| 4391. |
- Lundh, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Cadmium and mercury exposure over time in Swedish children.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 150, s. 600-605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge about changes in exposure to toxic metals over time remains very sparse, in particular for children, the most vulnerable group. Here, we assessed whether a reduction in environmental pollution with cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) caused a change in exposure over time. In total, 1257 children (age 4-9) in two towns in Sweden were sampled once in 1986-2013. Blood concentrations of Cd (b-Cd; n=1120) and Hg (b-Hg; n=560) were determined.
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| 4392. |
- Lundin, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Screening and Advising on Alcohol Habits in Sweden : A Repeated Population Survey Following Nationwide Implementation of Screening and Brief Intervention
- 2017
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 52:2, s. 190-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To examine: (a) to what extent individuals in contact with heath care had been asked and advised on their alcohol habits; (b) how self-reports of alcohol consumption and patient characteristics affected the probability of being asked and advised on alcohol consumption; (c) the potential effect of alcohol advice on readiness and ability to change, across levels of high alcohol consumption.METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional public health postal questionnaire in Uppsala County among 18-84 year old, covering a period of a national programme encouraging alcohol screening, brief interventions and motivational interviewing (2004-2012). Response rates were 65.5-52.2%. Respondent who stated that they had visited health-care services had a further question on whether the staff asked questions about habits including alcohol, and whether the staff had given them advice concerning the same habits. AUDIT-C was the measure of alcohol consumption, and there was a question on wanting to cut down on drinking and/or needing support to do so.RESULTS: Screening for and advising patients on alcohol consumption increased during the period, but there were no decreases in population-level consumption. Screening occurred independent of self-reports of AUDIT-C and varied with other individual characteristics. Advice was associated with AUDIT-C score. Being advised increased the likelihood of wanting to reduce drinking, both among those scoring above the national hazardous consumption levels and at higher scores.CONCLUSIONS: Screening and advising on alcohol habits in health care impacted individual readiness and ability to change. Population-level effects have yet to be proven.SHORT SUMMARY: Screening for and advising patients on alcohol consumption increased following a national programme encouraging alcohol screening, brief interventions and motivational interviewing. Overall consumption levels remained unchanged. Screening was largely systematic. The positive effect of advice on wanting to cut back drinking was similar in moderate and high drinkers.
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| 4393. |
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| 4394. |
- Lundin, A., et al.
(författare)
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The Association Between Self-Assessed Future Work Ability and Long-Term Sickness Absence, Disability Pension and Unemployment in a General Working Population : A 7-Year Follow-Up Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of occupational rehabilitation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1053-0487 .- 1573-3688. ; 26:2, s. 195-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Work ability is commonly measured with self-assessments, in the form of indices or single items. The validity of these assessments lies in their predictive ability. Prospective studies have reported associations between work ability and sickness absence and disability pension, but few examined why these associations exist. Several correlates of work ability have been reported, but their mechanistic role is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate to what extent individual's own prognosis of work ability predicts labor market participation and whether this was due to individual characteristics and/or working conditions. Methods Self-assessed prognosis of work ability, 2 years from now, in the Stockholm Public Health Questionnaire (2002-2003) was linked to national registers on sickness absence, disability pension and unemployment up to year 2010. Effects were studied with Cox regression models. Results Of a total of 12,064 individuals 1466 reported poor work ability. There were 299 cases of disability pension, 1466 long-term sickness absence cases and 765 long-term unemployed during follow-up. Poor work ability increased the risk of long-term sickness absence (HR 2.25, CI 95 % 1.97-2.56), disability pension (HR 5.19, CI 95 % 4.07-6.62), and long-term unemployment (HR 2.18, CI 95 % 1.83-2.60). These associations were partially explained by baseline health conditions, physical and (less strongly) psychosocial aspects of working conditions. Conclusions Self-assessed poor ability predicted future long-term sickness absence, disability pension and long-term unemployment. Self-assessed poor work ability seems to be an indicator of future labor market exclusion of different kinds, and can be used in public health monitoring.
