of insects and plants result in similar advancement of spring phenology in response to warming. In the most northern region, however, relative phenology between the butterfly and two of its host plant species changed with increased temperature. We also show that the developmental stage of plants was important for egg-laying, and conclude that temperature-induced changes in synchrony in the northernmost region are likely to lead to shifts in host use in A.cardamines if spring temperatures become warmer. Northern expansion of butterfly populations might possibly have a positive effect on keeping up with host plant phenology with more northern host plant populations. 5. Considering that the majority of insect herbivores exploit multiple plant species differing in their phenological response to spring temperatures, temperature-induced changes in synchrony might lead to shifts in host use and changes in species interactions in many temperate communities.
|
|
| 13. |
- Posledovich, Diana, et al.
(författare)
-
The developmental race between maturing host plants and their butterfly herbivore – the influence of phenological matching and temperature
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 84:6, s. 1690-1699
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants that are limited in time are widespread. Therefore, many insect-plant interactions result in a developmental race, where herbivores need to complete their development before plants become unsuitable, while plants strive to minimize damage from herbivores by outgrowing them. When spring phenologies of interacting species change asymmetrically in response to climate warming, there will be a change in the developmental state of host plants at the time of insect herbivore emergence. In combination with altered temperatures during the subsequent developmental period, this is likely to affect interaction strength as well as fitness of interacting species. Here, we experimentally explore whether the combined effect of phenological matching and thermal conditions influence the outcome of an insect-host interaction. We manipulated both developmental stages of the host plants at the start of the interaction and temperature during the subsequent developmental period in a model system of a herbivorous butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and five of its Brassicaceae host plant species. Larval performance characteristics were favoured by earlier stages of host plants at oviposition as well as by higher developmental temperatures on most of the host species. The probability of a larva needing a second host plant covered the full range from no influence of either phenological matching or temperature to strong effects of both factors, and complex interactions between them. The probability of a plant outgrowing a larva was dependent only on the species identity. This study demonstrates that climatic variation can influence the outcome of consumer-resource interactions in multiple ways and that its effects differ among host plant species. Therefore, climate warming is likely to change the temporal match between larval and plant development in some plant species, but not in the others. This is likely to have important implications for host plant use and possibly influence competitive relationships.
|
|
| 14. |
- Posledovich, Diana, et al.
(författare)
-
Weak effect of spring temperatures on phenological synchrony between herbivore emergence and host plant suitability
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many species interactions are maintained by precise timing of life-cycle events across seasonal variation. Ecological implications of changes in phenologies, associated with climate change, with respect to species interactions are to a large extent unexplored. Changes in phenological distance between herbivores and their host plant species under new environmental conditions may potentially lead to shifts in host use patterns, with some plant species becoming more or less available at the time of a herbivore’s emergence. In addition, latitudinal variation in the timing of phenological events can lead to different patterns in host use shifts among populations of a given herbivore. Here we explored latitudinal variation in the effects of temperature on the degree of phenological synchrony between emergence of a butterfly, A. cardamines, and five of its herbaceous host plant species in a set of laboratory experiments to investigate the possibility that there will be shifts in the butterfly’ host utilization due to changes in thermal environment. The results suggest a similar temperature-mediated phenological plasticity between the butterflies and their host plants in three latitudinally divergent populations. In general, butterflies appeared to be well-synchronized with the majority of their host plant species across temperatures. In the most northern region, however, phenological distance between the butterfly and two out of four plant species was affected by temperature and decreased in warmer treatments. We relate this to a lower diversity of plant species and shorter period of host availability in the northern region. This creates a stronger selection pressure on the northern butterflies for a closer matching of their emergence to the plant flowering period. As the butterflies discriminated against non-flowering hosts with respect to oviposition, we conclude that a shift in host use in A. cardamines appears to be a possible scenario under spring warming, especially in the northern region.
|
|
| 15. |
- Stålhandske, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
-
Variation in two phases of post-winter development of a butterfly
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 27:12, s. 2644-2653
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The temporal aspects of life cycle characteristics, such as diapause development, are under strong selection in seasonal environments. Fine-tuning of the life cycle may be particularly important to match the phenology of potential mates and resources as well as for optimizing abiotic conditions at eclosion. Here, we experimentally study the spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, by analysing post-winter pupal development in three populations along a latitudinal cline in each of Sweden and the United Kingdom. These countries differ substantially in their seasonal temperature profile. By repeatedly recording pupal weights, we established that post-winter development has two separate phases, with a more rapid weight loss in the second phase than in the first, likely corresponding to a ramping up of the rate of development. Variation in the duration of the first phase contributed more strongly than the second phase to the differences in phenology between the localities and sexes. We found that insects from Sweden had a faster overall rate of development than those from the United Kingdom, which is consistent with countergradient variation, as Sweden is colder during the spring than the United Kingdom. Similar trends were not observed at the within-country scale, however. A cogradient pattern was found within Sweden, with populations from the north developing more slowly, and there was no clear latitudinal trend within the United Kingdom. In all localities, males developed faster than females. Our results point to the importance of variation in the progression of post-winter development for spring phenology.
|
|
| 16. |
- Toftegaard, Tenna, et al.
(författare)
-
Butterfly-host plant synchrony determines patterns of host use across years and regions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 128:4, s. 493-502
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variation in the degree of synchrony among host plants and herbivores can disrupt or intensify species interactions, alter the strength of natural selection on traits associated with phenological timing, and drive novel host plant associations. We used field observations from three regions during four seasons to examine how timing of the butterfly herbivore Anthocharis cardamines relative to six host plant species (Arabis hirsuta, Cardamine pratensis, Arabis glabra, Arabidopsis thaliana, Thlaspi caerulescens and Capsella bursa-pastoris) influenced host species use and the choice of host plant individuals within populations. Butterflies laid a larger fraction of their eggs on species that were closer to the butterfly's preferred stage of development than on other host species. Within host plant populations, butterflies showed a stronger preference for individuals with a late phenology when plants within the population were on average more developed at the time of butterfly flight. Our results suggest that changes in synchrony between herbivores and their host plants are associated with changes in both host species use and the choice of host plant individuals differing in phenology within populations. This is likely to be an important mechanism generating variation in interaction intensities and trait selection in the wild, and therefore also relevant for understanding how anthropogenic induced changes, such as global warming, will influence natural communities.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Toftegaard, Tenna, et al.
(författare)
-
Variation in plant thermal reaction norms along a latitudinal gradient - more than adaptation to season length
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 125:5, s. 622-628
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the extent to which observed phenological responses to changes in climate are the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic changes. We also know little about how plasticity, in terms of thermal reaction norms, vary spatially. We investigated if the thermal reaction norms for flower development of five crucifer species (Brassicaceae) differed among three regions along a south-north latitudinal gradient in replicated experiments. The mean response (elevation) of thermal reaction norms of flowering differed among regions in all study species, while sensitivity of flower development to temperature (slope) differed in only one of the species. Differences in mean responses corresponded to cogradient patterns in some species, but countergradient patterns in other. This suggests that differences among regions were not solely the result of adaptation to differences in the length of the growing season, but that other factors, such as herbivory, play an important role. Differences in development rate within species were mainly explained by variation in early phases of bud formation in some species but by variation in later phases of bud formation in other species. The differences in latitudinal patterns of thermal reaction norms among species observed in this study are important, both to identify agents of selection and to predict short- and long-term responses to a warming climate.
|
|