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| 4395. |
- Lundin, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment and coronary heart disease among middle-aged men in Sweden : 39 243 men followed for 8 years
- 2014
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 71:3, s. 183-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Although unemployment may be a stressful life event, its association with coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. This study examines the association between unemployment and later hospitalisation due to CHD. Methods The study was based on a Swedish military conscription cohort of 18 to 20-year-old men from 1969/1970 (n=49321) with information provided on health status and health behaviours. Information on unemployment in middle age was obtained from national registers. CHD information was obtained from hospital registers and the cause of death register. Cox proportional hazard analyses were run on the 39243 individuals who were in paid employment in 1996 and 1997. Results It was found that 90days of unemployment was associated with subsequent CHD during 8years follow-up (crude HR=1.47, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.75). Controlling for known risk factors for CHD reduced the association but a significant association remained (HR=1.24, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.48); 90days of unemployment was significantly associated with CHD during the first 4years (HR adjusted for known risk factors=1.31, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.71). Conclusions Unemployment was associated with increased risk of CHD after adjustment for confounders. We interpret the increased risk of CHD associated with unemployment as potentially the somatic result of a process started by stress.
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| 4396. |
- Lundquist, Pär, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Annoyance and effects on work from noise at school
- 2000
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Ingår i: Noise and Health. - : Medknow Publications. - 1463-1741 .- 1998-4030. ; 2:8, s. 39-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate how students rate the annoyance and effects of noise in their working environment. 216 students, between the ages 13-15 years, and 12 teachers took part in this study. Sound level measurements were made for 20 minutes in the middle of a lesson for each class. On the measurement occasion the students were seated in a class room working on mathematics. Immediately after the sound level measurement, the students and the teachers filled in a questionnaire. The correlation between sound level and perceived annoyance and rated effect of noise on the students´ schoolwork was poor. The correlation between the annoyance and rated effect of noise on the students´ schoolwork was significant. Equivalent sound levels during mathematics lessons were 58-69 dB(A). Even though the sound levels were relatively high the students claimed that they were just moderately annoyed. More than 1/3 of the students claimed that the existing sound environment obstructed their work. No difference was found between boys and girls in rated annoyance and rated effect on their work. The younger students were more annoyed than the older ones. The participants claimed that chatter in the class room and scraping sounds from tables and chairs were the most annoying sound sources. The teachers shared this opinion. The concurrency between the students´ rating of their annoyance and the teachers´ rating of the students annoyance was remarkably low.
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| 4397. |
- Lundquist, Pär, 1973-
(författare)
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Classroom noise : exposure and subjective response among pupils
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Sweden, all children must have access to education of equal value and the curriculum points out the importance of a good environment for development and learning. Modern working methods differ a lot from the traditional. Teaching nowadays is focused on problem-solving. Students are more interactive, working in groups and projects. The teacher has become a supervisor, guiding not lecturing.Hearing loss, vegetative responses, biochemical effects, speech interference, behavioural effects and subjective reactions are all part of the problem of noise exposure. There is no unequivocal method of assessing noise and its effects. The most common method of noise assessment and appraisal of negative noise reactions is based on measurement of acoustic characteristics. Recommendations made and targets set by authorities are often stated in terms of equivalent Aweighted sound level L (A)eq.The purposes of this thesis have been to increase knowledge of noise exposure in classrooms and the subjective response among pupils and also to identify factors of special importance when assessing negative noise effects in the classroom. The work consists of five separate articles considering different aspects of sound exposure and its adverse effects on pupils in school: three field studies, one article on development of a mood-rating instrument and one laboratory study. Analyses of exposure were based on equivalent sound levels and subjective responses were evaluated using ratings on a visual analogue scale and forced choice questions.The results point to speech and structure-borne sounds as the most annoying sound sources to the pupils. Annoyance will increase with variability of the exposure. This is typical of the character of structure-borne sounds such as footsteps, scraping of chairs and tables and slamming of doors, as well as of speech.The background sound level exposure levels in the classrooms ranged between 33 and 42 dB (A)eq. The background sound in about 2/3 of the classrooms investigated was considered to be LFN. Pupils exposed to high LFN levels were not more annoyed than pupils exposed to low LFN levels.The activity sound level ranged between 47 and 69 dB(A)eq. These are levels that must be considered high for a work environment such as the school, which has at all times to be conducive to steady concentration, communication and learning. The risk of hearing damage during this exposure must be concidered as low. The thesis also describes the development of a mood-rating instrument to identify effects of noise and other aspects of the classroom environment. The questionnaire is easy to administer, takes little time to complete and is therefore well suited to studies in field settings.The ratings of annoyance in the classroom correspond to the verbal definition “Somewhat annoying - Rather annoying”. Data from the field studies does not support the idea that the negative responce will increase with higher sound levels. In the laboratory setting, a relationship between increasing sound level and increase in rated annoyance was displayed.
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| 4398. |
- Lundquist, Pär, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating effects of the class room environment : Development of an instrument for the measurement of self-reported mood among school children
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0272-4944 .- 1522-9610. ; 22:3, s. 289-293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop a mood-rating instrument primarily aimed at identifying effects of noise and other aspects of the classroom environment, that probably are of importance, for the children's scholastic performance. None of the existing mood questionnaires was found to be directly applicable to the target group, viz., children in upper compulsory school in Sweden. An adjective checklist containing 45 mood-describing adjectives was constructed and answered by a group of 280 students. Thirteen of the items had a non-response rate above 10 per cent and were excluded. The remaining 32 items were subjected to factor analyses, and another group of 443 students were used to cross-validate the obtained factor structure.The analyses showed that the adjective checklist reflected two slightly negatively correlated latent factors. One factor described task orientation, the other inattentiveness. A questionnaire was constructed containing 12 items covering the content of these two factors.This instrument reflects important aspects of the classroom climate. It is easy to administer, quickly completed, and should be useful in studies of the classroom environment.
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| 4399. |
- Lundquist, Pär, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Low frequency noise and annoyance in classroom
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. - London : Multi-Science Publishing. - 0263-0923 .- 1461-3484 .- 2048-4046. ; 19:4, s. 175-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most common method for noise assessment is the A-weighted sound pressure level. The question has been raised as to whether the frequency weighting with an A-filter gives a correct result when assessing the annoyance response to noise containing strong low frequency noise (LFN) components. One method suggested to identify LFN is the dB(C) – dB(A) difference. The aims of this study are to investigate if background noise in Swedish elementary schools is to be considered as LFN, further to test the hypothesis that students exposed to audible LFN at high levels are more annoyed than students exposed to LFN at lower levels. The results indicate that the noise in 16 out of 22 classrooms should be considered as LFN. The analysis did not show any difference in rated annoyance between students exposed to high LFN levels and students exposed to low LFN levels.
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| 4400. |
- Lundquist, Pär, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Sound levels in classrooms and effects on self-reported mood among school children
- 2006
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Ingår i: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - : Ammons Scientific. - 0031-5125 .- 1558-688X. ; 96:3 Pt 2, s. 1289-1299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The principle of this field study is an investigation of recorded sound levels in 24 classrooms and relations between sound level measures and aspects of children's rated annoyance, task orientation, and inattentiveness. The background sound-exposure levels were distributed within the interval of 33-42 dB(A)eq and the activity sound level exposure ranged between 47-68 dB(A)eq. The recorded levels must be considered as high for work environments where steady concentration and undisturbed communication is essential. Results do not support the hypothesis that lower background-sound level and fewer students per class would improve the sound environment by generating a lower activity noise or the hypothesis that higher sound levels should increase annoyance and inattentiveness as well as deteriorate task orientation ratings.
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